Eventually, non-organic waste will be a big business, and recycling will be one of the ways to recover the cost of creating, collecting, and sorting the waste created by communities. The launching point for this business will be the Material Recovery Facility.
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to reduce waste and consumption of raw materials. Common recyclable materials include glass, paper, metal, plastic, electronics, and textiles. Recycling provides environmental benefits like reducing pollution, conserving resources, and saving energy compared to producing items from virgin materials. It also saves money for communities that implement efficient recycling programs by reducing waste disposal costs.
This document discusses different types of waste, how waste is generated and managed around the world. It describes various categories of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, recyclable waste. It also outlines major sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic waste. Finally, it discusses common waste management methods like incineration, landfilling, recycling, composting and their environmental impacts.
This document discusses waste management strategies focused on reducing, reusing, and recycling (the 3 Rs). It notes that as a nation we are generating more garbage and running out of landfill space. The 3 Rs approach aims to reduce waste at the source, find ways to reuse items to prevent waste, and recycle materials that can't be reduced or reused. Specific examples are given of items that can be reduced, reused, or recycled to help address the growing waste problem and its threats to health, safety, and the environment.
The document summarizes different types of waste including household, commercial, industrial, construction, medical, nuclear, and describes how each type is generated and its composition. It also discusses methods of waste disposal including landfills, incineration, composting, recycling and the importance of reducing, reusing and recycling according to the 3R's rule. Garbage workers play an important role in waste collection and proper waste disposal is important for the environment and safety of workers.
The document discusses the increasing problem of garbage and waste as societies modernize. It notes that waste is categorized as degradable or non-degradable and should be separated and treated accordingly. Additionally, it highlights that modern shopping, packaging, and products have led to higher waste production rates and more complex garbage compositions compared to the past, with a greater percentage of non-recyclable and hazardous materials. Proper waste management is important but costly, with various options like landfilling, incineration, and recycling all having environmental and economic tradeoffs. Reducing waste at the source through product design, consumer choices, reuse, and public education is presented as the most effective long-term solution.
The document discusses various topics related to solid, toxic, and hazardous waste management including: the types of waste (domestic, industrial, etc.); current disposal methods like open dumping, ocean dumping, landfilling, and incineration; ways to reduce waste through reuse, reduce, and recycling; hazardous and toxic wastes and the regulations that govern their disposal like RCRA and CERCLA; and challenges like contaminated brownfield sites and long-term storage of hazardous materials.
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to reduce waste and consumption of raw materials. Common recyclable materials include glass, paper, metal, plastic, electronics, and textiles. Recycling provides environmental benefits like reducing pollution, conserving resources, and saving energy compared to producing items from virgin materials. It also saves money for communities that implement efficient recycling programs by reducing waste disposal costs.
This document discusses different types of waste, how waste is generated and managed around the world. It describes various categories of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, recyclable waste. It also outlines major sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic waste. Finally, it discusses common waste management methods like incineration, landfilling, recycling, composting and their environmental impacts.
This document discusses waste management strategies focused on reducing, reusing, and recycling (the 3 Rs). It notes that as a nation we are generating more garbage and running out of landfill space. The 3 Rs approach aims to reduce waste at the source, find ways to reuse items to prevent waste, and recycle materials that can't be reduced or reused. Specific examples are given of items that can be reduced, reused, or recycled to help address the growing waste problem and its threats to health, safety, and the environment.
The document summarizes different types of waste including household, commercial, industrial, construction, medical, nuclear, and describes how each type is generated and its composition. It also discusses methods of waste disposal including landfills, incineration, composting, recycling and the importance of reducing, reusing and recycling according to the 3R's rule. Garbage workers play an important role in waste collection and proper waste disposal is important for the environment and safety of workers.
The document discusses the increasing problem of garbage and waste as societies modernize. It notes that waste is categorized as degradable or non-degradable and should be separated and treated accordingly. Additionally, it highlights that modern shopping, packaging, and products have led to higher waste production rates and more complex garbage compositions compared to the past, with a greater percentage of non-recyclable and hazardous materials. Proper waste management is important but costly, with various options like landfilling, incineration, and recycling all having environmental and economic tradeoffs. Reducing waste at the source through product design, consumer choices, reuse, and public education is presented as the most effective long-term solution.
The document discusses various topics related to solid, toxic, and hazardous waste management including: the types of waste (domestic, industrial, etc.); current disposal methods like open dumping, ocean dumping, landfilling, and incineration; ways to reduce waste through reuse, reduce, and recycling; hazardous and toxic wastes and the regulations that govern their disposal like RCRA and CERCLA; and challenges like contaminated brownfield sites and long-term storage of hazardous materials.
The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architectu...ijtsrd
One of the ever present facts of human existence is the generation of wastes. Collection and disposal of these wastes, which are mostly plastics have always been major concerns of societies for both health and economic reasons. Every hour, Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles, most of which are thrown away. About 9.1 of plastic production was recycled in the U.S. during 2015 although, varying by product category. Plastic packaging was recycled at 14.6 , plastic durable goods at 6.6 , and other non durable goods at 2.2 . Currently, 25 percent of plastic waste is recycled in Europe, Americans recycled 3.14 million tons of plastics in 2015, down from 3.17 million in 2014. It is the primary aim of this article to draw attention to the benefits of recycling plastics and how it is helping in keeping the built environment healthy. The instrument of more than two research strategies quantitative and qualitative research methods and their tactics were used. Secondary data were based on direct observation and relevant documents from previous studies on the related matter. Plastic recycling faces many challenges, ranging from mixed plastics to hard to remove residues. The cost effective and efficient recycling of the mixed plastic stream is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the recycling industry. With the abundance of empty plastic bottles and soil, most poor communities have embarked on taking advantage of the resources in building comfortable houses for themselves and the use of these resources have helped in keeping the built environment clean. Obiadi, Bons N "The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architecture and the Waters of the World" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33134.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/33134/the-positive-impact-of-plastic-recycling-in-the-built-environment-architecture-and-the-waters-of-the-world/obiadi-bons-n
The document provides an overview of Tufts University's recycling program from 2014. It summarizes the program's achievements, statistics on recycling rates across campuses from 2005-2013, an overview of the different recycling streams, initiatives to reduce waste from various campus environments like dormitories and dining halls, special initiatives like a reverse vending machine and permanent freecycle spaces in dorms, and administrative aspects of the program like custodian training, outreach, and social media presence. The recycling rate across all campuses grew from 13.9% in 2005 to 53.7% in 2012. Initiatives like composting food waste, textile recycling, and move-out waste reduction programs helped increase diversion rates.
http://www.polychem-usa.com/recycling-services/ | Of all the plastic thrown away every year, only 9% of it is recycled. Un-recycled plastics have a large negative effect on the environment and the economy, and US businesses can have a big part in reducing that impact by sorting their plastic waste and purchasing items made from post-consumer plastic.
