French hitech - Looking at the past to understand the present
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In 2011, a French business school asked me a one day class to explain to international students what's specific about the French hitech industries. Why are we behind in this area while France is a WW leader in aerospace, nuclear or transport industries. I look at the history of the country to explain why France is efficient at certain things and fails at other. This file is the corresponding document. The class was given only once :-( I will update the file at one point.
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French hitech - Looking at the past to understand the present
- 1. Studying the « dominance » of French business in the « aerospace, nuclear and rail » transport industries. Marketing French Excellence
- 2. Studying the « dominance » of French business in the « aerospace, nuclear and rail » transport industries. What about the hi-tech industries ? Pierre Métivier April 6th 2011
- 3. • www.net-7.fr/innovation • pierre.metivier@net-7.fr Pierre Métivier - NET-7 Innovation Conseil en innovation et marketing produit, Technologies sans contact et de l’Internet des objets
- 5. • 3 French brands or products • 3 French celebrities from the past – Excluding current singers, actors, politicians,…. Make two lists ? ? ?
- 6. • Evariste Gallois • Louis Pasteur • Henri Poincaré
- 7. Where is France ?
- 10. Where
- 11. Past
- 12. • -51 BC • Administration • Architecture • Infrastructure • Barrel vs. amphora • Braie / braccae • « latin » country Roman Empire
- 13. Latin vs. Anglosphere « anglo-saxon » world • Latin – What’s not allowed is forbidden • Anglosphere – What’s not forbidden is allowed Roman Empire
- 14. • XIIth century • Abbé Suger – Saint Denis • Major project organization • « Compagnons » - Unesco - Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Cathedrals and « Compagnons »
- 15. • XVth / XVIth century • Art & Humanism • Architecture • Finance – Cosme de Medicis • « Designo » • Patent • Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance / Quatrocento
- 16. • 1492 • Christopher Columbus • Amerigo Vespucci • Magellan • Vasco de Gama • Marco Polo • Jacques Cartier World discovery
- 17. • 1585 – 1642 • First « Prime minister » • 30-year religious war • Louis XIII • « Est maitre de lieux celui qui les organise » • Académie Française • Quebec / expansion Richelieu
- 18. • 1619 – 1683 • Intendant des finances under Louis XIV • Colbertism - State intervention is needed to secure the largest part of limited resources. • Favorable balance of trade • Colbert also intended to get rid of internal tariffs, and to tax the nobility • Academie des Sciences Colbert
- 19. • State owned companies – Les Gobelins – 1601 today – La manufacture de glaces et de miroirs Saint Gobain – Compagnie des Indes – 1664-1795 • Infrastructure / roads, • « Canal des deux mers » Colbert
- 20. • Henri IV - Edit de Nantes – 1598 • Freedom of religion act • Louis XIV – Révocation / Cancellation – 1685 • Over 300 000 « huguenots » (protestants) left France • Industrial « entrepreneurs » – Cadillac – Dupont de Nemours Révocation de l’Edit de Nantes
- 21. • 1623 – 1662 • Mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer &philosopher. • 1642 – 1st Mechanical calculator Blaise Pascal
- 22. • 1647 – 1712 • Left France for England and « Germany » following the « Révocation de l’Edit de Nantes • In 1704, he constructed a ship powered by steam engine, mechanically linked to paddles • 1st steam-powered vehicle Denis Papin
- 23. • European XVIIIth century • Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Montesquieu, D’Alembert, Beaumarchais • Lavoisier, Cugnot, Mongolfier • Grande Encyclopédie 1751 • Strong interest for science Siècle des Lumières
- 24. • 1743-1794 • The father of modern chemistry (and biology) • Oxygen, hydrogen • Metric system • List of elements • Matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. • « Rien ne se crée, rien ne se perd, tout se transforme » Lavoisier
