This document discusses fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. It begins by introducing fullerenes, known as buckyballs, which are spherical carbon molecules. It describes their structure and applications, including use in semiconductors, batteries, and medicine. The document then discusses carbon nanotubes, which are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms. It outlines their structure and various applications in electronics due to properties like strength, size, energy efficiency, and durability. In electronics, carbon nanotubes can protect against hardware attacks, enable smaller devices, and reduce power consumption compared to traditional RAM.

1. FULLERENES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Date: 14 June, 2023 NIT
SRINAGAR
Zeeshan Nazir
An Electronics Perspective

2. Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Types
• Buckyballs
• Application
• Carbon nanotubes
• Applications
2

3. Fullerenes
3
Close cage
BUCKYBALLS
Cylindrical Tubes
CNTs

4. BUCKYBALLS
4

5. BuckyBalls
• Allotrope of carbon. (Diamond, graphite and carbon nanotubes)
• The first ever fullerene was discovered by Sir Harold W. Kroto [1].
• Follows IPR (Isolated Pentagon Rule). [2]
• Most popular – C60.
• SP2 hybridized.
Animation reference: commons.m.Wikipedia.org
5
[2]: K. M. Kadish, R. S. Ruoff, Eds., Fullerene: Chemistry, Physics and Technology (Wiley, New York, 2002).
[1]: C60
Buckministerfullerene, Kroto.H.W et.al, Nature, 318,14, 1985

6. 6

7. 7
Schematic representation of C60 ‘buckyball’
12 five-membered rings and 20 six-membered rings No pentagon shares an edge with a hexagon

8. 8
And
more
Reference: https://nanotube.msu.edu/fullerene/

9. 9

10. Structural analysis
• Excellent electron acceptor. [1]
• Behave as n-type semiconductors. [1]
• Non-derivatized fullerenes are poorly soluble. (Similar to nanocarbon
materials). [1]
• Introduction of soluble functional groups forms solution-processible electronic
materials. [2]
• Rubidium and cesium doped fullerenes can be superconductors. [2]
10
Reference: [1] K. Tanigaki, T. W. Ebbesen, S. Saito, J. Mizuki, J. S. Tsai, Y. Kubo, S. Kuroshima, Nature 1991, 352, 222.
[2] A. Y. Ganin, Y. Takabayashi, Y. Z. Khimyak, S. Margadonna, A. Tamai, M. J. Rosseinsky, K. Prassides, Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 367.

11. Applications
1. Semiconductor
• Molecular crystal of fullerene is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.5 eV.
• Characteristic, almost similar to those of other semiconductors.
• Conventional applications in electronics such as diode, transistor, photocell,
etc.
11
https://nanografi.com/blog/applications-of-fullerenes/

12. 2. Electronic Batteries
• The basis of batteries nowadays is lithium cathode.
• C60 has many unique properties including precise structure, controllable
derivatization, good solubility, and rich redox chemistry. [1]
• Fullerenes increases the output by 30%.
12
Reference: [1] Zhipeng Jiang et.al. Fullerenes for rechargeable battery applications: Recent developments and
future perspectives, Journal of Energy Chemistry, Volume 55, 2021, Pages 70-79,
https://nanografi.com/blog/applications-of-fullerenes/

13. 3. Medical Applications
13

14. C60-PEI-FA/DTX [1]
14
Enhanced in-vivo anti-tumour effect
Enhanced pharmacokinetic effect.
Better cell apoptosis [9].
PEI: Polyethylene diamine
FA: Folic acid
DTX:Docetaxel
7.5-fold higher DTX uptake
Reference: [1] Shi, J. et al. PEI-derivatized fullerene drug delivery using folate as a homing device targeting to tumor. Biomaterials. 2013, 34, 251-261.

