The document describes normal fundus findings and findings associated with hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, and papilloedema. For a normal fundus, the optic disc is pink with a clear margin, blood vessels are not dilated, the macula has no exudates or hemorrhages, and the fundus has no exudates or hemorrhages. Hypertensive retinopathy is associated with arterial constriction, AV nipping, soft exudates, and dot hemorrhages. Diabetic retinopathy findings include microaneurysms, hard exudates, and dot hemorrhages. Papilloedema in the acute phase may show dilated blood

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fundoscopy findings

2. Describing fundoscopy findings (basic)
• Optic disc
• Blood vessels
• Macula
• Fundus

3. Normal Fundus
Area Description
Optic disc Pink
Clear margin
No haemorrhage
CDR <0.4
Blood vessels Not dilated
No AV nipping
No aneurysms
No copper / silver wiring
Macula No exudates / haemorrhage
White foveal reflex present
Fundus No exudates / haemorrhage

4. Hypertensive Retinopathy
Area Description
Optic disc Pink
Clear margin
No haemorrhage
CDR <0.4
Blood vessels Arterial constriction
AV nipping
Macula No exudates / haemorrhage
White foveal reflex present
Fundus Soft exudates (cotton wool spots)
Dot blot haemorrhages

5. Diabetic Retinopathy
Area Description
Optic disc Pink
Clear margin
No haemorrhage
CDR <0.4
Blood vessels Microaneurysms
Macula No exudates / haemorrhage
White foveal reflex present
Fundus Hard exudates
Dot blot haemorrhages

6. Papilloedema (acute phase)
Area Description
Optic disc Pale
Blurred margin
Blood vessels May or may not be dilated
Macula No exudates / haemorrhage
White foveal reflex present
Fundus Dot blot haemorrhages

7. Papilloedema (chronic phase)
Area Description
Optic disc Pale
Blurred margin
CDR ratio obliterated
Blood vessels Dilated
Macula No exudates / haemorrhage
White foveal reflex present
Fundus No exudates / haemorrhage