- 25. • 1725 – 1804 • First self-propelled mechanical vehicle • He experimented with working models of steam-engine- powered vehicles for the French Army, intended for transporting cannon, starting in 1765. It seated four passengers and moved at a speed of 2.25 miles per hour • Project was cancelled Cugnot
- 26. • (1740-1800) • Inventors of the hot air balloon • 1st manned ascent – 1783, 25 minutes, over 900 m altitude, 9 km Mongolfier brothers
- 27. • 1789-1799 • 1790-1795 Metric system – Kilogramme – Mètre – Seconde • « Départements » • Monge, Berthollet, Lavoisier French revolution
- 28. • Egyptian campaign - 1799 • 167 scientists and scholars ("savants") • Rosetta stone – Champollion 1822 • 1st idea of the Suez canal Bonaparte
- 29. • 1769-1821 • Most of France current laws and administrative foundation are dated 1799-1810 • Banque de France, préfectures, Ministry of education, « lycées », baccalauréat, Chambre de Commerce, Cour d’Appel, Code Civil, Cour des Comptes, Prud’hommes, Université, le Franc • Many roads and their trees Napoléon 1er
- 30. • 1799-1850 • « Hélas, faire comme faisait nos pères, ne pas innover, telle est la loi du pays » HdB • A writer, entrepreneur, editer, publisher, news, silver mines,… • Failing and starting again Balzac
- 31. • 1765-1836 • Physicist, mathematician • Electromagnetism • Relation between electricity and magnetism Ampère
- 32. • 1765-1833 • World's first internal combustion engine – 1807 • « Velocipède » - 1817 • 1st photograph – 1825 Nicephore Niepce
- 33. • 1787-1851 • Industrializing photography • Invention vs. Innovation • Free « Patent » Louis Daguerre
- 34. • 1805-1894 • Developer of the Suez canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869 • Started a sea-level Panama canal during the 1880s (finished by the US in 1914) Ferdinand de Lesseps
- 35. La Belle Epoque • 1870-1914 • Innovation / progress • « Expositions Universelles » • Planes, Cars, Bicycle Travel • Photography, cinematography • Telephony, electricity • Medicine • « Art nouveau » – Hector Guimard, Emile Gallé, Lalique
- 36. • « 1860-1950 » • Cinematography and 1st movie show - 1895 • « The cinema is an invention without any future » • They declined to sell their camera to other filmmakers • Colour photography – Invented in 1903 – Commercially available in 1907 Louis et Auguste Lumière
- 37. • 1872 – 1936 • Aviator, inventor and engineer. • 1909, 1st flight across the English channel in a heavier-than-air craft • 1st monoplace Louis Blériot
- 38. • 1877 – 1944 • Industrialist, automobile industry pioneer • 1st car 1898 • 1899 Renault Car company • In 1900, de Dion-Bouton was the largest auto-mobile manufacturer in the world, producing 400 cars & 3200 engines Louis Renault
- 39. • 1859-1940 • Born in Clermond Ferrand • Improved greatly on the design of the pneumatic tyre for bicycles, making them easier to repair. • Incorporated 1888 • Radial tyres • World #1 tyre company Edouard (et André) Michelin
- 40. • 1842-1888 • Inventor and poet • « Paleophone » 1877 • « The man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph » • Also improved telegraph and photography Charles Cros
- 41. • Charles Cros – "Il y a tout lieu de croire qu'on voudrait m'évincer de la question et j'ai eu bon nez de faire ouvrir mon pli cacheté. La justice se fera peut-être à la longue mais, en attendant, il y a dans ces choses un exemple de la tyrannie scientifique du capital. On exprime cette tyrannie en disant : les théories sont choses en l'air et n'ont aucune valeur, montrez-nous des expériences, des faits. Et de l'argent pour faire ces expériences ? Et de l'argent pour aller voir ces faits ? Tirez-vous-en comme vous pourrez ! C'est ainsi que bien des choses ne se font pas en France. » • Edison répondit indirectement par cette déclaration en 1889 : – "Il est très aisé d'inventer des choses étonnantes, mais la difficulté consiste à les perfectionner pour leur donner une valeur commerciale. Ce sont celles-là dont je m'occupe. » Charles Cros and Thomas Edison
- 42. • 1832-1923 • Architect, entrepreneur, engineer • Ecole Centrale • Eiffel tower – 1899 • Statue of Liberty, NY, 1886 • And many buildings and bridges over the world • Eiffage Eiffel
