This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved color visual cryptography scheme using Floyd error diffusion. Visual cryptography allows images to be encrypted into shares such that the secret image is only revealed when a sufficient number of shares are stacked together, without requiring any computational decryption. Existing color visual cryptography schemes produced low quality random shares. The proposed scheme uses the concepts of visual information pixels and error diffusion to generate high quality color shares that contain meaningful visual information. It introduces a new encryption method using visual cryptography matrices and cyclic redundancy checks to identify errors and verify authentication of shares. Experimental results show the new scheme produces better quality shares than previous methods and increases security.
This document summarizes various visual cryptography schemes. It discusses 9 different schemes that aim to improve on basic visual cryptography in areas like supporting color and grayscale images, generating meaningful share images, reducing pixel expansion, and hiding information in multiple regions of an image. The concluding paragraph states that the single image random dot stereogram method seems most advantageous as it can overcome problems of pixel expansion and quality degradation when recovering images.
This document proposes research on improving the quality of reconstructed secret images in visual cryptography. It summarizes previous work on visual cryptography, including early binary schemes, grayscale extensions, and approaches for color images. The proposed research would compare secret image reconstruction with and without error diffusion techniques. The goal is to develop a method to generate meaningful color shares with high visual quality by synchronizing visual information pixels across color channels and using error diffusion during encryption. This approach could help address limitations of prior color visual cryptography methods.
Extended Visual Cryptography Using WatermarkingShivam Singh
Basically watermarking is used as a secret information to share, which is added with strong encryption and decryption technique using visual cryptography
IMPACT OF ERROR FILTERS ON SHARES IN HALFTONE VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHYcscpconf
Visual cryptography encodes a secret binary image (SI) into shares of random binary patterns.
If the shares are xeroxed onto transparencies, the secret image can be visually decoded by
superimposing a qualified subset of transparencies, but no secret information can be obtained
from the superposition of a forbidden subset. The binary patterns of the shares, however, have
no visual meaning and hinder the objectives of visual cryptography. Halftone visual
cryptography encodes a secret binary image into n halftone shares (images) carrying significant
visual information. When secrecy is important factor rather than the quality of recovered image
the shares must be of better visual quality. Different filters such as Floyd-Steinberg, Jarvis,
Stuki, Burkes, Sierra, and Stevenson’s-Arce are used and their impact on visual quality of
shares is seen. The simulation shows that error filters used in error diffusion lays a great impact on the visual quality of the shares.
MEANINGFUL AND UNEXPANDED SHARES FOR VISUAL SECRET SHARING SCHEMESijiert bestjournal
In today�s internet world it is very essential to secretly share biometric data stored in the central database. There are so many options to secretly share biometri c data using cryptographic computation. This work reviews and applies a perfectly secure method to secretly share biometric data,for possible use in biometric authentication and protection based on conc ept of visual cryptography. The basic concept of proposed approach is to secretly share private imag e into two meaningful and unexpanded shares (sheets) that are stored in two separate database servers such that decryption can be performed only when both shares are simultaneously available;at the same ti me,the individual share do not open identity of the private image. Previous research,such as Arun Ross et al. in 2011,was using pixel expansion for encryption,which causes the waste of storage space and transmission time. Furthermore,some researcher such as Hou and Quan�s research in 2011,producing m eaningless shares,which causes visually revealing existence of secret image. In this work,we review visual cryptography scheme and apply them to secretly share biometric data such as fingerprint,face images for the purpose of user authentication. So,using this technique we can secretly share biometric data over internet and only authorized user can decrypt the information.
This seminar discusses visual cryptography, which allows images and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system without computational tools. The document outlines several visual cryptography techniques including secret sharing schemes using 2 out of 2 pixel patterns for binary images and halftone patterns for gray-scale images. Color image encryption using 4 subpixels is also described. Advantages include ease of decryption and transmission of ciphertexts, while disadvantages include loss of image quality. Applications discussed include watermarking, steganography, and remote electronic voting.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach to visual cryptography using pextral coding in a cellular automaton framework. It begins by reviewing existing visual cryptography techniques that use pixel expansion to encrypt an image. The proposed method considers a 3x3 cellular automaton matrix and uses two symmetric pextral patterns to form signatures from an ASCII image pixel. These signatures are combined to reconstruct the original image without loss of information. The goal is to improve security over traditional visual cryptography while avoiding issues like noise and loss of quality during encryption and decryption.
This document summarizes various visual cryptography schemes. It discusses 9 different schemes that aim to improve on basic visual cryptography in areas like supporting color and grayscale images, generating meaningful share images, reducing pixel expansion, and hiding information in multiple regions of an image. The concluding paragraph states that the single image random dot stereogram method seems most advantageous as it can overcome problems of pixel expansion and quality degradation when recovering images.
This document proposes research on improving the quality of reconstructed secret images in visual cryptography. It summarizes previous work on visual cryptography, including early binary schemes, grayscale extensions, and approaches for color images. The proposed research would compare secret image reconstruction with and without error diffusion techniques. The goal is to develop a method to generate meaningful color shares with high visual quality by synchronizing visual information pixels across color channels and using error diffusion during encryption. This approach could help address limitations of prior color visual cryptography methods.
Extended Visual Cryptography Using WatermarkingShivam Singh
Basically watermarking is used as a secret information to share, which is added with strong encryption and decryption technique using visual cryptography
IMPACT OF ERROR FILTERS ON SHARES IN HALFTONE VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHYcscpconf
Visual cryptography encodes a secret binary image (SI) into shares of random binary patterns.
If the shares are xeroxed onto transparencies, the secret image can be visually decoded by
superimposing a qualified subset of transparencies, but no secret information can be obtained
from the superposition of a forbidden subset. The binary patterns of the shares, however, have
no visual meaning and hinder the objectives of visual cryptography. Halftone visual
cryptography encodes a secret binary image into n halftone shares (images) carrying significant
visual information. When secrecy is important factor rather than the quality of recovered image
the shares must be of better visual quality. Different filters such as Floyd-Steinberg, Jarvis,
Stuki, Burkes, Sierra, and Stevenson’s-Arce are used and their impact on visual quality of
shares is seen. The simulation shows that error filters used in error diffusion lays a great impact on the visual quality of the shares.
MEANINGFUL AND UNEXPANDED SHARES FOR VISUAL SECRET SHARING SCHEMESijiert bestjournal
In today�s internet world it is very essential to secretly share biometric data stored in the central database. There are so many options to secretly share biometri c data using cryptographic computation. This work reviews and applies a perfectly secure method to secretly share biometric data,for possible use in biometric authentication and protection based on conc ept of visual cryptography. The basic concept of proposed approach is to secretly share private imag e into two meaningful and unexpanded shares (sheets) that are stored in two separate database servers such that decryption can be performed only when both shares are simultaneously available;at the same ti me,the individual share do not open identity of the private image. Previous research,such as Arun Ross et al. in 2011,was using pixel expansion for encryption,which causes the waste of storage space and transmission time. Furthermore,some researcher such as Hou and Quan�s research in 2011,producing m eaningless shares,which causes visually revealing existence of secret image. In this work,we review visual cryptography scheme and apply them to secretly share biometric data such as fingerprint,face images for the purpose of user authentication. So,using this technique we can secretly share biometric data over internet and only authorized user can decrypt the information.
