The document discusses new trends in theorizing communication and media. It outlines a shift from (1) communication science to communication studies, analyzing communication to understanding phenomena; (2) a structure view of communication to a culture view of society; and (3) social science to cultural science. Key new paradigms discussed include the constructivist, practice, autopoiesis, and text paradigms. On different levels, there is a cultural turn toward constructivism, hermeneutics, grounded theory, phenomenology, and questioning everyday routines. Theorizing media moves from essentialist views to contextual models of media use, media as social practice, and from media to mediality.

1. New Trends in Theorizing
Media Communication
Thomas A. Bauer
University of Vienna
Guestlecture at Fudan University School of Journalism
Dec 09
www.thomasbauer.at

2. change of paradigms in communication science
•
• from communication science to communication studies:
The subject of communication science is not communication (cognitivism / ontologism /
behaviourism/ essentialisms)
but how the society considers communication - (reflexive-constructive perspective:
observation of observation
• from analyzing communication to understanding communication
phenomena:
interpretative paradigm, exemplary understanding
• from structure-view of communication to culture-view of society
(cultural studies , discourse analysis )
• cultural turn:
from social science to cultural science ( new conceptualization of social theory as grounded
theory, Cultural Studies as a theoretical perspective

3. streams as versions of the cultural turn
• constructivist paradigm:
the world of reality is constructed through observation and exchange of meaning of
observation
• practice-paradigm:
in the centre of research is the assumption, that there is a special relation between social
practice and collective schemes of knowledge and interpretation (knowledge as a category of
practice, not of truth – based on phenomenology, , structuralism, ling. Philos. Wittgenstein)
• autopoiesis-paradigm:
cognitive systems create an observer-related reality by applying meanings (sense) to
environmental stimuli.
the radical constructivism does not create a theory of acting, but a theory of cognition
(construction of cognitive systems)
• text-paradigm:
the social-cultural world are connections (system) of symbols /signs, which reproduce
themselves in discourses. The socio-cultural world appears as a text, as an symbolic order,
which do not depict connections, but which create objectives and connections.

4. cultural turn in theorizing communication
• on the level of epistemology: constructivist theory of notion
constructivist knowledge-sociology (critiques of theory of reflection) scientific theories are
symbolic orders, they produce meanings
• on the level of methodology: hermeneutics & ethno-methodology
from quantitative methods to qualitative methods. The symbolic structure of social world
demands interpretative methods – not only consideration or observation, but understanding
of sense
• on the level of social theory: grounded theory & phenomenology
the attention goes to the cultural constitution of social milieus, their models of creating and
generating meanings,
to the question of how models of sense are generated
(cf. Symbolic politics: the social world (realtions9 is constituted by symbolic orders, by
collective models of meanings: sense is not a norm or a purpose to do something, but is
creating and sharing meanings – only communication makes world meaningful
• on the level of research interests: theory as the break of everyday routines
new questions relate to three streams:

5. cultural turn in theorizing media
• critiques on essentialist theory: media as a technical or organizational mechanism
the plausibility of nature-science-models (formal languages) has used out: objectivity, causality,
normativity, mathematicity, technicity, mechanicity – as too weak models of explanation for a
complex phenomenon
• media as a contextual model of use of infrastructure
media is not an item in between of partners, but is an agreement on a setting of relation, an
intrinsic negotiation within symbolic interaction
• Media as an agency (passage) of social practice
media is a connection of social action and social observation, a frame of supposition of general
knowledge and through that a reference of social habitus in media society
• from media to mediality
Media defines the character of communication as communication is done in the model of media:
mediality and/or mediatization is the relevant phenomenon