- 43. • 1859-1906 • Both Nobel prize 1903 (and Beckerel) • Research in radioactivity, magnetism and piezzoelectricty Pierre (et Marie) Curie
- 44. • 1945-1973 – TGV – Fast train – 1974 – 1981 – – Ariane – space – 1973- 1979- – Caravelle – plane – 1955 - 2005 – Concorde – plane – 1969-2003 – « France » - ship - 1960 – CEA – nuclear program - 1945 Les trente glorieuses
- 45. • The three major worldwide sport events (re)invented by French citizens – Olympic Games – Pierre de Coubertin - 1894 – Tour de France – Louis Desgranges -1903 – FIFA World Cup – Jules Rimet - 1928 Rimet, Coubertin, Desgranges
- 46. • Nobel price – US 326 UK 116 DE 102 FR 57 • French Nobel price – Physics – 12 – Chemistry - 7 – Medecine – 12 • Fields medal – US 13 FR 10 Russia 9 UK 5 Nobel Price / Fields medal
- 47. Patents
- 49. • Standard vs. norm • Important • ISO • Secam, PAL, NSTC • HD DVD, Blue Ray • Microsoft - standard Norms and standards
- 50. French approach • Strengths –Invention –Research • Weaknesses –Innovation –Application
- 51. Strengths Weaknesses Curie, Renault, Michelin, Eiffel, Cugnot,… Automobiles Aerospace Plane, space Nuclear Construction … (Turing, Bell, Shockey, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, (Nokia)) Electronics, Radio, TV, computer, Phones Fields
- 53. Present
- 54. • Education • Companies (size) • State / Etat / Government – Research – OSEO – Pôles de compétitivité / Clusters • Industries – Aerospace, Nuclear, Railway – Utilities – Hi-tech Present
- 55. • Top « elite » schools – Engineering – Business – Political • Universities – state funded • Other business schools – stated, regionally funded (CCI) • Other engineering schools – state and private funding • « Professional » schools Education
- 56. • Top « elite » Engineering school – Ecole polytechnique – ‘X’ - 1794 – Ecole Centrale - 1829 – Ecole des Arts et Métiers ParisTech - 1780 – Ecoles des Mines ParisTech - 1783 – Ecoles des Ponts et Chaussées ParisTech - 1747 – Télécom ParisTech - 1878 • X-Mines or X-Telecom • A cast system • Strong network • Limited diversity • « Les Grands Corps » Education
- 57. • Corps des Ponts et Chaussées (1704 , reorganized in 1804) • Corps du Génie Maritime (1741 , reorganized in 1811) • Corps des Mines (1794 , reorganized in 1810) • Corps des Télécommunications • Inspection générale de l'administration (1781) • Conseil d'État (1799) • Cour des comptes (1807) • Inspection générale des finances (1816) Les Grand Corps – Fonction publique
- 58. • Top « Elite » Business school – HEC - 1881 – Essec - 1907 – ESC Paris - 1819 – EM Lyon - 1872 • Strong network • Limited diversity Education
- 59. • Political school – Sciences Po - 1872/1945 – ENA - 1945 • Most French politicians have done these two schools, mainly disconnected from the business world Education
- 60. • 1794 • An elite institution • A platform for many of France's brightest young people to pursue high-level careers in government and academia. • Its alumni have provided France with scores of philosophers, writers, scientists, statesmen and even churchmen. • 12 Nobel Prize laureates, 10 Fields Medalists, 1 Gauss Prize laureate, and 2 recipients of the John Bates Clark Medal in Economics. Ecole Normale Supérieure
- 61. • Top « elite » schools – Engineering – Business – Political • Ecole Normale Supérieure • Totally independant systems • Silos Education
- 62. • Companies – Very small - Artisanat – Small – PME - Petite et Moyenne Entreprise – Medium – ETI - Entreprise de Taille Intermédiaire – Large – CAC 40 Present
- 63. • One of the highest WW R+D % L’état / state
- 64. • One of the highest WW R+D % • Distributed through many organisations – State, Region, Départements – CCI, Clusters, OSEO, ARN • Research institute and financing • OSEO / A.N.R. • Clusters / Pôles de compétitivité L’état / state
- 65. • State-funded research organization – CNRS - 1939 • Centre National de Recherche Scientifique • 30,000 employees • 3,3 billion € • Over 4000 active patents – INRIA – 1947 • Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique • 3,900 employees • 190 million € Research
- 66. • 2005 (Anvar) • To help PMEs finance their innovation projects • ANR – Agence Nationale de Recherche • 2005 • 955 Millions € OSEO & A.N.R.