This seminar discusses visual cryptography, which allows images and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system without computational tools. The document outlines several visual cryptography techniques including secret sharing schemes using 2 out of 2 pixel patterns for binary images and halftone patterns for gray-scale images. Color image encryption using 4 subpixels is also described. Advantages include ease of decryption and transmission of ciphertexts, while disadvantages include loss of image quality. Applications discussed include watermarking, steganography, and remote electronic voting.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach to visual cryptography using pextral coding in a cellular automaton framework. It begins by reviewing existing visual cryptography techniques that use pixel expansion to encrypt an image. The proposed method considers a 3x3 cellular automaton matrix and uses two symmetric pextral patterns to form signatures from an ASCII image pixel. These signatures are combined to reconstruct the original image without loss of information. The goal is to improve security over traditional visual cryptography while avoiding issues like noise and loss of quality during encryption and decryption.
A Novel Visual Cryptographic Scheme Using Floyd Steinberg Half Toning and Block Replacement Algorithms Nisha Menon K – PG Scholar,
Minu Kuriakose – Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication,
Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Ernakulam, India
Steganography is the technique of hiding the fact that communication is taking place,
by hiding data in other data. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exist a large variety of steganographic techniques. Steganalysis, the detection of this
hidden information, is an inherently difficult problem.In this paper,I am going to cover different
steganographic techniques researched by different researchers.
Keywords — Cryptography, Steganography, LSB, Hash-LSB, RSA Encryption –Decryption
A comparatively study on visual cryptographyeSAT Journals
Abstract The effective and secure protections of sensitive information are primary concerns in commercial, medical and military systems. To address the reliability problems for secret images, a visual cryptography scheme is a good alternative to remedy the vulnerabilities. Visual cryptography is a very secure and unique way to protect secrets. Visual cryptography is an encryption technique which is used to hide information which is present in an image. Unliketraditional cryptographic schemes, it uses human eyes to recover the secret without any complex decryption algorithms and the facilitate of computers. It is a secret sharing scheme which uses images distributed as shares such that, when the shares are superimposed, a hidden secret image is revealed.In this paper we represent various cryptography technique and research work done in this field. Keywords: Secret image sharing, cryptography, visual quality of image, pixel expansion
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique that allows visual information like images and text to be encrypted in a way that decryption does not require a computer and is instead a mechanical operation performed by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir. The technique works by breaking an image into shares such that individual shares reveal no information about the original image but combining the shares allows the image to be revealed. For example, in a 2 out of 2 visual cryptography scheme each pixel is broken into 4 subpixels distributed randomly across 2 shares such that stacking the shares recovers the original pixel value. Visual cryptography finds applications in secure identification and communication.
A novel cryptographic technique that emphasis visual quality and efficieny by...eSAT Journals
Abstract Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information to be encrypted in such a way that decryption becomes a mechanical operation that does not require a computer. The original image can be split into shares, where unauthorized person cannot get the data which we hide within that share images. By stacking the two shares, the secret data can be revealed. The highlighted issue in VC is, the size and quality of the reconstructed image should be same as the original image. In this paper, a novel k out of k extended visual cryptography scheme (EVCS) is used, to improve security and to produce meaningful shares. Halftone visual cryptography (VC) encodes a secret image into k halftone meaningful image shares through Floyd Steinberg error diffusion algorithm. The algorithm achieves dithering using error diffusion, meaning it pushes (adds) the residual quantization error of a pixel onto its neighboring pixels, to be dealt with later. This algorithm takes a substantial time for encryption and decryption in a considerably calmer manner. Comparisons with previous approaches show the superior performance of the new method.
Keywords: k out of k, extended visual cryptography, halftone visual cryptography, Floyd Steinberg error diffusion algorithm.
Visual cryptography is a secret sharing scheme that allows for the encryption of written text or images in a perfectly secure way without any computation. It works by dividing the secret into multiple shares, where only when a sufficient number of shares are superimposed can the secret be revealed to the human visual system. For example, in a 2 by 2 scheme, a secret image is encoded into two shares such that individually the shares reveal no information, but when overlayed together the secret image is revealed, though with some loss of contrast and resolution. Visual cryptography has applications in security, watermarking, and remote voting.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A New Technique to Digital Image Watermarking Using DWT for Real Time Applica...IJERA Editor
Digital watermarking is an essential technique to add hidden copyright notices or secret messages to digital audio, image, or image forms. In this paper we introduce a new approach for digital image watermarking for real time applications. We have successfully implemented the digital watermarking technique on digital images based on 2-level Discrete Wavelet Transform and compared the performance of the proposed method with Level-1 and Level-2 and Level-3 Discrete Wavelet Transform using the parameter peak signal to noise ratio. To make the watermark robust and to preserve visual significant information a 2-Level Discrete wavelet transform used as transformation domain for both secret image and original image. The watermark is embedded in the original image using Alpha blending technique and implemented using Matlab Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes research on visual cryptography for securing black and white images. It discusses how visual cryptography works by breaking up a secret image into shares such that stacking the shares reveals the secret image to the human visual system without computation. The document also outlines Naor and Shamir's original (2,2) visual cryptography scheme and discusses extensions to the scheme including supporting multiple secrets and improving image quality and size. Finally, it notes that visual cryptography provides robust security for images while eliminating the need for computers during decryption.
PREVENTING COPYRIGHTS INFRINGEMENT OF IMAGES BY WATERMARKING IN TRANSFORM DOM...ijistjournal
1) The document discusses a method for preventing copyright infringement of images using watermarking in the transform domain and a full counter propagation neural network.
2) It aims to encode the host image before watermark embedding to enhance security. The fast and effective full counter propagation neural network then helps successfully embed the watermark without deteriorating the image quality.
3) Previous techniques embedded watermarks directly in images, but the authors find neural network synapses provide a better way to reduce distortion and increase message capacity when embedding watermarks.
Colored Image Watermarking Technique Based on HVS using HSV Color ModelIDES Editor
The Human Visual System is found to be less
sensitive to the highly textured area of the image. Moreover,
in all colours the blue is least sensitive to the HVS (Human
Visual System). While working on colored images when using
the mathematical and biological models of HVS, the preferred
colour model must be HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) colour
model rather than RGB colour model because it most closely
defines how the image is interpreted by HVS. The high visual
transparency in the technique is achieved by making use of
highly textured block in luminance channel for watermark
insertion. Moreover, the choice of selecting appropriate area
for watermark insertion is also influenced by making use of
‘Hue’ property of the image in the chrominance channel to
enhance the visual transparency even more. Watermark is
made highly robust against different types of attacks by
performing the watermark insertion in transformed domain
and making use of the transformation functions such as DWT,
DCT and SVD. The results demonstrated the robustness of
the technique against various types of attacks and comparison
through aforesaid results the technique is proven to be more
robust against previous techniques making use of HSI colour
model.
Visual Cryptography in Meaningful SharesDebarko De
This document summarizes a mini project on generating meaningful shares in visual cryptographic systems. The project was presented by three students under the supervision of Mr. Sandeep Gurung. The document outlines the contents, introduction, aim, problem definition, analysis of the problem, solution strategy, literature survey, design strategy, test plan, implementation details, results and discussions, summary and conclusion, and references. It aims to implement a cryptographic scheme that can decode concealed images without computation by generating random parts of images and embedding them in meaningful shares that can be overlapped to decrypt the output.