Remanufacturing is_a_superior_choce.pdfMichael Davis
Remanufactured printer cartridges are a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to new cartridges. Each year, over 300 million used cartridges end up in landfills globally. Remanufacturing cartridges involves cleaning and refilling them, allowing them to be reused while keeping more plastic waste out of landfills. It also saves resources and energy compared to producing new cartridges. Remanufactured cartridges are typically 40-60% cheaper than new ones but provide comparable quality and reliability. Choosing remanufactured cartridges is better for the environment and a consumer's budget.
This document provides information about the organization Reach for Unbleached!, which works to promote a sustainable pulp and paper industry through consumer education and empowerment. It aims to change pulp mill technology by showing people how to choose non-polluting paper products. The organization believes citizen action is key to ending toxic water contamination from pulp mills. It was founded in 1991 in response to dioxin pollution and has since undertaken various campaigns and research to advance its mission.
What is Recycling: 7 Benefits of RecyclingPacebutler
This presentation defines recycling as a process, a choice, and as a way of life. It also outlines the 7 basic benefits of recycling to individuals, society, and the environment.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE TOWARD PLASTIC BAG Sandeep Mane
This presentation summarizes research on people's perceptions of plastic bags. It conducted surveys that found 100% of people are aware of plastic bag dangers but 59% don't use alternatives. It analyzed the problem of plastic pollution and consumption of over 500 billion plastic bags annually worldwide. The conclusion is that reusable bags are a better option than paper or plastic, and strategic taxes and government policies can effectively limit plastic bag use.
This document discusses the environmental impact of paper towel usage and proposes replacing paper towels with hand dryers at Lenoir Rhyne University. It finds that paper towel production contributes significantly to deforestation, water pollution, and global warming. Statistics show that replacing paper towels with hand dryers could reduce LR's carbon footprint by 81% and save over $9,000 annually in costs. The document concludes that converting to hand dryers would lessen LR's environmental impact and save on purchasing costs compared to continuing paper towel use.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The major components of the waste stream in the US and methods for waste disposal like landfills and incineration.
- The benefits of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste to shrink the waste stream. Citizens can take steps to reduce waste production.
- Hazardous and toxic wastes require special handling due to their dangerous nature. Laws regulate their management and disposal.
- Emerging methods for dealing with waste include converting it to energy, composting organic materials, and cleaning up contaminated sites.
This document provides definitions and an overview of different types of waste including municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, nuclear waste, and electronic waste. It discusses the environmental impacts of waste and various waste management strategies like waste processing, disposal methods, and technologies. It also outlines responsibilities of citizens and provides information on waste management courses, books, journals, and organizations.
Sin eng-12 - reduce usage of plastic bagssochinaction
The document summarizes a campaign in Singapore to reduce plastic bag usage and promote reusable bags. It provides background on plastic bag consumption in Singapore and environmental issues. The campaign involves major retailers making reusable bags available for sale and displaying promotional materials. Retailers will ask customers if they need plastic bags and provide incentives for using fewer bags. The goal is to cut plastic bag waste and encourage a more sustainable approach.
- Many hotels implement "Green Teams" made up of staff from different areas to monitor waste reduction initiatives and find new ideas. Effective waste segregation through color-coded bins helps reduce waste.
- Tracking waste quantities collected provides data on waste costs and areas for reduction. Clean, segregated collection areas clearly marked aid proper waste handling.
- Minimizing packaging waste through bulk purchasing and refilling dispensers benefits hotels. Initiatives like reusable bags and eliminating packaged breakfast items further reduce waste.
Is a 100% Zero Waste Future Really Possible?Guy Dauncey
The document discusses the possibility of achieving 100% zero waste and provides examples of municipalities that have made significant progress toward this goal. Some key points:
- Santa Monica and San Francisco have recycling rates of 80% but need state legislation for producer responsibility to achieve 100%.
- Capannori, Italy reduced waste per person by 39% from 2004-2012 through citizen engagement and curbside composting and recycling.
- Kamikatsu, Japan has an 80% recycling rate and aims to be Japan's first zero waste town by 2020 through stringent self-sorting of waste.
While biopackaging offers clear environmental benefits over traditional plastics, its widespread adoption faces significant challenges. Biopackaging materials are still much more expensive than conventional plastics and have inferior performance. Additionally, the lack of dedicated waste management systems limits its viability. As a result, biopackaging is currently restricted to niche applications where its drawbacks do not apply, such as organic fresh foods. Public policies could play only a minor role in supporting biopackaging due to the large price differential and challenges around waste management.
Plastic waste is a growing problem, with an estimated 3 million tonnes produced annually in India alone. Currently only 7% is recycled. Various types of plastics are identified by numbers 1-7 based on their chemical makeup. The top two recycled types are PETE (1) and HDPE (2) which can be used to make new bottles and other products. While recycling saves energy and resources over producing new plastic, it also faces challenges like cost, contamination between types, and potential health issues from recycled materials. Researchers are working on ways to use waste plastic as a fuel source without pollution as an alternative to dumping in landfills. Individual actions like refusing plastic straws and reusing containers can help reduce plastic waste
This document discusses environmental sustainability and ways for businesses to reduce waste and be more environmentally efficient. It provides information on the importance of environmental sustainability, how businesses can damage the environment, and steps they can take to reduce waste through reducing consumption, reusing materials, recycling, and purchasing recycled products. The document outlines specific strategies businesses can implement across communications, printing, purchasing policies, and customer education to cut waste production and costs while protecting the environment.
Recycling is important for several reasons: it reduces environmental impacts, saves energy and resources, reduces pollution, and creates jobs in recycling industries. Franklin Pierce University participates in single-stream recycling by providing recycling bins alongside trash cans in all campus buildings. Recyclable items include glass, aluminum, steel, paper, cardboard, and plastics #1-7. Non-recyclables like plastic bags, Styrofoam, electronics, and hazardous materials should be disposed of separately. While the recycling and trash trucks may sometimes collect materials together, the waste processing center can sort recyclables from trash.
El documento presenta el reglamento particular del Rally de La Rioja 2016 que se llevará a cabo del 20 al 22 de mayo. Se detallan los títulos, organizadores, programa, inscripciones, seguros, verificaciones y demás puntos reglamentarios. El rally forma parte del Campeonato Argentino de Rally y consta de 125,36 km de tramos cronometrados sobre ripio repartidos en 2 etapas.