- 67. • Administration – State, Region, Département,Cities, CCI • Research – CNRS, INRIA, ONR • Education – Business, Engineer, Politics, Universities • Companies – Small to Large From independant organisation…
- 68. … to a real ecosystem
- 69. • 1970 – Technopole – Sophia Antipolis – Saclay – Innovallée, Grenoble • 2002 – Pôles de compétitivité – State funded 1,5 billion € – Labellisation – PME, large companies, universities, research lab – Project based Pôles de compétitivité / Clusters
- 70. Pôles de compétitivité / Clusters
- 71. Pôles de compétitivité / Clusters
- 72. • Education • Companies (size) • State / Etat / Government – Research – OSEO – Pôles de compétitivité / Clusters • Industries – Aerospace, Nuclear, Railway – Other – Hi-tech Present
- 73. Company Activity Company Activity Company Activity Company Activity Accor hotels Air Liquide chemicals Alcatel-Lucent telecommunications Alstom industrial machinery ArcelorMittal steel AXA insurance BNP Paribas banks Bouygues heavy construction Capgemini computer services Carrefour food retailers Crédit Agricole banks EADS aerospace EDF electricity Essilor medical supplies France Télécom telecommu nications GDF Suez gas Groupe Danone food products L'Oréal personal products Lafarge building materials and fixtures LVMH clothing Michelin tires Natixis banks Pernod Ricard distillers PSA Peugeot Citroën automobiles PPR broadline retailers Publicis media agencies Renault automobiles Saint-Gobain building materials Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceuticals Schneider Electric electrical component Société Générale bank STMicroelectronics semiconductors Suez Environnement water Technip oil equipment Total oil and gas Unibail-Rodamco real estate Vallourec industrial machinery Veolia water Vinci heavy construction Vivendi entertainment CAC 40
- 74. Pioneer Products Companies Mongolfier, Ader, Santos-Dumont, Blériot, Saint Exupéry, Mermoz Blériot Caravelle Mirage Concorde Airbus Ariane Blériot Sud Aviation EADS Arianespace Thalès Dassault Aerospace
- 75. • EADS • Thales • Dassault • CFM International – FR/US Aerospace Industry
- 76. • Astrium / EADS • Thales • Alcatel Espace • Ariane • Kourou Space Industry
- 77. • Pierre et Marie Curie • AREVA – world leader • 80% stated owned • 2008 - €13.16 billion • EPR – ‘new generation’ – European Pressurized Reactor Nuclear Industry
- 78. • SNCF • Alsthom • TGV Rail transport
- 79. • Water - 2 largest water suppliers WW – Suez Environment, Véolia • Oil – Total • Electricity – EDF • Gaz – GDF-Suez • Construction / BTP – Bouygues, Eiffage Other industries
- 80. • Smart Card • Games • Animation studio Technology industries • Consumer Electronics • Telephony • Computers – Hardware – Software – Services • Minitel • Internet
- 81. • Alcaltel Lucent (Bell Labs) • Orange / France Telecom • Schneider Electric • ST Microelectronics • Thales • Dassault system Hi-tech Large Companies
- 82. • Wavecom • Devoteam • HighCo • Ilog • Archos • LaCie • Parrot Hi-tech Smaller Companies
- 83. • None of the twenty top selling electronic devices in France has been designed, not built in France. Consumer electronics
- 84. • 1999 • 2008 – 206 mm € • Hands free technologies • Voice recognition and signal processing for embedded products • Drone - Wifi quadricopter • Bluetooth, Wifi Parrot
- 85. • 2005, Henri Crohas • Tablets • Wireless, MP3, video • Archos 7, an iPad-like in 2008 • Chinese market • 22% marketshare for tablets under 400€ last two months of 2010 Archos
- 86. • Read 2010 Annual Result presentation • SWOT analysis • Your analysis – Would you invest in Archos • ONE HOUR and PRESENT Archos Group Case
- 87. • Components – ST Microelectronics – Gemalto – Inside Secure – Morpho (Safran) – Oberthur – Thales – Ingenico Electronics
- 88. • Hardware – Terminal • Sagem Wireless / MobiWire – Components • ST Micro • Inside Secure – SIM • Gemalto • Oberthur – Application • Gameloft Telephony
- 89. • 1966 De Gaulle • 1968-1974 • To get France independant in the large computer industry • CII – Compagnie Internationale pour l’Informatique • Unidata – Philips, Siemens, CII • Bull « Plan Calcul »