A digital watermarking scheme based on integer wavelet transform and histogram techniques is
proposed in this paper. Lifting scheme based integer wavelet transform is used to provide ease of
transformation of compressed data and to increase the data embedding capacity. Also histogram technique
which is one of the reversible data hiding is used to embed the secret data into original image and retrieve the
original data back after extraction. The AES encryption is used to encrypt the embedded image to provide
authentication. This algorithm is developed using verilog code and implemented on FPGA Artix 7 board in
order to increase throughput, reduce area and power consumption.
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
This document proposes a new digital watermarking technique that utilizes Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Arnold Transform. It embeds a watermark image into the high frequency subbands of a cover image after applying DWT and SVD. During extraction, the receiver applies the same transforms to extract the watermark. The technique aims to provide improved robustness against various attacks like noise, compression, filtering etc. compared to existing techniques that use these transforms individually or in pairs. The document analyzes the proposed technique's performance based on the extracted watermark's peak signal-to-noise ratio after subjecting the watermarked image to different attacks.
Visual cryptography allows images to be encrypted in a way that decryption does not require a computer and instead relies on human visual perception. It works by splitting an image into shares, such that individually the shares appear random but combining the appropriate shares reveals the hidden image. A basic example is the (2, 2) scheme where each pixel is divided into 4 sub-pixels between 2 shares, with black pixels arranged differently than white pixels. Bringing the shares together reveals the hidden image through the human visual system without any computation. Visual cryptography has applications for secure transmission of images and verification of transactions.
"Randomized Visual Cryptography scheme for color images”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Novel Visual Cryptographic Scheme Using Floyd Steinberg Half Toning and Block Replacement Algorithms Nisha Menon K – PG Scholar,
Minu Kuriakose – Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication,
Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Ernakulam, India
Steganography is the technique of hiding the fact that communication is taking place,
by hiding data in other data. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exist a large variety of steganographic techniques. Steganalysis, the detection of this
hidden information, is an inherently difficult problem.In this paper,I am going to cover different
steganographic techniques researched by different researchers.
Keywords — Cryptography, Steganography, LSB, Hash-LSB, RSA Encryption –Decryption
A comparatively study on visual cryptographyeSAT Journals
Abstract The effective and secure protections of sensitive information are primary concerns in commercial, medical and military systems. To address the reliability problems for secret images, a visual cryptography scheme is a good alternative to remedy the vulnerabilities. Visual cryptography is a very secure and unique way to protect secrets. Visual cryptography is an encryption technique which is used to hide information which is present in an image. Unliketraditional cryptographic schemes, it uses human eyes to recover the secret without any complex decryption algorithms and the facilitate of computers. It is a secret sharing scheme which uses images distributed as shares such that, when the shares are superimposed, a hidden secret image is revealed.In this paper we represent various cryptography technique and research work done in this field. Keywords: Secret image sharing, cryptography, visual quality of image, pixel expansion
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique that allows visual information like images and text to be encrypted in a way that decryption does not require a computer and is instead a mechanical operation performed by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir. The technique works by breaking an image into shares such that individual shares reveal no information about the original image but combining the shares allows the image to be revealed. For example, in a 2 out of 2 visual cryptography scheme each pixel is broken into 4 subpixels distributed randomly across 2 shares such that stacking the shares recovers the original pixel value. Visual cryptography finds applications in secure identification and communication.
A novel cryptographic technique that emphasis visual quality and efficieny by...eSAT Journals
Abstract Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information to be encrypted in such a way that decryption becomes a mechanical operation that does not require a computer. The original image can be split into shares, where unauthorized person cannot get the data which we hide within that share images. By stacking the two shares, the secret data can be revealed. The highlighted issue in VC is, the size and quality of the reconstructed image should be same as the original image. In this paper, a novel k out of k extended visual cryptography scheme (EVCS) is used, to improve security and to produce meaningful shares. Halftone visual cryptography (VC) encodes a secret image into k halftone meaningful image shares through Floyd Steinberg error diffusion algorithm. The algorithm achieves dithering using error diffusion, meaning it pushes (adds) the residual quantization error of a pixel onto its neighboring pixels, to be dealt with later. This algorithm takes a substantial time for encryption and decryption in a considerably calmer manner. Comparisons with previous approaches show the superior performance of the new method.
Keywords: k out of k, extended visual cryptography, halftone visual cryptography, Floyd Steinberg error diffusion algorithm.
Visual cryptography is a secret sharing scheme that allows for the encryption of written text or images in a perfectly secure way without any computation. It works by dividing the secret into multiple shares, where only when a sufficient number of shares are superimposed can the secret be revealed to the human visual system. For example, in a 2 by 2 scheme, a secret image is encoded into two shares such that individually the shares reveal no information, but when overlayed together the secret image is revealed, though with some loss of contrast and resolution. Visual cryptography has applications in security, watermarking, and remote voting.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A New Technique to Digital Image Watermarking Using DWT for Real Time Applica...IJERA Editor
Digital watermarking is an essential technique to add hidden copyright notices or secret messages to digital audio, image, or image forms. In this paper we introduce a new approach for digital image watermarking for real time applications. We have successfully implemented the digital watermarking technique on digital images based on 2-level Discrete Wavelet Transform and compared the performance of the proposed method with Level-1 and Level-2 and Level-3 Discrete Wavelet Transform using the parameter peak signal to noise ratio. To make the watermark robust and to preserve visual significant information a 2-Level Discrete wavelet transform used as transformation domain for both secret image and original image. The watermark is embedded in the original image using Alpha blending technique and implemented using Matlab Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes research on visual cryptography for securing black and white images. It discusses how visual cryptography works by breaking up a secret image into shares such that stacking the shares reveals the secret image to the human visual system without computation. The document also outlines Naor and Shamir's original (2,2) visual cryptography scheme and discusses extensions to the scheme including supporting multiple secrets and improving image quality and size. Finally, it notes that visual cryptography provides robust security for images while eliminating the need for computers during decryption.
PREVENTING COPYRIGHTS INFRINGEMENT OF IMAGES BY WATERMARKING IN TRANSFORM DOM...ijistjournal
1) The document discusses a method for preventing copyright infringement of images using watermarking in the transform domain and a full counter propagation neural network.
2) It aims to encode the host image before watermark embedding to enhance security. The fast and effective full counter propagation neural network then helps successfully embed the watermark without deteriorating the image quality.
3) Previous techniques embedded watermarks directly in images, but the authors find neural network synapses provide a better way to reduce distortion and increase message capacity when embedding watermarks.
Colored Image Watermarking Technique Based on HVS using HSV Color ModelIDES Editor
The Human Visual System is found to be less
sensitive to the highly textured area of the image. Moreover,
in all colours the blue is least sensitive to the HVS (Human
Visual System). While working on colored images when using
the mathematical and biological models of HVS, the preferred
colour model must be HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) colour
model rather than RGB colour model because it most closely
defines how the image is interpreted by HVS. The high visual
transparency in the technique is achieved by making use of
highly textured block in luminance channel for watermark
insertion. Moreover, the choice of selecting appropriate area
for watermark insertion is also influenced by making use of
‘Hue’ property of the image in the chrominance channel to
enhance the visual transparency even more. Watermark is
made highly robust against different types of attacks by
performing the watermark insertion in transformed domain
and making use of the transformation functions such as DWT,
DCT and SVD. The results demonstrated the robustness of
the technique against various types of attacks and comparison
through aforesaid results the technique is proven to be more
robust against previous techniques making use of HSI colour
model.