The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architectu...ijtsrd
One of the ever present facts of human existence is the generation of wastes. Collection and disposal of these wastes, which are mostly plastics have always been major concerns of societies for both health and economic reasons. Every hour, Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles, most of which are thrown away. About 9.1 of plastic production was recycled in the U.S. during 2015 although, varying by product category. Plastic packaging was recycled at 14.6 , plastic durable goods at 6.6 , and other non durable goods at 2.2 . Currently, 25 percent of plastic waste is recycled in Europe, Americans recycled 3.14 million tons of plastics in 2015, down from 3.17 million in 2014. It is the primary aim of this article to draw attention to the benefits of recycling plastics and how it is helping in keeping the built environment healthy. The instrument of more than two research strategies quantitative and qualitative research methods and their tactics were used. Secondary data were based on direct observation and relevant documents from previous studies on the related matter. Plastic recycling faces many challenges, ranging from mixed plastics to hard to remove residues. The cost effective and efficient recycling of the mixed plastic stream is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the recycling industry. With the abundance of empty plastic bottles and soil, most poor communities have embarked on taking advantage of the resources in building comfortable houses for themselves and the use of these resources have helped in keeping the built environment clean. Obiadi, Bons N "The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architecture and the Waters of the World" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33134.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/33134/the-positive-impact-of-plastic-recycling-in-the-built-environment-architecture-and-the-waters-of-the-world/obiadi-bons-n
The document provides an overview of Tufts University's recycling program from 2014. It summarizes the program's achievements, statistics on recycling rates across campuses from 2005-2013, an overview of the different recycling streams, initiatives to reduce waste from various campus environments like dormitories and dining halls, special initiatives like a reverse vending machine and permanent freecycle spaces in dorms, and administrative aspects of the program like custodian training, outreach, and social media presence. The recycling rate across all campuses grew from 13.9% in 2005 to 53.7% in 2012. Initiatives like composting food waste, textile recycling, and move-out waste reduction programs helped increase diversion rates.
http://www.polychem-usa.com/recycling-services/ | Of all the plastic thrown away every year, only 9% of it is recycled. Un-recycled plastics have a large negative effect on the environment and the economy, and US businesses can have a big part in reducing that impact by sorting their plastic waste and purchasing items made from post-consumer plastic.
Remanufacturing is_a_superior_choce.pdfMichael Davis
Remanufactured printer cartridges are a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to new cartridges. Each year, over 300 million used cartridges end up in landfills globally. Remanufacturing cartridges involves cleaning and refilling them, allowing them to be reused while keeping more plastic waste out of landfills. It also saves resources and energy compared to producing new cartridges. Remanufactured cartridges are typically 40-60% cheaper than new ones but provide comparable quality and reliability. Choosing remanufactured cartridges is better for the environment and a consumer's budget.
This document provides information about the organization Reach for Unbleached!, which works to promote a sustainable pulp and paper industry through consumer education and empowerment. It aims to change pulp mill technology by showing people how to choose non-polluting paper products. The organization believes citizen action is key to ending toxic water contamination from pulp mills. It was founded in 1991 in response to dioxin pollution and has since undertaken various campaigns and research to advance its mission.
What is Recycling: 7 Benefits of RecyclingPacebutler
This presentation defines recycling as a process, a choice, and as a way of life. It also outlines the 7 basic benefits of recycling to individuals, society, and the environment.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE TOWARD PLASTIC BAG Sandeep Mane
This presentation summarizes research on people's perceptions of plastic bags. It conducted surveys that found 100% of people are aware of plastic bag dangers but 59% don't use alternatives. It analyzed the problem of plastic pollution and consumption of over 500 billion plastic bags annually worldwide. The conclusion is that reusable bags are a better option than paper or plastic, and strategic taxes and government policies can effectively limit plastic bag use.
This document discusses the environmental impact of paper towel usage and proposes replacing paper towels with hand dryers at Lenoir Rhyne University. It finds that paper towel production contributes significantly to deforestation, water pollution, and global warming. Statistics show that replacing paper towels with hand dryers could reduce LR's carbon footprint by 81% and save over $9,000 annually in costs. The document concludes that converting to hand dryers would lessen LR's environmental impact and save on purchasing costs compared to continuing paper towel use.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The major components of the waste stream in the US and methods for waste disposal like landfills and incineration.
- The benefits of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste to shrink the waste stream. Citizens can take steps to reduce waste production.
- Hazardous and toxic wastes require special handling due to their dangerous nature. Laws regulate their management and disposal.
- Emerging methods for dealing with waste include converting it to energy, composting organic materials, and cleaning up contaminated sites.
This document provides definitions and an overview of different types of waste including municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, nuclear waste, and electronic waste. It discusses the environmental impacts of waste and various waste management strategies like waste processing, disposal methods, and technologies. It also outlines responsibilities of citizens and provides information on waste management courses, books, journals, and organizations.
Sin eng-12 - reduce usage of plastic bagssochinaction
The document summarizes a campaign in Singapore to reduce plastic bag usage and promote reusable bags. It provides background on plastic bag consumption in Singapore and environmental issues. The campaign involves major retailers making reusable bags available for sale and displaying promotional materials. Retailers will ask customers if they need plastic bags and provide incentives for using fewer bags. The goal is to cut plastic bag waste and encourage a more sustainable approach.
- Many hotels implement "Green Teams" made up of staff from different areas to monitor waste reduction initiatives and find new ideas. Effective waste segregation through color-coded bins helps reduce waste.
- Tracking waste quantities collected provides data on waste costs and areas for reduction. Clean, segregated collection areas clearly marked aid proper waste handling.
- Minimizing packaging waste through bulk purchasing and refilling dispensers benefits hotels. Initiatives like reusable bags and eliminating packaged breakfast items further reduce waste.
Is a 100% Zero Waste Future Really Possible?Guy Dauncey
The document discusses the possibility of achieving 100% zero waste and provides examples of municipalities that have made significant progress toward this goal. Some key points:
- Santa Monica and San Francisco have recycling rates of 80% but need state legislation for producer responsibility to achieve 100%.
- Capannori, Italy reduced waste per person by 39% from 2004-2012 through citizen engagement and curbside composting and recycling.
- Kamikatsu, Japan has an 80% recycling rate and aims to be Japan's first zero waste town by 2020 through stringent self-sorting of waste.
While biopackaging offers clear environmental benefits over traditional plastics, its widespread adoption faces significant challenges. Biopackaging materials are still much more expensive than conventional plastics and have inferior performance. Additionally, the lack of dedicated waste management systems limits its viability. As a result, biopackaging is currently restricted to niche applications where its drawbacks do not apply, such as organic fresh foods. Public policies could play only a minor role in supporting biopackaging due to the large price differential and challenges around waste management.
