Freshwater
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The document summarizes key details about 8 of the largest and most notable freshwater lakes around the world. It provides information on the location, size, depth, notable species, and other distinguishing features of Lake Baikal, Lake Victoria, Lake Superior, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, Lake Vanern, and Lake Ladoga.
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Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes by surface area. The Ojibwe Indians named it Gichigami meaning "big water." It has a surface area greater than several U.S. states combined and contains 10% of the world's surface fresh water. Some of the oldest rocks in the world can be found on its shores and it provides many recreational activities while also being home to shipwrecks and massive storms due to its size.
Lake superior
Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes by surface area. The Ojibwe Indians named it Gichigami meaning "big water." It has a surface area greater than several U.S. states combined and contains 10% of the world's surface fresh water. Some of the oldest rocks in the world can be found on its shores and it provides many recreational activities while also being home to shipwrecks and massive storms due to its size.
A ppt on Fisheries and how they are operated.pdf
1) The document discusses various aspects of fisheries including the most valuable marine resources, location of major fisheries, species caught commercially, and global fish catch totals.
2) It also addresses non-food products from the sea such as bioactive compounds from seaweed, oils from whales, and furs from seals.
3) The document outlines issues with fisheries mismanagement including overfishing, bycatch, targeting smaller species, and fishery collapses like the Peru anchovy fishery. It discusses potential solutions and sustainable practices.
Types of coral reefs and its distribution
Coral reefs are underwater structures composed of calcium carbonate secreted by tiny animals called coral polyps. Coral polyps have stinging tentacles and live in symbiosis with algae. This mutualistic relationship provides nutrients and protection. Coral reefs occupy less than 1% of the ocean but support 25% of marine species. They act as barriers, provide habitat, sequester carbon, and have significant economic importance through tourism, fisheries, and medicine. The largest reefs are the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef.
Constructed landscape3 b&b(latest)
The document summarizes information about Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia and Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It provides details on the purpose, characteristics, history, features and activities of each park. For Taman Negara, it describes elements like Gunung Tahan, Gua Telinga cave, Berkokh Falls, the canopy walkway, and activities such as jungle walks, river rafting and cave exploration. For Yellowstone, it outlines features including Old Faithful geyser, Grand Prismatic Spring, Mount Washburn trail and fishing streams. The document concludes by stating the roles of national parks in education, tourism and environmental responsibilities.
Baikal. The pearl of Siberia.
Presentation to the speech at Portuguese club Toastmasters in Braga.
The video of speech where was used this presentation you can found by the link
https://youtu.be/E3Qcg_QJL74
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Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities
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National and International Marine Biosphere Reserves
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Water demand
The document outlines water consumption in three categories: agriculture uses 70% of water, industry uses 20% of water, and domestic use accounts for 10% of total water consumption.
Cadmium in drinking water
Cadmium is a highly toxic and non-degradable heavy metal that poses major threats to human health. It is commonly used in batteries, pigments, and alloys. Cadmium pollution comes from mining, smelting, fertilizers, and electroplating and can contaminate drinking water sources. Exposure to cadmium causes serious renal, respiratory, skeletal, and reproductive health effects including kidney damage, bone defects, and low birth weights. Water treatment methods like precipitation and ion exchange can help remove cadmium pollution.
Groundwater
Groundwater makes up two thirds of the world's fresh water and 99% of usable water. There are two types of aquifers - confined aquifers have groundwater between impermeable rock layers and are replenished from a distance, while unconfined aquifers have direct contact with the atmosphere and are replenished directly by rain or streams. Groundwater chemistry is affected by the dissolution and precipitation of minerals as well as reactions with the surrounding rock and land uses. Microbial contamination can occur through leakage from sanitation systems but groundwater is generally free of microbes due to the long transport times.
Ecological footprint
The document discusses ecological footprint, which measures the amount of productive land and sea area required to support a person or population's lifestyle and consumption. It can be used to measure the environmental sustainability of urban or rural areas. The ecological footprint of a city is calculated based on land and sea requirements for housing, transportation, food, goods, services, and other factors. Urbanization tends to increase ecological footprints due to higher resource consumption. The document also provides data on the ecological footprints of various cities and nations from studies conducted in 1997 and 2007.
Disinfection
The document discusses various microorganisms commonly found in water such as bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. It then describes different water treatment methods like ozonation, chlorination, and UV radiation that are used to disinfect drinking water and remove microorganisms. Ozonation works by using ozone gas to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. Chlorination uses hypochlorous acid and UV radiation uses light to disrupt the genetic material of microbes. Both ozonation and chlorination can be applied in drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment processes.
World electricity
The document discusses global trends in electricity generation between 1990 and 2030. It notes that global electricity generation grew 63.13% between 1990 and 2010 and is projected to increase 199.71% between 1990 and 2030. Thermal power plants currently make up the largest share of electricity generation and that share is expected to continue growing. China is currently the top producer of electricity globally, accounting for 21.3% of production in 2011. Hydroelectric power accounts for 16.1% of global electricity production, with China, Brazil, and Canada being the top three hydroelectricity producing nations.