Visual Cryptography in Meaningful SharesDebarko De
This document summarizes a mini project on generating meaningful shares in visual cryptographic systems. The project was presented by three students under the supervision of Mr. Sandeep Gurung. The document outlines the contents, introduction, aim, problem definition, analysis of the problem, solution strategy, literature survey, design strategy, test plan, implementation details, results and discussions, summary and conclusion, and references. It aims to implement a cryptographic scheme that can decode concealed images without computation by generating random parts of images and embedding them in meaningful shares that can be overlapped to decrypt the output.
A digital watermarking scheme based on integer wavelet transform and histogram techniques is
proposed in this paper. Lifting scheme based integer wavelet transform is used to provide ease of
transformation of compressed data and to increase the data embedding capacity. Also histogram technique
which is one of the reversible data hiding is used to embed the secret data into original image and retrieve the
original data back after extraction. The AES encryption is used to encrypt the embedded image to provide
authentication. This algorithm is developed using verilog code and implemented on FPGA Artix 7 board in
order to increase throughput, reduce area and power consumption.
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
This document proposes a new digital watermarking technique that utilizes Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Arnold Transform. It embeds a watermark image into the high frequency subbands of a cover image after applying DWT and SVD. During extraction, the receiver applies the same transforms to extract the watermark. The technique aims to provide improved robustness against various attacks like noise, compression, filtering etc. compared to existing techniques that use these transforms individually or in pairs. The document analyzes the proposed technique's performance based on the extracted watermark's peak signal-to-noise ratio after subjecting the watermarked image to different attacks.
Visual cryptography allows images to be encrypted in a way that decryption does not require a computer and instead relies on human visual perception. It works by splitting an image into shares, such that individually the shares appear random but combining the appropriate shares reveals the hidden image. A basic example is the (2, 2) scheme where each pixel is divided into 4 sub-pixels between 2 shares, with black pixels arranged differently than white pixels. Bringing the shares together reveals the hidden image through the human visual system without any computation. Visual cryptography has applications for secure transmission of images and verification of transactions.
"Randomized Visual Cryptography scheme for color images”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper proposes a method for content-based image retrieval using perceptual textural features. It discusses computational measures to estimate coarseness, contrast, and directionality based on the autocorrelation function of images. The autocorrelation function is applied to scaled images from the Brodatz database. The perceptual features are then used to retrieve similar images, with an average precision of 0.6 to 0.8, showing the effectiveness of the approach. The method provides an innovative way to represent and match images based on simulating important human visual perception of texture.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) and methods for improving their properties. It proposes a new reseeding-mixing method to extend the period length and enhance statistical properties of a chaos-based PRNG. The reseeding method removes short periods of a digitized logistic map, while mixing with a DX generator extends the period to over 2253. It also discusses periodically changing an initial pattern to increase randomization. The proposed PRNG combines a nonlinear module, reseeding module, and vector mixing module. The reseeding module compares state values to detect fixed points and increases a reseeding counter to perturb states away from fixed points.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes fire protection measures for sugarcane bagasse storage at a sugar plant in India. It describes three bagasse fire incidents at different sugar plants that resulted in significant losses. It then discusses necessary precautions for bagasse storage, including installing a fire hydrant system. The document focuses on the fire protection system implemented by Renuka Sugars, which includes two firewater pumps (one electric, one diesel), 45 hydrants, and a communication system to quickly respond to fires. The system cost Rs. 90 lakh but prevents much greater losses compared to plants without adequate protection.
Este documento describe una unidad didáctica realizada en una escuela primaria sobre cómo nacen las plantas de las semillas. La unidad se desarrolló a lo largo de 3 fases y utilizó diversas herramientas tecnológicas como una lupa binocular con cámara, cámara fotográfica digital, blog escolar y recursos de internet. El objetivo fue que los estudiantes investigaran el ciclo de vida de las plantas a través de la observación de semillas y recolección de una colección, usando las herram
El documento expresa varias preocupaciones sobre la educación, la seguridad, la vivienda, los salarios mínimos y las oportunidades en el país. Se mencionan problemas como la educación deficiente, el aumento de la inseguridad, la falta de viviendas dignas para los ciudadanos y salarios mínimos insuficientes. También señala que los bachilleres no tienen oportunidades de educación superior y que las decisiones del gobierno a menudo no ayudan a los departamentos principales ni sacan del olvido a los ciudadanos.
Este documento apresenta três exercícios para praticar fórmulas e funções no Excel. O primeiro exercício pede para construir uma planilha com dados de funcionários e calcular seus salários líquidos. O segundo exercício pede para construir uma planilha com vendas por mês de uma associação e calcular totais e médias. O terceiro exercício pede para construir uma planilha com estoque de uma papelaria, calcular valores em reais e dólares, e indicar situação do estoque.
1. O documento apresenta uma introdução ao software ArcGIS Desktop 9.x, incluindo conceitos básicos, objetivos, procedimentos e exercícios. 2. São descritos procedimentos para análise espacial vetorial e matricial, como sobreposição de mapas, análise de redes, modelagem hidrográfica e mais. 3. Inclui 11 capítulos que abordam tópicos como geoprocessamento, banco de dados geográficos e aplicações do ArcGIS.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for securely sharing visual secrets using click point encryption. The method uses click points selected on an image as an encryption key to encrypt secret data using AES encryption. The encrypted data is then embedded into the image using least significant bit replacement. Only someone with the click point key received through a secure channel can decrypt and view the secret data. The document reviews related work on visual cryptography and identifies limitations like lack of authentication. It then describes the proposed method in more detail, including the AES encryption process, generating encryption keys from click points, and embedding the encrypted data into the image.
The Cryptographic Schemes for Secret ImagesIJERA Editor
Visual cryptography is one of the techniques used to encrypt the images by dividing the original image into transparencies [1]. The transparencies can be sent to the intended person, and at the other end the transparencies received person can decrypt the transparencies using our tool, thus gets the original image. Our proposed Visual cryptography provides the demonstration to the users to show how encryption and decryption can be done to the images. In this technology, the end user identifies an image, which is not the correct image. That is, while transmitting the image the sender will encrypt the image using our application here sender gets the two or more transparencies of the same image. Our application provides an option to the end user of encryption. The end user can divide the original image into number of different images. Using our application we can send encrypted images that are in the format of GIF and PNG. The encrypted transparencies can be saved in the machine and can be sent to the intended person by other means [source].
11.biometric data security using recursive visual cryptographyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on using recursive visual cryptography and biometric authentication to securely store biometric data. The paper proposes a scheme where secrets can be recursively embedded within image shares created by visual cryptography. Additionally, biometric authentication is used to securely access the shares. The scheme involves creating shares of secrets, embedding those shares as additional secrets within other shares, and authenticating users through iris recognition before revealing embedded secrets. This allows for multiple secrets to be hidden and revealed securely through the visual cryptography and biometric authentication methods combined.