Plastic waste is a growing problem, with an estimated 3 million tonnes produced annually in India alone. Currently only 7% is recycled. Various types of plastics are identified by numbers 1-7 based on their chemical makeup. The top two recycled types are PETE (1) and HDPE (2) which can be used to make new bottles and other products. While recycling saves energy and resources over producing new plastic, it also faces challenges like cost, contamination between types, and potential health issues from recycled materials. Researchers are working on ways to use waste plastic as a fuel source without pollution as an alternative to dumping in landfills. Individual actions like refusing plastic straws and reusing containers can help reduce plastic waste
This document discusses environmental sustainability and ways for businesses to reduce waste and be more environmentally efficient. It provides information on the importance of environmental sustainability, how businesses can damage the environment, and steps they can take to reduce waste through reducing consumption, reusing materials, recycling, and purchasing recycled products. The document outlines specific strategies businesses can implement across communications, printing, purchasing policies, and customer education to cut waste production and costs while protecting the environment.
Recycling is important for several reasons: it reduces environmental impacts, saves energy and resources, reduces pollution, and creates jobs in recycling industries. Franklin Pierce University participates in single-stream recycling by providing recycling bins alongside trash cans in all campus buildings. Recyclable items include glass, aluminum, steel, paper, cardboard, and plastics #1-7. Non-recyclables like plastic bags, Styrofoam, electronics, and hazardous materials should be disposed of separately. While the recycling and trash trucks may sometimes collect materials together, the waste processing center can sort recyclables from trash.
El documento presenta el reglamento particular del Rally de La Rioja 2016 que se llevará a cabo del 20 al 22 de mayo. Se detallan los títulos, organizadores, programa, inscripciones, seguros, verificaciones y demás puntos reglamentarios. El rally forma parte del Campeonato Argentino de Rally y consta de 125,36 km de tramos cronometrados sobre ripio repartidos en 2 etapas.
A simple breakdown of what Arbitrage is and why tax-exempt organizations need to be in compliance in accordance with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
This document discusses the evolution of concepts related to cultural diversity and multiculturalism in the arts in the UK. It traces terms used over time such as equal opportunities, Black arts, multicultural arts, and cultural diversity. It argues that multiculturalism has failed to foster intercultural understanding or address social inequalities. The document calls for the arts to build intercultural spaces that respect both traditional and contemporary cultures and see diversity as common ground rather than just difference. It poses questions about the role of arts in promoting equality and how to avoid past pitfalls.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
The document provides information about the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, including its name and address, the states in its territory of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the locations of its six branch offices, and its roles in providing financial services like distributing cash and processing payments to banks and depositories. It also notes that the Board of Governors meets every 5-8 weeks to decide interest rates and that the FOMC meets by law at least 4 times per year.
Este documento contiene el cronograma y detalles de las etapas de un rally que se llevará a cabo los días sábado 11 y domingo 12 de junio. Incluye la ubicación y horarios de inicio de cada sección, las rutas de cada tramo, los tiempos estimados y distancias totales recorridas. También presenta el cronograma de reconocimiento de las rutas del jueves 9 y viernes 10 de junio.
El documento describe los pasos para cambiar el logo de una aplicación, incluyendo abrir el asset de imagen, configurar la nueva imagen como logo predeterminado, seleccionar el archivo de imagen, ver una vista previa, aplicar el nuevo logo y verificar su apariencia en el emulador. Se recomienda que la imagen del logo tenga una resolución de al menos 512x512 píxeles para una mejor escalación.
Cosmin Mihai is a 35-year-old man from the United Kingdom with over 15 years of experience in packing, packing supervision, volunteer work, and IT administration. He has a degree in animal science from the University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest, Romania. He is currently working as a packer for Cook Kitchen in Sittingbourne, UK through an employment agency. He is seeking full-time employment in fields such as IT hardware, sales, management, or care assistance located in Medway, Kent, England.
El documento analiza el peso del sector público en las economías provinciales argentinas entre 2005 y 2014. Muestra que en nueve provincias el gasto público representó más del 30% del PBI provincial en 2014, llegando al 60% en Formosa. También indica que en la mayoría de las provincias la masa salarial pública explica más del 40% de la masa salarial total, sobre todo en el Norte Grande. El análisis concluye que el tamaño del Estado provincial tuvo un fuerte crecimiento en la última década y que su evolución está estre
Energy Efficiency And Building Automation Who , Why, HowSirisha Karnam
This document discusses various aspects of a building project including identification, design, application, commissioning, and sustainability measures like LEED and ENERGY STAR certification. It also references energy conservation measures and maintaining an environmental index to balance factors like temperature setpoints, zone environment, and energy usage during original construction, maintenance, and operation of the building over its lifespan.
This document defines sequential logic circuits and differentiates them from combinational logic circuits. It describes flip-flops, including SR and T flip-flops. It provides details on building SR and T flip-flops using logic gates, and includes their symbols and truth tables. The document focuses on the T flip-flop, providing its circuit diagram, explaining its toggle function, and including timing diagrams to demonstrate its behavior over multiple clock cycles.
Advanced material of construction..ppt24545452SHUBHAM DABHADE
This document discusses different types of building materials including stones, bricks, tiles, cement, and glass claddings. It describes the common uses of different stones such as basalt, granite, and limestone in construction. It also outlines different types of bricks and tiles, and classifies various cements. Glass claddings are discussed as an increasingly popular building material that provides benefits such as energy efficiency but also has disadvantages like higher costs.
Questions On Open Education Resources EssayAnn Johnson
This document discusses open education resources (OERs), which are freely available educational materials that can be reused and adapted for teaching and learning. OERs include media like graphics and photographs as well as educational content like workshops, books, and research papers. They have been made openly available through licenses that permit free educational use. The document also introduces recycling and discusses how recycling programs have evolved from earlier waste disposal methods to help address challenges from population growth and increased consumption.
Recycling Myths Debunked (City of Burnsville 3/20/2014)LeighBehrens
Recycling "Mythbusters" presentation. Presented by Leigh Behrens and Andrea Uhl of Dakota Valley Recycling (City of Burnsville, Eagan and Apple Valley).
The document provides an overview of the history and concepts of solid waste management. It discusses the stages of waste disposal from the industrial revolution period through modern concepts of industrial ecology. Methods of waste management covered include reduce, reuse, recycling, composting, incineration, open dumping, and sanitary landfilling. The composition of municipal solid waste and integrated waste management approaches combining various treatment and disposal options are also summarized.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
How zero waste can be profitable for waste management organizationsFrank Smith
The document discusses how waste management organizations can adopt a zero waste approach to find new revenue streams. It outlines strategies such as improving consumer education on recycling and reuse to reduce contamination. Waste management firms can also collect and process organic waste to produce compost for sale. Developing reusable packaging and encouraging product take-back programs from manufacturers presents additional opportunities to cut waste and costs.