Ion exchange
Ion exchange is a process where ions are exchanged between an insoluble resin and a solution. During the process, an ion from the resin replaces an ion of similar charge in the solution. Ion exchange occurs naturally in plants, animals, soils and minerals and is used to remove cations and anions from water. It has applications in treating radioactive and non-radioactive materials and in processes like water softening, demineralization, and pollution control. Both natural and synthetic inorganic and organic materials can act as ion exchangers in applications like water treatment systems.
Coagulation and Flocculation
This document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. Coagulation involves adding coagulants to water containing colloidal particles to neutralize their electrical charges and allow them to stick together to form micro flocs. Flocculation is a slower, gentler mixing process that agglomerates the destabilized particles from coagulation into larger visible flocs that can be more easily filtered out through sedimentation. Together, coagulation and flocculation are used to remove particulate matter, microorganisms, metals, and other contaminants from drinking water.
E. coli
E. coli is a pathogenic bacteria found in the digestive tract of humans and animals. It can enter drinking water sources through failing septic tanks, leaky sewer lines, wastewater treatment plants, stormwater runoff, and animal sources like manure and livestock waste. The presence of E. coli in drinking water indicates contamination and can cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and cellular dysfunction in humans. There are several categories of E. coli that differ in their pathogenic traits.
Arsenic
Silver is a natural metal found in the earth's crust that is used in semiconductor, solar cell, and optoelectronic device applications. Arsenic occurs naturally in groundwater and foods but is also released from mining, glass processing, and burning fossil fuels. Long term exposure to arsenic can cause skin pigmentation changes and lesions as well as developmental, neurological, and cardiovascular health effects. Water treatment methods like precipitation, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, oxidation, and adsorption can be used to remove arsenic.
Wind energy
This document summarizes global wind energy production trends from 1995 to 2012 based on data from various regions. Key findings include a consistent increase in global wind energy capacity from 4800 MW in 1995 to 282,410 MW in 2012. Asia saw the most rapid growth, increasing from 7.35 MW in 2005 to 99,942 MW in 2012. North America grew from 7263 MW in 2004 to 67970 MW in 2012, while Europe steadily increased from 4620 MW in 1997 to 107,185 MW in 2012. Africa and South America also experienced continuous growth over the periods reported.
Alternative sources of energy
This document discusses several alternative energy sources including wind energy, hydroelectricity, biofuels, geothermal energy, and solar energy. Wind energy is generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind using wind turbines. Hydroelectricity is generated by storing water in reservoirs and releasing it through turbines. Biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel can replace conventional fuels and are made from biological materials. Geothermal energy uses heat from inside the earth to generate electricity. Solar energy uses photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity, with solar power becoming more common for household and small-scale use.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Freshwater
- 1. FRESHWATER LAKESANUP GHIMIRE, ROCK FACE LIMITED
- 2. LAKE BAIKAL • Oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1700 metres) lake. • Area: 31722 square kilometres.
- 3. …LAKE BAIKAL • Average depth : 744 metres • Located in South East Siberia, Russia.
- 4. …LAKE BAIKAL • Twenty percentage of world’s freshwater • Around 1200 animal species and 600 types of animals. • 27 endemic species of fish • Water seals, omul fish, golomyanka (oil-fish).
- 5. LAKE VICTORIA • Largest lake in Africa • Located in Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.
- 6. …LAKE VICTORIA • 68000 square kilometres area. • Maximum depth: 82 metres.
- 7. …LAKE VICTORIA • Average depth: 20 metres • Largest tropical lake in the world. • 500 species of fish • Cichlids fish.
- 8. LAKE SUPERIOR • Largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area (82100 square kilometres). • Average depth: 147 metres. • Maximum depth: 406 metres.
- 9. …LAKE SUPERIOR • Located in North America. • 10% of the world’s freshwater. • 88 species of fish • Common fish species: Brook Trout, Pike, Lake trout, Rainbow, walleye, pink and Chinook.
- 10. LAKE TANGANYIKA • Longest freshwater lake in the world (660 kilometres). • Located in Tanzania, Burundi, Congo DR and Zambia.
- 11. …LAKE TANGANYIKA • Area: 32900 square kilometres. • 350 species of fish. • Common species: Endemic cichlids, Giant Nile Perch, Small Nile Perch, Goliath tiger, Yellow belly, Kapenta, Bichir.
- 12. LAKE MALAWI • Area: 29600 square kilometres • Length: 580 kilometres • Located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.
- 13. …LAKE MALAWI • 500-1000 species of fish • Cannon fish, Mbuna, Chambo, Ut aka, Usipa, Matemba, Ml amba, Kampango.
- 14. LAKE VANERN • Largest lake in European Union • Area 5650 square kilometres • Average depth 27 metres • Located in Sweden.
- 15. …LAKE VANERN • Smelt Fish • Gullspang Salmon and Klaralv Salmon
- 16. LAKE LADOGA • Located in North Western Russia • Area: 25900 • Average depth: 51 metres • Maximum depth: 230 metres
- 17. …LAKE LADOGA • 48 species of fish • Common species: roach, carp bream, zander, European perch, ruffe and smelt.