This document proposes a scheme to enhance the security of visual cryptographic shares by encrypting the shares using public key encryption. It discusses visual cryptography and how shares can be intercepted if transmitted over a public network. The proposed scheme generates shares using visual cryptography, then encrypts each share using RSA public key encryption. At the destination, the shares are decrypted using RSA and then overlapped using visual cryptography to reveal the secret image. Experimental results show that an adversary unable to decrypt the encrypted shares without the private key, but the secret image is revealed when decrypting and overlapping the correct shares. The scheme provides double security to secret images during transmission over public networks.
Data Hiding and Retrieval using Visual CryptographyAM Publications
Nath et al. developed several methods for hiding data in a cover file using different steganography
methods. In some methods Nath et al. first applied encryption method before hiding into the cover file. For security
reasons the secret message is encrypted first before inserting into the cover file. To make the system more complex the
authors used some random insertion of bits so that even if the intruders can extract the bits from cover file but they
cannot reconstruct the original secret message. In the present work the authors applied different data hiding
algorithm based on visual cryptography. Visual Cryptography is now a days a very popular method for hiding any
secret message inside multiple shares. Initially people were trying to hide some secret message which is simply B/W in
two shares. But slowly the researchers started to hide any color image (may be text or image or any object) in two or
more shares. In the present work the authors tried to hide any color message/image in two or more shares. The
interesting part of the present method is that from one share it impossible to create the second share or to extract the
hidden secret message from one share without having the other share(s). The present method may be used for
reconstructing password or any kind of important message or image. The present method may be applied in forensic
department or in defense for sending some confidential message
Visual Cryptography Industrial Training ReportMohit Kumar
A visual cryptography scheme (VCS) is a kind of secret sharing scheme which allows the encoding of a secret image into shares distributed to participants. The beauty of such a scheme is that a set of qualified participants is able to recover the secret image without any cryptographic knowledge and computation devices. An extended visual cryptography scheme (EVCS) is a kind of VCS which consists of meaningful shares (compared to the random shares of traditional VCS).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a new randomized visual cryptography scheme for sharing color images. The scheme uses (n-1) natural images and one noise-like share image to encrypt a color secret image. The encryption process extracts features from the natural images without altering them. When decryption is performed using the share image and extracted natural image features, the secret image can be recovered without distortion. The proposed approach avoids pixel expansion and allows secret images to be recovered by stacking shares while maintaining security. Experimental results demonstrate encrypting a secret image using three natural images and recovering it without error. The scheme can encrypt images of variable sizes and overcomes limitations of previous methods.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new image encryption method using magnitude and phase manipulation with crossover and mutation approaches. The proposed method encrypts images in the frequency domain. It performs crossover operations to swap real and complex parts of frequency components. It also applies a mutation operation using NOT logic. This makes the encrypted image sensitive to key changes and difficult to decrypt without the key. The method is evaluated on different types of images and is shown to encrypt images with 84-98% efficiency depending on the image content. The authors conclude the method provides an efficient encryption scheme and future work could further improve encryption of images containing easily recognizable objects.
A NEW VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE FOR COLOR IMAGESIJTET Journal
Abstract - Visual Cryptography (VC) is an emerging cryptography technology that uses the characteristics of human vision to
decrypt encrypted images. This cryptographic system encrypts it by dividing a secret image into n number of share and decryption
is done by superimposing a certain number of share (k) or more. The secret information can be retrieved by anyone only if the
person gets at least k number of share. No clue about a secret image is revealed if less than k-1 share are superimposed. The
Visual cryptography technique is not only applied for binary messages, grayscale images, but also for color images such as scenic
photos or pictures. Color visual cryptography (VC) is used to generate a color halftone image share by encrypting a color secret
image. In order to preserve the visual quality and size of the color share without expansion, the concept of size invariant Visual
Secret Sharing (VSS) scheme and error diffusion is introduced. Experimental result shows that the proposed method can improve
the reconstructed image quality compared with previous techniques. Also, it produces clearer and higher contrast for all kinds of
color images.
A novel technique of visual cryptography for maintaining the security of visu...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel technique for visual cryptography to securely transmit visual information. The technique encrypts images into shares using chaotic pseudo-random number generation, zigzag scan pattern, and pixel index reversal to increase security. It also aims to reduce image degradation by applying the methods to individual RGB color channels rather than just grayscale. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach increases security without increasing file size like previous methods, and improves image quality by enabling color images.
An Overview of Visual Cryptography based Video Watermarking Schemes: Techniqu...idescitation
Digital communication has seen exponential growth in the past decade.
Consequently, the security of digital data has become a field of extensive research since
piracy and unauthorized use of such data is prevalent because of the ease with which data
can be replicated or tampered. Visual Cryptography (VC) is a special cryptographic
technique where decryption is done by an authorized user by simply overlaying the shares.
Thus, there is no requirement for complex computations unlike normal cryptography.
Though simple for an authorized user, it is equally difficult for an unauthorized user to
attack since the secret message can be deciphered if and only if all the shares are available
to the attacker. The probability of this is negligibly small since one of the shares usually
needs to be registered with a Certified Authority (CA). The procedure is non- intrusive and
does not alter the contents of the host image or video. For this reason, VC has been applied
to image watermarking widely. In case of video watermarking applications, robustness
against different types of attacks like frame attacks, spatial and temporal desynchronization
attacks, statistical analysis and collusion attacks need to be considered. Also creation of
shares for videos requires feature extraction techniques which are different from that of
images. Moreover, as size of video is more, a large secret payload can be used to construct a
share. In this survey paper, the research being carried out globally on VC techniques for
videos, along with their pros and cons have been highlighted. The paper also discusses
challenges in applying VC for video watermarking. Further, a performance comparison
amongst the mentioned schemes is also provided.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This paper studies color visual cryptography techniques. It discusses using visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion to improve image quality in color visual cryptography schemes. Visual information pixel synchronization helps keep pixel positions consistent across color channels, improving contrast. Error diffusion distributes quantization errors during encoding, generating shares with better visibility. The paper provides an example applying these concepts to encrypt and reconstruct a color image from shares with high visual quality. In summary, the paper analyzes how visual information pixel synchronization and error diffusion can enhance color visual cryptography methods.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
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This document summarizes a research paper on visual cryptography, which is a technique that allows information like images and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system without using computers. It discusses how visual cryptography works by splitting a secret image into random shares, such that overlaying the shares reveals the original secret image. The document then describes the specific SDS algorithm used in the paper for keyless image encryption by sieving, dividing, and shuffling the image pixels into multiple random shares. It concludes by discussing potential applications and areas for further research on visual cryptography.
Gives Information About Hybrid Approach for (K,N) Secret Sharing Scheme in Visual Cryptography. and also Literature Survey on visual cryptography from past 10 Years.
IRJET- A Probabilistic Model of Visual Cryptography Scheme for Anti-Phis...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new approach called anti-phishing image captcha validation using visual cryptography to detect and prevent phishing. It uses the concept of image processing and visual cryptography to encrypt an image captcha into two shares stored on separate servers. When both shares are available simultaneously, the original image captcha is revealed for the user as a password. This scheme aims to preserve the privacy of the image captcha. The document provides background on phishing, visual cryptography, and related works before describing the proposed system which uses a (2,2) visual cryptography threshold scheme to encrypt the image captcha into two shares.