This document discusses various topics related to waste management. It begins by defining waste management and describing the different types of solid waste. It then outlines the key issues in waste management such as generation, minimization, removal, transportation, treatment, recycling, and disposal. The document also discusses the history of waste management and various methods for waste disposal including landfills, incineration, and recycling. It covers sustainability aspects, different waste handling systems, as well as the central principles and benefits of effective waste management.
This document discusses recycling programs in Broward County, Florida. It notes that around half of the county's housing units are in multi-unit structures, presenting a challenge for recycling. Currently, single-family homes are provided single-stream recycling bins for items like paper, cardboard, and containers. However, the recycling rates remain lower than potential as multi-unit housing and businesses are not fully incorporated into recycling programs. Expanding programs to these sectors could significantly increase recycling in the county.
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Recycling and reuse have significant environmental and economic benefits. Recycling processes include open-loop recycling which breaks down materials for new products, and closed-loop recycling which recycles materials back into their original form. Common materials that can be recycled include plastics, textiles, ceramics, metals, glass, batteries, electronics, and construction materials which reduces pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Increased recycling and reuse by individuals and organizations helps promote a more sustainable future.
This document outlines the functional elements of solid waste management systems. It discusses the seven key elements: 1) waste generation, 2) waste storage, 3) waste collection, 4) transfer and transport, 5) processing, 6) recovery and recycling, and 7) waste disposal. It also describes the physical, chemical, and biological transformation processes that can be applied to solid waste, such as composting and anaerobic digestion. Finally, it outlines the "7 R's" approach to solid waste management: rethink, refuse, reduce, repurpose, reuse, recycle, and rot.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multi Stream Segregation...Carolina Lewis
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of single-stream and multi-stream waste separation and collection systems. Single-stream allows all recyclables to be placed in the same bin, while multi-stream requires separating materials into different bins. Some advantages of single-stream are increased participation and collection rates, while disadvantages include reduced quality of recycled materials and higher processing costs. Multi-stream has higher collection costs but produces higher quality materials by separating at the source.
Recycling of waste water & Solid WasteParth Desani
The document discusses recycling of waste water and solid waste. It defines recycling and describes the types of recycling, including recycling of waste water and solid waste. It discusses uses of recycled water in agriculture, industry, and elsewhere. The document also covers municipal solid waste composition, treatment and disposal methods for solid waste like composting and landfilling, and advantages of recycling.
Economics of the 3 Rs - Marc Fournier, Lasell CollegeMassRecycle
Presentation delivered at MassRecycle's 4th Annual Green Office / Green Facility Conference, Bentley University, June 15, 2010. Get invited to next year’s conference by signing up to MassRecycle’s free email newsletter at www.massrecycle.org.
This document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management including disposal methods, landfill criteria, and recycling. It provides details on:
- The four main methods for managing municipal solid waste: materials recovery, energy recovery, bioconversion, and landfilling.
- Key criteria for selecting and managing landfill sites, including accessibility, buffer zones, groundwater levels, and restricting public access.
- Standard processes for managing waste including incineration, composting, and landfilling as well as recycling programs for materials like newspapers.
- Benefits of reducing waste such as conserving resources, reducing energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) as the fastest growing solid waste problem. E-waste includes valuable metals and toxic materials and pollutants. Most e-waste ends up in landfills and incinerators instead of being recycled. The EU and Japan have adopted cradle-to-grave standards for electronics to increase recycling and reduce disposal in landfills. The US recycles only 10-15% of its e-waste and produces about half of the world's total.
The document discusses various aspects of waste management, including definitions of waste and waste management. It describes different types of waste such as solid waste and liquid waste. For solid waste, it covers classification, collection methods, and disposal methods such as composting, recycling, and landfilling. For liquid waste, it discusses sources and types, and technological options for disposal at the household level including kitchen gardens with and without piped root zone systems.
Similar to Future Trends - Recycling - Material Recycling Facilities (20)
The Petrochemical Industry Can No Longer Guarantee Permanent EmploymentBruce LaCour
We are in a economic transition where economic growth will slow significantly and competition will increase in all economic arenas.
No company can promise permanent employment under these circumstances. All you can promise is that if everyone performs at maximum ability, then they will be compensated according to their contribution to the overall operation, as long as it lasts. Anything else is a fairy tale, and the time for Baby Boomer generated fairy tales is over.
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This transition where many essentials become less abundant and more expensive won’t be accepted as permanent by many; however, those that make the transition swiftly will quickly move to many areas of recycling. These will be some of the business survivors I have referred to in earlier articles. One of the biggest recycling movements will be deconstruction and using recovered materials for different uses.
Electrical wire recycling has been tied to China's demand for copper and infrastructure growth over the past decade. However, China's economic slowdown has reduced its copper scrap imports in recent years, slowing wire recycling in North America. Improved sorting technologies may help recyclers recover more copper and increase purity levels. Developing end markets for recycled plastic wire insulation could also boost the industry, but a long-term solution remains elusive. The future prospects for wire recycling depend on technology advances, capital investment, and innovative uses for recycled materials.
Even if the value of recycled glass increased in the future, there would still be the technical problem of separating glass from other recyclables at the Material Recovery Center. If glass ever becomes a significant recyclable, it will be done by companies that specialize in collecting and recycling glass separately from the bulk of the trash generated by the trash society.
Future Trends - Recycling - Metals - Part IIIBruce LaCour
This document discusses future trends in recycling critical metals like nickel and niobium. It notes that the US relies heavily on imports for many metals essential to manufacturing. Specifically:
- The US relies 100% on imports for niobium, which is used in steel and superalloys. The top importer is Brazil, supplying 82% of imports.
- For nickel, the US relies 37% on imports. Nickel is important for steel and superalloys. The top importers are Canada and Australia. Recycling provides 45% of nickel consumption domestically.
- Niobium and nickel are both important alloying elements that improve the strength and corrosion resistance of steels and superalloys used
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Mining has to return to the United States. The U.S. is not just running low on economically recoverable oil and gas, but also vital minerals at an even faster rate.
The U.S. Baby Boomer mirage has been kept the importers of “stuff” into the United States with positive trade deficits happy. That is coming to an end.
Future Trends - Recycling - Vehicles and TiresBruce LaCour
This document discusses future trends in vehicle and tire recycling. It notes that the average age of vehicles in the US is rising as people hold onto their cars longer due to increased costs. Tires are an energy-intensive product requiring oil and natural gas derivatives. As vehicles age out, recycling will allow reuse of materials from old tires and cars to maintain aspects of past lifestyles with constrained resources. Recycling tires into raw materials represents a future business opportunity.
The document discusses trends in refrigerant recycling, specifically:
1) International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have phased out ozone-depleting refrigerants like CFCs and are now phasing out HCFCs.