15. Effect on Tumor
15
Untreated DTX C60-PEI/DTX C60-PEI-FA/DTX
After sacrificing the mice at the end of treatment of 14 days [6].
Image Courtesy: Shi, J. et al [9]

16. Some other applications
1. Uses in Solar Cells.
2. Fullerenes in Fire Retardant Paint.
3. Fullerene as an Antioxidant.
4. Fullerenes as Proactive Agent for Cells.
5. Fullerenes possess Antibacterial and Antiviral Action.
6. Fullerene Increases life expectancy in rats. [1]
16
Reference: [1] Tarek Baati, et.al. The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene,
Biomaterials, Volume 33, Issue 19, 2012, Pages 4936-4946,
https://nanografi.com/blog/applications-of-fullerenes/

17. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT)
17

18. Carbon Nanotubes
• Discovered in 1991. [1]
• Where buckyballs are round, nanotubes are cylinders.[2]
• Carbon atoms linked in hexagonal shapes. [2]
• Each carbon atom covalently bonded to three
other carbon atoms. [2]
• Diameters as small as 1 nm and lengths up to several
centimeters. [2]
• Can be bent, and when released, they will spring back
to their original shape. [2]
18
Image reference: www.understandingnano.com
Reference: [1] S. Iijima and T. Ichihashi, “Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter,” Nature, vol. 363, no. 6430, pp. 603–605, 1993.
[2]. Nanotechnology For Dummies (2nd edition), from Wiley Publishing

19. Applications
19

20. Electronics
1. Secure
• Attacks often happen as hackers shake up the electronics
to cause shortages and other failures.
• CNTs are not susceptible to these types of attacks.
• When used in memory, CNTs can easily protect devices
against a Rowhammer hardware attack.
• Errors in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) are a
common form of hardware failure in modern compute
clusters. Failures are costly both in terms of hardware
replacement costs and service disruption.
20
The Rise of Carbon Nanotube Electronics
By Michael Marquardt
GLOBAL STRATEGY ADVISOR
NANTERO
February 08, 2022

21. Electronics
2. Tiny Size
• CNT are just 1/50,000th the diameter of a human hair.
• CNTs can be incorporated into even the smallest
devices such as wearables and sensors.
• Also used in mainstream electronics and other
devices to make room for more features,
functionalities or higher performance.
21
The Rise of Carbon Nanotube Electronics
By Michael Marquardt
GLOBAL STRATEGY ADVISOR
NANTERO
February 08, 2022
Image Credits: Promotive/shutterstock.com
Bio-sensors, Food Spoilage Sensors, Environmental Gas Sensors,
Temperature Sensors, Gas Sensors, Pressure Sensors etc [1]
Reference: [1] Carbon Nanotube Sensors - Applications and Advantages
By Dr. Liji Thomas, MD
Dec 19 2018

22. Electronics
3. Highly-endurant
• Strongest known material.
• 50 times stronger than steel.
• Can withstand extremely harsh
temperatures.
• Modern day electronics can’t
withstand these types of conditions.
• Feasible in Automotive, space communications, and industrial applications.
22
The Rise of Carbon Nanotube Electronics
By Michael Marquardt
GLOBAL STRATEGY ADVISOR
NANTERO
February 08, 2022
Carbon nanotubes and nanofibre: An overview
January 2002 Fibers and Polymers 3(4):134-139
DOI:10.1007/BF02912657
1GPa = 1000 N/mm2

23. Electronics
4. Energy Efficient
• CNTs are energy efficient due to their small size and the way they operate
internally.
• Deliver a 32 % reduction in power consumption compared to traditional RAMs.
23
The Rise of Carbon Nanotube Electronics
By Michael Marquardt
GLOBAL STRATEGY ADVISOR
NANTERO
February 08, 2022
Fab plants are now making superfast carbon nanotube memory
By Lucas Mearian
Senior Reporter, Computerworld | 2 JUNE 2015 15:31 IST

24. ?
Thank you so much!

25. Special Thanks to Dr Kowsar Majid (Ma’am)
Linkedin.com/ZeeshanNazir
Slideshare.net/ZeeshanNazir17