The document discusses visual cryptography and its applications. It introduces visual cryptography, which splits a secret image into shares/transparencies such that stacking a sufficient number reveals the secret but individual shares do not. It discusses extensions like (k,n) threshold schemes and cheating prevention. It outlines modules for an enhanced visual cryptography system using MATLAB: security/login, encoding images into shares, decoding by stacking shares, and verifying share integrity to prevent cheating. The goal is to extend algorithms to reduce pixel expansion and noise while keeping cover images in shares without degrading the hidden image quality.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Fz2510901096
1. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
An Improved (8, 8) Colour Visual Cryptography Scheme Using
Floyd Error Diffusion
Anantha Kumar Kondra*, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari**
*(Department of Electronics and Communications, University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada)
** (Department of Electronics and Communications, University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada)
ABSTRACT
Visual cryptography (VC) is the simplest on cryptography where n images are encoded in a
and a perfect way to provide the security to the way that only the human visual system can decrypt
confidential information. VC in color images the hidden message without any cryptographic
encrypts a color secret message into n color computations when all shares are stacked together.
halftone image shares. In earlier VC schemes in Visual cryptography is a very secure and unique way
order to recover the secret image, one has to to protect secrets. Visual cryptography has two
collect a set of qualified shares and print them important features. The first feature is its perfect
onto transparencies. However this VC scheme secrecy, and the second feature is its decryption
shows good results for black and white or gray method which requires neither complex decryption
scale images, but not with the Color Images due to algorithms nor the aid of computers. Consider a
its color structure. Using the concept of visual binary secret image B and a set of n participants
information pixel (VIP) synchronization and sharing B. A k out of n visual secret sharing scheme
error diffusion to attain a color visual encrypts B into n transparencies (called shares)
cryptography encryption method that produces which are distributed to the n participants one by one
meaningful color shares with high visual quality. in such a way that only when k or more shares are
Now a days the biggest challenge is to provide the stacked together can the participants see B by their
security in order to protect the confidential visual system; while any group of less than k shares
information from Security threats. In this paper obtains nothing about B.
we introduce a new solution which helps to Visual cryptography proposed by Naor and
identify the error in the shares and to verify the Shamir [1] discloses the possibility for using human
Authentication. Using CRC algorithm and Color visual ability to perform the decryption process.
VC scheme and error diffusion method generates Neither computational devices nor cryptographic
the quality shares and diffuses the errors and knowledge is required for the decryption process.
provides the security from threats like With such an interesting characteristic that the
Modification ,Fabrication ,Interception and shows decryption process is by the human visual system
the good results compared to the previous only, instead of any computational device, visual
schemes and increases the security level. cryptography attracts much attention from
researchers. In particular, it is much useful in
Keywords - Colour Meaningful Shares, Cyclic situations where computing devices are not available
Redundancy Check, Binary Information, Visual or not possible to use. Naor and Shamir [1] first
Cryptography Scheme, Error Diffusion, Secret presented k out of n visual secret sharing schemes,
Sharing. which ensure that the secret is concealed from
groups of less than k participants, while it can be
I. INTRODUCTION seen by groups of at least k participants when they
Visual Cryptography is a perfect way to stack their shares altogether. Since this pioneer
provide the security for the confidential information. research, many theoretical results on the
Initially it was introduced by Kafri and Keren in construction or contrast (the relative difference
1987 [1] where binary pictures were considered in between the reconstructed white and black pixels in
the encryption of pictures by two random grids. The the superimposed image) of visual secret sharing
encryption of a secret picture or shape into two schemes for binary images have been proposed in
random grids which are printed on transparencies the literature [4, 5, 6, 7]. Some studies [8, 9, 10]
such that the areas containing the secret information focused on the practical realization of visual
in the two grids are inter-correlated. Similar idea that cryptographic schemes for gray-level or color
the decryption needs only human visual ability, Naor images.
and Shamir initially used the terminology, visual A new method called extended visual
cryptography[1], which is defined as the study of cryptography (EVC) was developed by Ateniese[2].
secret (crypto) writing (graphy) and the study of In which shares contains not only the secret
mathematical techniques related to aspects of information but are also some meaningful images.
information security. Visual cryptography is based Hyper graph colorings are used in constructing
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2. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
meaningful binary shares. Since hyper graph securable and meaningful shares and is free of the
colorings are constructed by random distributed previously mentioned limitations. The method is
pixels, the resultant binary shares contain strong simple and efficient. It relies on two fundamental
white noise leading to inadequate results. Wang principles used in the generation of shares, namely,
generalized the Ateniese’s scheme using error diffusion and VIP synchronization. Error
concatenation of basis matrices and the extended diffusion is a simple and efficient algorithm for
matrices collection to achieve more simpler image halftone generation.
deviation of basis matrices[12]. Nakajima extended The quantization error at each pixel is
EVC to a scheme with natural grayscale images to filtered and fed to future inputs. The error filter is
improve the image quality[13]. Zhou et al. used half designed in a way that the low frequency differences
toning methods to produce good quality halftone between the input and output images are minimized
shares in VC[14]. Fu generated halftone shares that and consequently it produces pleasing halftone
carry visual information by using VC and images to human vision. Synchronization of the
watermarking methods[4]. Myodo proposed a VIPs across the color channels improves visual
method to generate meaningful halftone images contrast of shares. In color VC schemes, due to
using threshold arrays. Wang et. al. produced random matrix permutation the colors of encrypted
halftone shares showing meaningful images by using pixels and the contrast can be degraded. In grayscale
error diffusion techniques. This scheme generates VC schemes, it does not affect the visual quality;
more pleasing halftone shares owing to errors however, in color schemes, independent execution of
diffused to neighbor pixels. random matrix permutation for each color channel
Visual secret sharing for color images was can cause color distortion by placing VIPs at random
introduced by Naor and Shamir[1] based upon cover positions in sub pixels which finally degrades the
semi groups. Rijimen presented a 2-out-of-2 VC visual quality. VIP synchronization prevents the
scheme by applying the idea of color mixture. color and contrast of original images from
Stacking two transparencies with different colors degradation even with matrix permutation.
rises a third mixed color. Hou shares by applying The rest of this paper is organized as
halftone methods and color decomposition. Hou follows: Section II provides previous methods about
decomposed the secret color image into three (Red, standard VC, the extended VC scheme, and the
Green and Blue) halftone images. He then devised fundamentals of halftone techniques for easy
three colored 2-out-of-2 VC schemes which follow understanding of the proposed VC method. Section
the subtractive model for color mixture by exploiting III describes the proposed encryption method
some of the existing binary VC schemes. All of the including the VC matrix ,CRC bits and Binary value
previously mentioned methods, however, discuss adding method and a halftone process to generate
color schemes for 2-out-of-2 or 2-out-of-2 secret final shares. Section IV shows experimental results
sharing where the reconstructed colors are of the new method and comparisons with previous
interpreted by some mixing rules of colors. The approaches to prove its effectiveness. In Section V,
general construction of a k-out-of-n VC scheme for we discuss topics about image quality, security and
the color shares was first introduced by Verheul[16]. advantages of our scheme, and concluded this paper
He proposed a k-out-of-n VC scheme for a -colored .
image with pixel expansion q k-1, where devised II. PREVIOUS WORK
schemes for color q>=c Koga and Yamamoto used In this section, we give a brief description
a lattice structure to define the mixing result of of VC, extended VC, color models in VC and an
arbitrary two colors. All of these VC schemes for error diffusion quantization.