2) Recycling refrigerants has been an ongoing business since the 1990s to comply with these agreements.
3) Hudson Technologies is an example of a company that has grown by providing refrigerant recycling and other services to help customers transition away from banned refrigerants. They offer recovery, reclamation, separation, and disposal services.
The document discusses the history and concepts of recycling and zero waste. It traces the development of recycling from the late 19th century through modern curbside programs and deposit return systems. However, it argues that recycling rates remain low because economic incentives for returning materials are now missing. True zero waste is also seen as an unrealistic goal given the laws of thermodynamics, as recycling still produces some amount of waste. Waste-to-energy is discussed as another proposed solution, but the document questions if this allows unsustainable consumption patterns to continue. Overall, the document takes a skeptical view of whether recycling and related concepts can achieve zero waste goals.
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This document discusses challenges facing the U.S. petrochemical industry and strategies for improving plant design, operation, and maintenance. It argues that most plants are not designed or operated efficiently and will struggle to be profitable long-term given industry pressures. To survive, plants must focus on energy efficiency and reliability, especially of rotating equipment, through techniques like pinch analysis and variable speed drives. Advanced process control using extensive sensor data can help optimize plant performance, though initial costs are high. Overall the industry needs an integrated approach considering the entire asset lifecycle from design through maintenance.
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US Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Natural Gas - Logic Versus Fait...Bruce LaCour
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- Total US natural gas production in 2015 was estimated to be 28.2 trillion cubic feet based on 15.2 TCF from shale gas and 13 TCF from other sources.
- The most optimistic scenario from Hughes estimates shale gas
US Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Natural Gas - Logic Verus Fait...Bruce LaCour
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Future Trends - Recycling - Material Recycling Facilities
1. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 1 of 12
Eventually, non-organic waste will be a big business, and recycling will be one of the ways to
recover the cost of creating, collecting, and sorting the waste created by communities. The
launching point for this business will be the Material Recovery Facility. From this point,
materials that can be recycled will be sold back to whoever can use them.
From Wikipedia:
A materials recovery facility, materials reclamation facility, materials recycling facility or Multi re-
use facility (MRF, pronounced "murf") is a specialized plant that receives, separates and
prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end user manufacturers. Generally, there are two
different types: clean and dirty materials recovery facilities.
CLEAN MRF
A clean MRF accepts recyclable comingled materials that have already been separated at the
source from municipal solid waste generated by either residential or commercial sources. There
are a variety of clean MRFs. The most common are single stream where all recyclable material
is mixed, or dual stream MRFs, where source-separated recyclables are delivered in a mixed
container stream (typically glass, ferrous metal, aluminum and other nonferrous metals, PET
[No.1] and HDPE [No.2] plastics) and a mixed paper stream including corrugated cardboard
boxes, newspapers, magazines, office paper and junk mail. Material is sorted to specifications,
then baled, shredded, crushed, compacted, or otherwise prepared for shipment to market.
WET MRF
Around 2004, new mechanical biological treatment technologies were beginning to utilise wet
MRFs. These combine a dirty MRF with water, which acts to densify, separate and clean the
output streams. It also hydro crushes and dissolves biodegradable organics in solution to make
them suitable for anaerobic digestion.
Clean MRF appears the way most municipalities will eventually go because the interest in
recycling is growing with the “Zero Waste” movement. This is especially the case if the area
only has a landfill that it wants to minimize. Also, the community that takes this route also wants
to eliminate thermal methods of disposing of excess waste. This could (and should be) be the
route taken by most high density population areas.
SINGLE STREAM RECYCLING
Single-stream (also known as “fully commingled”or "single-sort") recycling refers to a system in
which all paper fibers, plastics, metals, and other containers are mixed in a collection truck,
instead of being sorted by the depositor into separate commodities
(newspaper, paperboard, corrugated fiberboard, plastic, glass, etc.) and handled separately
throughout the collection process. In single-stream, both the collection and processing systems
2. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 2 of 12
are designed to handle this fully commingled mixture of recyclables, with materials being
separated for reuse at a materials recovery facility (MRF).
Advantages
Proponents of single-stream note several advantages:
Reduced sorting effort by residents may mean more recyclables are placed at the
curb and more residents may participate in recycling;
Reduced collection costs because single-compartment trucks are cheaper to purchase
and operate, collection can be automated, and collection routes can be serviced more
efficiently;
Greater fleet flexibility, which allows single-compartment vehicles to be used to collect
recycling, providing greater fleet flexibility and reducing the number of reserve vehicles
needed. To avoid confusing customers, a large sign or banner is sometimes used to
distinguish when a refuse truck is being used to collect recycling (instead of refuse).
Worker injuries may decrease because the switch to single-stream is often accompanied
by a switch from bins to cart-based collection.
Changing to single-stream may provide an opportunity to update the collection and
processing system and to add new materials to the list of recyclables accepted; and
More paper grades may be collected, including junk mail, telephone books and mixed
residential paper.
Disadvantages
Potential disadvantages of single-stream recycling may include:
Initial capital cost for:
New carts
Different collection vehicles
Upgrading the processing facility
Processing costs may increase compared to multiple stream systems
Possible reduced commodity prices due to contamination of paper or plastic
Increased down cycling of paper, i.e., use of high quality fibers for low-end uses like
boxboard because of presence of contaminants;
Possible increase in residual rates after processing (chiefly because of increased
breakage of glass)
Potential for diminished public confidence if more recyclables are destined
for landfill disposal because of contamination or inability to market materials.
See Figures 1, 2, and 3 for the 75 largest material recovery facilities in the United States as of
2014. The recent notable large MRFs are:
3. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 3 of 12
Lakeshore Recycling Systems – Forest View, Illinois – 110,000 tons per year
City of Milwaukee and Waukesha County MRF – Milwaukee, Wisconsin – 60,000 tons
per year
Republic Services Southern Nevada Recycling Center&LearningCenter – North Las
Vegas, Nevada – 175,000 tons per year
FCC Environmental Services MRF – Dallas, Texas – 120,000 tons per year
There might be other larger MRFs built since 2014, but I can’t find them on the internet.
The single-stream design with glass included, in my opinion, is what is needed for the future in
order to maximize the most valuable recyclable items. A typical incoming load to a single-
stream MRF might be similar to Figure 4, “Waste Management Single Stream Requirements”.
The problem areas for single stream systems have been:
Styrofoam food containers and packing end up in a landfill usually although some states
have Dart foam recycling collection locations. This is a major problem in the U.S. and will
eventually result in Styrofoam being prohibited in many large metropolitan areas.
Plastic coated paper and cardboard usually ends up in a landfill, but could go to
anaerobic digestion.
