This document provides guidance on creating a geological map and cross section for a field project. It discusses scale and size for the map, with 1:50,000 scale fitting a 5x5 km area on an A4 page. The outlines section lists what to include on the map such as lithologies, structures, and location/locality maps. For the cross section, the document explains how to export topography, transfer structural data, interpolate structures, and add stratigraphic units with legends. An example cross section is provided with description.
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
In this lecture we will cover
Applications of levelling
Equipment and procedures
Purposes of levelling
Some definitions
Applications
Longitudinal sections and cross sections
Plotting the profile
Procedure of profile
Procedure of cross-section:
Plotting the cross-section:
Prepared by:
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Important notes on map size & scale
• Scale of 1:50000, means 1mm in map equal to 50000 mm in actual.
• If you have to produce a 5km x 5km (5000000 mm x 5000000 mm)
map with 1:50000 scale, then you are require an map area of 100mm
x 100mm, which is still able to fit in an A4 paper.
• Comparison of different ratio scale:-
Ratio scale Area Map size
1:50000 5km x 5km 100mm x 100mm
1:25000 5km x 5km 200mm x 200mm
1:10000 5km x 5km 500mm x 500mm
1:50000 10km x 10km 200mm x 200mm
1:50000 20km x 20km 400mm x 400mm
Paper size
Commonly, the map size depends on the amount of data.
Another issue of map using scale ratio, you can’t enlarge or smaller the map, because the ratio
will change accordingly. I personally more recommend scale bar for map, easier to adjust the
size of map.
3. Outlines
Cross section
– Topography on the selected line
– Proper vertical exaggeration
– Transfer the lithology and structural info into cross section
Geological Map
•Datum, projection, scale (better use scale
bar)
•Longitude-latitude
•Lithologies, structural reading (bedding,
major fractures, lineaments, etc)
•A3 size as attachment
•For subsurface study, we will adapt other
way to present the geological map/model
Location/locality map
(base map)
•Datum, projection, scale
(better use scale bar)
•Longitude-latitude
•Localities, and their
codes
•Roads, towns and rivers
•Index map (small Pen.
M’sia map)
Map first, then cross section
4. Location/locality map (base map)
Road map
DEM
Combine
&
retrace
in
graphical
software
Datum: WGS84 Projection: Geographic
5. Geological Map & description
Description:
-Two major lithologies
(metasediments and
volcanic rocks), locally
covered by alluvium
- volcanic rocks dominated
at coastal area
- metasediments are located
at SW part of study area
-The ridges are striking in
NW-SE direction which
resemble the bedding/strata
of the rocks, with steeply
dipping.
L1
L2-L4
Datum: WGS84
Projection: Geographic
Positive lineament
Commonly, we can
use the locality map
as base to construct
the geological map
6. Cross section
• Choose the proper transect which
is:-
- perpendicular to the major
structures
- Cut most of the rock units and
structures
• Export the topographic profile of the
selected transect, e.g. A-A’ in the
map.
A
A’
70
50
20
10
10 Bedding orientation
7. STEP 1: export the topographic profile of the selected transect
Please make sure you work on the section with less spiky topography (not too exaggerated).
You may compress the image, since the scales are recorded
Original, quite spiky
After compress
* I only use powerpoint to draw the cross section, to get the better result, please use graphical
software e.g. coreldraw/adobe illustrator.
8. STEP 2: transfer the structural information into selected transect
-500m
-1000m
A A’
Solid line = field structural data e.g. bedding, fault, etc
Dash line = extrapolation
9. STEP 2: transfer the structural information into selected transect
STEP 3: Interpolate and extrapolate the structures
-500m
-1000m
A A’
10. STEP 4: fill up the colours of the stratigraphic units and insert the legend and scale
-500m
-1000m
A A’
Alluvium
Sedili Volcanic Formation
Mersing Formation
2.5 km
“Stratigraphy legends
will sorted to age
(top=young, bottom =
old)”
Cross section is not unique, due to we are not sure about the subsurface setting.
For example, the wavelengths of folds in Mersing Formation can be shorter and the contact
of Mersing Formation and Sedili Volcanic Formation can be a fault. As long as it fits all the
observation and is logical, the section can be accepted.
0m
11. -500m
-1000m
A A’
Alluvium
Sedili Volcanic Formation
Mersing Formation
2.5 km
A
A’
Example of description in the text:
The section covered by Sedili Volcanic Formation at the NE part and SW part is
dominated by Mersing Formation. The open fold is interpreted to be formed in
Mersing Formation with ~10km wavelength. The gently dipping Sedili Volcanic
Formation is unconformably overlaid on Mersing Formation.
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