color images produce random pattern shares. Even 2.1 Basic Visual Cryptography
though the decrypted messages show messages with Generally (k, n)-VC scheme encrypts a
various colors, it is more desirable to generate secret message into shares to be distributed to n
meaningful shares which are less suspicious of participants. Each share shows noise-like random
encryption. Other approaches to color VC black and white patterns and does not reveal any
attempting to generate meaningful color shares information of the secret image by itself. In a k -out-
include. Ching-Nung Yand and Tse-Shih Chen n of scheme, access to more than k shares allows one
proposed a VCS for color images based upon an to recover the secret image by stacking them
additive color mixing method[18]. In this scheme, together, but access to less than k shares is not
each pixel is expanded by a factor of three. sufficient for decryption. A black and white (k,n)-
This scheme suffers from pixel expansion VC scheme consists of two collections of nxm
problem in the size of encrypted shares. In order to binary matrices S0 and S1 , having elements denoted
reduce the size of encrypted shares Inkoo Kang by 1 for a black pixel and 0 for a white pixel. To
proposed the VC for color image using visual encrypt a white (black) pixel, a dealer randomly
information pixel (VIP) synchronization with error chooses one of the matrices in S0(S1) and distributes
diffusion technique[11]. This paper introduces a new its rows to the n participants. More precisely, a
color VC encryption method which leads to produce
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3. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
formal definition of the black and white (k, n) -VC Where 𝑥(𝑝,𝑞) = 𝑥 𝑖 𝑝,𝑞 1, 𝑥 𝑖 𝑝,𝑞 2 , 𝑥 𝑖 𝑝,𝑞 3 є {0,1}3
𝑖
scheme is given next. denotes the binary vector at the ith bit-level with i=1
The security condition ensures that any less denoting the most significant bit.
than k shares cannot get any information of the
secret image other than the size of the secret image. 2.4 Error Diffusion
Based upon the principle of VC, extended VC has Error diffusion is a simple yet efficient way
been proposed whose shares take meaningful images to halftone a grayscale image. The quantization error
rather than random noise-like patterns to avoid at each pixel is filtered and fed into a set of future
suspicion. inputs. Fig. 3 shows a binary error diffusion diagram
where f(m, n) represents the pixel at (m, n) position
2.2 Extended Color Visual Cryptography of the input image. d(m, n) is the sum of the input
Generally, a (n, n ) –EVC scheme takes a pixel value and the diffused errors, g(m, n) is the
secret image and n original images as input and output quantized pixel value. Error diffusion consists
produces n encrypted shares with approximation of of two main components.
original images that satisfy the following three The first component is the thresholding
conditions: block where the output g(m ,n) is given by
• all the shares are required to recover the secret 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 𝑚, 𝑛 ≥ 𝑡(𝑚, 𝑛)
image; 𝑔 𝑚, 𝑛 =
0, 𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
• any less than shares cannot obtain any information The threshold t(m, n) can be position
of the secret image; dependant. The second component is the error filter
• all the shares are meaningful images; encrypted h(k, l) where the input e(n, m) is the difference
shares and the recovered secret image are colored. between d(m ,n) and g(n ,m). Finally, we compute
Denote Scc1,c2,....cn as the collection of d(m, n)
matrices from which the dealer chooses a matrix to
encrypt, where C,C1,........Cn є{0,1}. for i=1,.....n, Ci 𝑑 𝑚, 𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑚, 𝑛 − 𝑘, 𝑙 𝑒(𝑚 − 𝑘, 𝑛 − 𝑙)
is the bit of the pixel on the ith original image and is 𝑘,𝑙
the bit of the secret message. For a black and c Where 𝑘, 𝑙 є 𝐻 , H is a2-D filter. A
white(k ,n) -EVC scheme, we have to construct 2^n widely used filter is the error weight originally
pairs of such collection (S0c1,c2,....cn , S1c1,c2,....cn ) , one proposed by Floyd and Steinberg
1 ∗ 7
for each possible combination of white and black 𝑘, 𝑙 = ×
pixels in the n original images. 16 3 5 1
2.3 Color Models
There are two models namely additive and
subtractive color models, which are widely used to
describe the constitutions of colors. In the additive
color model, the three primary colors are red, green,
and blue (RGB), with desired colors being obtained
by mixing different RGB channels. By controlling Fig 1 Block Diagram Of Floyd Error Diffusion
the intensity of red, green, blue channels, we can Technique
modulate the amount of red, green, blue in the
compound light. The more the colors are mixed, the where * is the current processing pixel. The
more the brightness of the light. When mixing all
recursive structure of the block diagram indicates
red, green and blue channels with equal intensity,
that the quantization error e(m, n) depends upon not
white color will result. The computer screen is a
only the current input and output but also the entire
good example of the additive color model. In the
past history. The error filter is designed in such a
subtractive model, color is represented by applying
way that the low frequency difference between the
the combination of colored lights reflected from the
input and output image is minimized. The error that
surface of an object. The more the pigments are
is diffused away by the error filter is high frequency
added, the lower the intensity of the light is and, or “blue noise.” These features of error diffusion
thus, the darker the light is. This is the reason it is produce halftone images that are pleasant to human
called the subtractive model. Red, Green, and Blue eyes with high visual quality.
are the three primitive colors of pigment which
cannot be composed from other colors. The color
printer is a typical application of the subtractive III. ENCRYPTION OF SECRET IMAGE WITH
model and, hence, the VC model of Naor and COLOR IMAGES USING VC MATRICES (S0,S1)
Shamir is also of such kind. the color of the pixel AND ERROR DIFFUSION
X(p,q) can be expressed in a binary form as In this section, we describe the encryption
𝑋(𝑝,𝑞 ) = 8 𝑥(𝑝,𝑞) 28−𝑖
𝑖 method for color meaningful shares with a VIP
𝑖=1
synchronization and error diffusion. First, we
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4. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
describe the VC matrix derivation method for VIP є {S0C1...Cn [i], S1C1...Cn
3
synchronization from a set of standard VC matrices. [i]}
We then introduce an error diffusion process to where 1≤ i ≤ n; p'= p. m-x (mx-1);
produce the final shares. The halftone process is q'= q. m-y (my-1) , m= m-x. m-y
independently applied to each Red (R), Green (G), m-x, m-y are non negative integers decide the aspect
and Blue (B) color channel so each has only one bit ratio encrypted color shares. the matrix Sc c1...cn [i]
per pixel to reveal colors of original images. A secret shows the ith row of the matrix Sc c1...cn. X is the
message is half toned ahead of the encryption stage. image pixel and Xi (p',q') shows the corresponding
pixel on the color channels position at (p', q') and the
3.1 Visual Pixel Synchronization sub pixels takes one of the rows in Soc1...cn or S1c1...cn
VIPs are pixels on the encrypted shares that according to the bit value of corresponding message
have color values of the original images, which pixel color channel.
make the encrypted shares meaningful. In each of
the m sub pixels of the encrypted share, there are ƛ 3.3 Share generation Via Error Diffusion
number of VIPs, denoted as Ci and the remaining Using matrices S0,S1 processed across the
(m-ƛ) pixels deliver the message information of the all color channels after half toning algorithm is
secret message image. Here each sub pixel m carries applied to generate the final encrypted shares.
visual information as well as message information,
while other methods extra pixels are needed in
addition to the pixel expansion to produce
meaningful shares. Since each VIP is placed at the
same bit position in sub pixels across the three color
channels, VIP represents accurate colors of the
original image
Fig. 3.3 Block Diagram to generate half toned
Images
3.2 Flow Chart For Encryption of Secret Image
Fig. 3(a) shows a binary error diffusion
diagram designed for our scheme. To produce the i th
halftone share, each of the three color layers are fed
into the input. The process of generating halftone
shares via error diffusion is similar to that shown in
Fig.1 except that Fi.j(m, n) is a (m, n) i th pixel on the
input channel j(1≤ i ≤ n, 1≤ j ≤ 3) of ith share.