Any greasy or dirty cardboard usually ends up in a landfill, but could go to anaerobic
digestion.
Medical waste must be sent to incineration via an experienced medical waste disposal
company like “Stericycle”.
Scrap metal can be handled by metal recyclers.
Household hazardous waste must be incinerated by Waste Management, Clean
Harbors, or Veolia North America among others.
Batteries disposal can be handled by Waste Management, Clean Harbors, or Veolia
North America among others.
Lighting disposal can be handled by Waste Management, Clean Harbors, or Veolia North
America among others.
Electrical wiring can be sent to an appropriate wiring chopping facility.
Electronics disposal can be handled by Waste Management, Clean Harbors, or Veolia
North America among others (Contact Coalition for American Electronics Recycling)
Cellular Phones disposal end up with the original service provider.
CDs, DVDs, optical discs, floppy discs, video tapes, and old vinyl records mostly end up
in landfills. CDs and DVDs are polycarbonate so they could be recycled. Bulk CDs and
DVDs can be shipped to NESAR Systems or Digital Audio Disk Corporation’s Disk
Recycling Program or Plastic Recycling. You have to pay the postage.
Printer cartridges can be returned to Office Depot or Staples.
4. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 4 of 12
Household appliances can be recycled by finding the nearest recycler at ARCA.
Recycling, Inc., arcainc.com.
Aerosol cans are considered hazardous waste but most end up in landfills. This area is a
bit confusing because there is a great deal of talk about assuring cans are empty (see
www.aerosolv.com) and recycling these cans like other scrap steel.
Paint cans are a big problem. Oil based paints are considered hazardous waste. Water
based paints are considered hazardous waste in California, Washington, and Minnesota.
Many large urban areas have household hazardous waste collection programs that
handle paint cans.
Broken glass, ceramic cups and dishes, mirrors, light bulbs, and glass windows all have
to be handled in another way or end up in a landfill.
Food waste must go to an anaerobic digestion facility or landfill.
Yard trimmings must go to an anaerobic digestion facility or landfill
Building destruction – concrete and wood. A major problem in U.S. which can’t be
economically solved in the Age of Growth.
Household furniture, mattresses, cookware, and light fixtures, and fans. Same as
building destruction problem.
Wooden flooring and carpet. Same as building destruction problem.
As Humans move forward, many of these problems will be addressed one way or another as
the transition from the Age of Growth to the Age of Survival achieves “escape velocity”.
Organics, mainly food waste and yard trimmings, remain the immediate problem for recycling in
the “Zero Waste” movement. There are two ways to go – mixed waste processing facilities and
separate organics from recycles at the source. Where is the source? Where the “garbage cans”
used to be! That means there are many, many sources, and collection becomes the
overwhelming issue to make all this work in the long run. We will get back to that issue, but first
the two options. From Wikipedia:
Mixed-waste processing facility (MWPF)
A mixed-waste processing system, sometimes referred to as a dirty MRF, accepts a mixed solid
waste stream and then proceeds to separate out designated recyclable materials through a
combination of manual and mechanical sorting. The sorted recyclable materials may undergo
further processing required to meet technical specifications established by end-markets while
the balance of the mixed waste stream is sent to a disposal facility such as a landfill. Today,
MWPFs are attracting renewed interest as a way to address low participation rates for source-
separated recycling collection systems and prepare fuel products and/or feedstocks for
conversion technologies.
5. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 5 of 12
MWPFs can give communities the opportunity to recycle at much higher rates than has been
demonstrated by curbside or other waste collection systems. Advances in technology make
today’s MWPF different and, in many respects better, than older versions.
The percentage of residuals (unrecoverable recyclable or non-program materials) from a
properly operated clean MRF supported by an effective public outreach and education program
should not exceed 10% by weight of the total delivered stream and in many cases it can be
significantly below 5%. A dirty MRF recovers between 5% and 45% of the incoming material as
recyclables, then the remainder is landfilled or otherwise disposed. A dirty MRF can be capable
of higher recovery rates than a clean MRF, since it ensures that 100% of the waste stream is
subjected to the sorting process, and can target a greater number of materials for recovery than
can usually be accommodated by sorting at the source. However, the dirty MRF process results
in greater contamination of recyclables, especially of paper. Furthermore, a facility that accepts
mixed solid waste is usually more challenging and more expensive to site. Operational costs
can be higher because it is more labor-intensive.
This is a very poor idea. Why? The recyclables get contaminated, which requires even more
energy to facilitate separation and then disposal. In petrochemical wastewater treatment, one of
the common energy and operational cost savings measures, which was never discussed in the
1970s and 80s, is to separate storm water from various contaminated waters in a plant. The
stormwater should be able to return to source without expensive treatment. This way the
wastewater treatment process can be smaller and use less energy. Common sense?
Apparently it isn’t because these things are never thought about in any initial environmental
movement. It’s always about first cost.
When energy is cheap, you don’t have to think about those things, huh Baby Boomers? If we
spend on energy conservation, we have less money to spend on “stuff”. Future generations will
not be that lucky. We are running out of useful energy, Pilgrims! Get that through your heads! It
takes energy to accommodate “Zero Waste”. So do it right the first time and minimize energy
use, using an Exxon project scope objective.
So what’s the alternative? Separate potential recyclables from organics at the source with at
least two bins – one for waste to the MRF and one to an organics handling facility. Now we are
getting the hang of this “Zero Waste” concept. What’s an organics handling facility? Well, it
returns organics to some useful state, hopefully minimizing energy consumption in the process.
Now back to wastewater treatment. What do wastewater treatment plants do? They return
contaminated water back to the source in sufficiently “good quality” for the surrounding
community. The system uses energy to do that, right? How about recovering energy from the
wastewater? Can that be done? Yes it can be done and is done and will be done in greater
frequency with anaerobic digestion. The Baby Boomers didn’t worry about energy consumption,
and aerobic wastewater treatment was less expensive first cost and easier to operate.
6. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 6 of 12
Times are changing and anaerobic digestion is the future of water and organic solids treatment.
The energy consumption to operate the facility and recover the waste at the source can be
reduced by recovering biogas. It’s better than nothing! However, it cost up front. But Pilgrims,
the days of create it and throw it away are coming to an end. So spend up front and take care of
it down the timeline. That’s all you have to work with!
There are two types of anaerobic waste treatment – wet and dry. Now “they” always give you
two choices – short term good and long term good. This is how they separate according to
intelligence levels, you see.
Wet involves water. This water gets contaminated, and now the same old story like a broken
record. Don’t mix the good with bad! Specifically, don’t mix water with the waste! “Fresh water”
is valuable too you know or will know eventually. That leaves dry anaerobic digestion. From the
BHS Family, Zero Waste Energy website:
SMARTFERM® Dry AD Technology (See Figure 5)
Zero Waste Energy can design facilities for 5,000 TPY to 100,000 TPY of almost any organic
material utilizing SMARTFERM proprietary technology. SMARTFERM is a state-of-the-art dry
anaerobic digestion system for organic waste processing. Like other dry fermentation, it is well
suited for the production of biogas from stacked solid organic waste in a non-continuous batch
process. Unlike other dry fermentation technologies, SMARTFERM offers a sub-grade
percolate tank, which significantly reduces percolate and biogas process piping runs as well as
the size of motors and fans to move them. The sub-grade percolate tank also greatly enhances
the overall thermal efficiency of the process. The SMARTFERM design allows for a
thermophilic mode of operation and is offered on two platforms: a shop fabricated steel digester
system or as a cast-in-place concrete digester system.
All SMARTFERM systems can be designed to include biogas-processing technology for
combined heat and power (CHP) generation for both onsite use and export as well as
compressed natural gas (CNG) for use to fuel waste transport vehicles. In addition, in-vessel
composting (IVC) options can provide partial or complete sanitizing of compost for the
wholesale or retail market.
ZWE offers a number of approaches to turn SMARTFERM®
digestate into salable
compost. Our fully enclosed In-Vessel Composting System is a proven industrial approach to
complete maturation of compost for sale. The ZWE Lane Turner is the newest technology to
use traditional turning technologies with IVC to mature and process digestate into high quality
compost.
ZWE offers a post-digester treatment technology to mature the compost and remove ammonia
from the digestate with its In-Vessel Composting (IVC) and Lane Turner (LT) technologies. IVC
is a fully enclosed system that accelerates and accurately controls the natural aerobic break
7. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
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down of biodegradable waste to create a high-quality compost product. With the ZWE patented
IVC and LT Systems, the active compost process and maturation period can be accomplished
in less than 28 days. At the end of this period, compost is ready to bag for retail sales or sold in
bulk to end users.
ZWE can also provide a partial treatment version of its IVC System that offers a more limited
process. This is a shorter process that treats digestate for three to four days in the IVC tunnel,
removing most of the odor-causing ammonia to make it acceptable for truck transport, if
necessary. The combination of the ZWE AD process for green energy production and IVC for
composting of the digestate yields a complete organics strategy that can be deployed in an
urban location.
Highlights of the full IVC process include:
The 28-day batch average cycle time is more than 50% less than traditional aerobic
compost processes. It includes the active composting process as well as the aeration
and circulation system to expedite pathogen kill and control odors.
The finished product meets all Process to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP)
requirements and is technically classified as finished compost.
Plants require a smaller footprint than traditional systems because there is no
requirement for product maturation in windrows. This creates opportunities for
comprehensive urban applications as well as lower infrastructure and operating costs.
All odor issues are addressed during the 28-day process.
The material produced at the end of the process contains the lowest moisture content of
any available system and produces premium grade, mature compost.
These features allow for a high proportion of the waste stream to be diverted from the landfill
and add value by improving material throughput time. This creates advantages for the
customer in the form of reduced storage space requirements and lower operating costs per ton
processed. It also effectively addresses pathogen kill requirements, eliminates odor concerns,
and produces mature compost.
Sounds good, huh? What do I do with the compost? I don’t need compost! Don’t worry about
that, you will need compost, Pilgrims, you will.
All the problems are solved now, right? Wrong, that old Second Law of Thermodynamics keeps
rolling along. It takes energy for this “Zero Waste” movement. How about “Don’t create it in the
first place”? How about that idea? The two ideas will have to work together in the future if there
is to be a continuation of the future. Start slow but pick up speed fast because time is running
out fast!
8. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
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FIGURE 1
75 LARGEST MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
AS OF 2014
(From Recyclingtoday.com)
9. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
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FIGURE 2
TOP 45 MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA AS
OF 2014
(From Recyclingtoday.com)
10. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 10 of 12
FIGURE 3
NEXT 45 LARGEST MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA AS OF 2014
(From Recyclingtoday.com)
11. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
Page 11 of 12
(For Sales to WM Recycle America, L.L.C.)
Commingled Recyclables, consisting of recyclable glass, aluminum, cans, plastics and
papers, generally collected from residential recycling, as follows:
Materials Accepted:
Aluminum food and beverage containers
Glass food and beverage containers – brown,clear, or green Ferrous (Iron) cans
PET plastic containers with the symbol #1 – with screw tops only, withoutcaps
HDPE natural plastic containers with the symbol #2 – narrow neck containers only(milk and water bottles)
HDPE pigmented plastic containers with the symbol #2 – narrow neck containers only,without caps (detergent, shampoo
bottles,etc.
Plastics with symbols #3, #4,#5,#6, #7-narrow and screw top containers Newsprint
Old corrugated cardboard Magazines
Catalogs
Cereal boxes
Telephone books
Printer paper
Copier paper Mail
All other office paper without wax liners
Materials Not Accepted, include but are not limited to (“Unacceptable Materials”):
Microwave trays
Mirrors
Window or auto glass LightBulbs
Ceramics Porcelain
Plastics unnumbered Plastic bags
Coat hangers
Glass cookware/bakeware
Household items such as cooking pots,toasters,etc.
All glass containers must by empty and free of metal caps and rings and contain less than 5% food debris. All tin cans,bi-metal
cans,and aluminum cans mustbe empty and contain less than 5% food debris.
All aerosol cans mustbe emptywith less than 5% content
All plastic containers mustbe empty, caps removed; less than 5% food debris. All Fiber mustbe dry and free of food debris
and other contaminating material.
Tissues, paper towels or other paper that has been in contact with food is not acceptable. Recyclables maycontain up to 5%
Unacceptable Materials,provided however,Recyclables maynot:
Materially impair the strength or the durabilityof the COMPANY’s structures or equipment;or
Create flammable or explosive conditions in COMPANY’s facilities;
Contain dry cell batteries of lead acid batteries;
Contain chemical or other properties which are deleterious or capable ofcausing material damage to any part of COMPANY’s
property, its personnel or the public; or
Contain Excluded Materials defined as any waste tires,radioactive, volatile, corrosive,flammable,explosive, biomedical,
infectious, biohazardous, regulated medical or hazardous waste,toxic substance or material, as defined by,characterized or
listed under applicable federal,state,or local laws or regulations, or other waste notapproved in writing by COMPANY.
Loads not meeting the specifications may be rejectedin whole or in part by COMPANY.
FIGURE 4
WASTE MANAGEMENT SINGLE STREAM REQUIREMENTS
12. FUTURE TRENDS – RECYCLING – MATERIAL
RECYCLING FACILITIES
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FIGURE 5
“SMARTFERM” DRY AD TECHNOLOGY