Fig. 3(b) depicts this process. 1s and 0s in
black are message information pixels that should not
be modified and those are in red are VIPs that are
already defined by the error diffusion. The Ci are
also VIPs whose values are to be decided by
referring the corresponding pixel values of original
images and errors from neighboring pixels when the
error filter window comes. Non Ci elements,
however, still affect di,j(m, n) and the quantization
error ei,j(m, n) when they are calculated in the
Fig 2 Flow Chart for Encryption of Secret Image filter window. The non elements may increase
quantization errors added to the shares, but in turn,
The Secret image and Color images are these errors are diffused away to neighboring pixels.
processed using half toning method and the leads to The visual quality of shares via error diffusion can
produce the half toned images. be improved through edge enhancement methods. So
the remedy for the apparent blurring of edges caused
X ( p ,q ) x R , xG ,xB
( p ,q ) ( p ,q ) ( p ,q ) ,1
0 by the error diffusion algorithm is to apply an edge
3
Here p, q lies in between ((1,k1),(1,k2)) sharpening filter prior to half toning such that
respectively. here X that represents the pixel of the Xisharp [n]=X[n]-β(ψ[n]*X[n])
secrete image and p,q represents the location of the
pixel. The 3 binary bits xR(p,q) , xG(p,q), xB(p,q) which Where X[n] stands for the original image,
represents the values for Red ,Green, Blue color ψ[n] is a digital Laplacian filter, * denotes
channels respectively. each message pixel encrypted convolution and β is a scalar constant (β >0)
and expanded to sub pixel of length m and the regulating the amount of sharpening with larger β
encoded share i as leading to a sharper image Xisharp Consequently,
error diffusion produces high quality halftone
X(p1 , q1) i =[xR (p1 , q1) , xG( p1 , q1) , xB(p1 ,q1)] i
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5. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
images. 3.5 CRC checking and Authentication Checking
at the Receivers side
At the receivers side, all the shares are
collected from the communication channel. through
the secured channel the VC matrices S0,S1,key and
the checker value will be received from the source.
once the shares are collected at the receivers end it
will processed in a reverse process of encryption .
the binary information and crc bits were extracted
first from the shares. using the key the crc bits were
processed and the result which is equals to check
value. if the result not equal to the check value that
shows some error in the share and retransmission of
the share is needed.
Fig. 3 (a) Block diagram of error diffusion with
share encryption.
(b)Visualization of error diffusion with VIP
3.4 Adding binary information and CRC bits
The information will send from the source
to destination via communication channel. in that
process it might be chance of attack of the intruder
whether he can change the information or misguide
the people at the receivers side. so in order to protect
from the security threats and detect the errors and to
identify the shares to retransmit the shares from the
source we added binary information which tells the Fig 3.5 Color share values with binary
secret information and to detect the error and for the information(0001) and CRC bits for R
authentication purpose we added CRC bits to the plane..similarly G and B.
shares and transmitted to the destination through the
communication channel.
Fig. 3.4 Block Diagram for Encryption process and
adding CRC bits
A represents the Secret image and B
represents the Color Shares C shows the half toned
Resultants. After generating the shares Binary
Information and CRC bits added to the shares, which
are extracted first and verified with key at receiver
side. Fig 3.6 Flow Chart for CRC , Authentication
checking at the receivers side.
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
If all the shares are verified with CRC checking key 4.3 Reconstructed Secret Image from meaning full
and then test for the Authentication checking. in Shares
each share the added binary information which
represents by 8 bits, in that last 4 bits shows the part
information that is order of the part of secret image.
which helps to reconstruct the secret image from the
shares at the destination side. And the first 4bits
represents the authentication check bits. these check
bits are collected from the shares according to the
binary information in order and processed with the
CRC key .if the result of the process and checker
value is equal then Authentication Verified unless it
shows that Authentication failed that means an Fig:4.3 Reconstructed Secret image(8,8)VCS
attack of Intruder on the information.
TABLE I
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS COMPARISON OF (4,4) AND (8,8) COLOUR VC SCHEME
This section presents the information Images (4,4)VCS (8,8)VCS
regarding input secret image for encryption,
1st Image(PSNR) 12.0650 dB 12.0650 dB
meaningful shares or half toned shares used for
encryption process and reconstructed image. 2nd Image(PSNR) 12.5358 dB 12.5358 dB
3rd Image(PSNR) 13.7786 dB 13.7786 dB
4.1 Original Secret Image for (n out of n) VCS 4th Image(PSNR) 15.7007 dB 15.7007 dB
5th Image(PSNR) - 12.0378 dB
6th Image(PSNR) - 12.5083 dB
7th Image(PSNR) - 12.0778 dB
8th Image(PSNR) - 12.5486 dB
Fig:4.1 Secret Image Requirement for Meaningful Meaningful
Encryption Shares Shares
4.2 Colour Images for (n out of n) VCS for No. of Shares Required
All All
Encryption for Decryption
Reconstructed Image
23.5705dB 25.4563dB
PSNR
Mean Error 6.0383e+005 1.7202e+006
Quality & Clarity(by
Good High
vision)
1 2 3 4 Security High Very High
Computation
High Very High
Complexity
Hard ware
High High
Implementation
5 6 7 8
Fig: 4.1, The actual secret image which
(a) represents the confidential information that we want
to send in secure way to the destination. Fig: 4.2 (a),
The coloured images which plays the key role for
the secure transmission of information. Fig: 4.3 (b),
After applying to half toning the generated shares for
the encryption of secret information .
1 2 3 4 Fig : 4.3, After the Half toning process the
generated shares encrypted using VC matrices
(S0,S1). that means the secret information is
embedded into the shares which are called as
meaning full shares. At the receiver side all the
shares are collected and using the VC matrices S0,S1
5 6 7 8 the information is extracted from the meaning full
(b) shares. and thus forms the reconstructed secret
Fig:4.2 (a) Actual Colour Images for Encryption Of image which showed in figure 4.3. from the figure 4
SI which shows that how binary values and crc bits
(b) After Encryption of SI the Meaningful Shares embedded into color channels and at receiver side
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7. Anantha Kumar Kondra, Smt. U. V. Ratna Kumari / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1090-1096
the similar way the the information extracted first [7] W. Q. Y, J. Duo, and M. Kankanhalli,
and checked with crc key. if the result checked “Visual cryptography for print and scan
successfully that means no error and identified the applications,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp.
part of Secret image according the binary value. Circuits Syst., 2004, pp. 572–575.
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[10] C. Blundo, A. D. Santis, and M. Naor,
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[16] E. R.Verheul and H.C.A vanTilborg,
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