- 90. • 1985 • To get 11 million French student to learn about computers • 120 000 computers, for 110 000 professors • 1,8 billion FF / 270 million € • French computers « Plan Informatique pour tous »
- 91. André Truong Trong Thi / François Gernelle
- 92. • Jan. 1973, officially, the Micral N is the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on an Intel microprocessor • 1750 $ • 90,000 units • R2E André Truong Trong Thi / François Gernelle - Micral
- 93. • Past – R2E – Micral N – Thomson – MO5 / TO7 – SMT Goupil – Bull / Zenith / Micral >1988 • Present – None Computer hardware
- 94. • Dassault Systèmes – Katia – 3D PLM – Product Lifecycle Management – Worlwide leader – 5700 employees – 2010 revenue growth - 20% to €1.56 billion – Over 16,000 new customers in 2010 Computer Software
- 95. • Cap Gemini – 50 000 employees, 30 countries • Steria • ATOS • 3 worldwide consulting companies Computer Services
- 96. • 1980 - Sept 2011 ? • The Internet before the Internet • « One of the world's most successful pre-WWW online services. » • 15 million users • Browse services with a screen and a keyboard • News, mail, professional & personal services Minitel
- 97. • (almost) free • A real business model • France only • France Telecom • Free terminals • Pay per use • Professionnal services – 3617 really expensive • « Minitel rose » Minitel
- 98. • Global telecom company • 1898 – CGE, 1869 – Western Electric • Provides telecom solutions to service providers, enterprises, and governments, • Delivers voice, data, and video services. • The company focuses on fixed, mobile, and converged networking hardware, IP technologies, software, and services. • Bell Labs, one of the largest innovation and R&D houses in the communications industry. • 130 countries. Internet - Hardware
- 99. • French ISP – Iliad • 1999–2001: Network building and voiceband • 2002-2003: ADSL at a disruptive price • 2004-2006: Unbundled ADSL and "triple play » • 2007-present: Fiber to the home • Orange / Free /SFR Internet - Free
- 100. • Vente-privée.com – Private online retailing – 2001 – 970 million € 2010 • Meetic – Online dating services – 2001 – Over 30 million subscribers • Kelkoo – Price comparison site – 1999 – Acquired by Yahoo for € 450 million Internet - Applications
- 101. • 1974 - Smart Card – Phone card – SIM Card – Moneo – Parking card – Transportation card – Credit card Roland Moreno
- 102. – POS terminals – SIM cards – chips Smart Cards – GemPlus – ST Micro – Gemalto – Inside Secure – Morpho (Safran) – Oberthur – Ingenico
- 103. Pioneer Products Companies Roland Moreno POS terminals SIM cards Navigo Credit Card chips GemPlus ST Micro Gemalto Inside Secure Morpho (Safran) Oberthur Ingenico Smart Cards
- 104. • Vivendi – Activision – World of Wordcraft, Call of Duty • Ubisoft - 870 MM € – WW 3rd video game editor • Rayman • Splinter Cell • Prince of Persia • Assassin's Creed • Gameloft – 122 MM € – Mobile Games
- 105. Animation studios Action Synthèse Alphanim Ankama BUF Compagnie Caribara Animation Caribara Annecy Def2shoot DIC Entertainment Ellipse Animation Folimage Jean Image Je suis bien content La Fabrique La Ménagerie Mac Guff Line Partizan Pipangaï Procidis
- 106. Future
- 107. • Robotics • Contactless technologies • Internet of things Tomorrow
- 108. • Nao d’Aldebaran • Jazz de Gostai • Karotz / Nabaztag Robotics
- 109. - 109 - Contactless as pictures
- 110. - 110 - RFID – Supply Chain L’étiquette RFID est sur un colis. L’information de l’étiquette est lue par le lecteur Le colis passe devant un lecteur RFID et transmise vers le SI pour traitement Graph- O’Reilly
- 111. RFID - Transport - 111 - L’étiquette est sur une carte Navigo. L’information de l’étiquette est lue par le lecteur La carte passe devant un lecteur RFID et transmise vers le SI pour traitement Graph- O’Reilly Photo. – RATP
- 112. Contactless technologies - 112 - An NFC phone will replace many daily objects Step 1 Usual objects Step 2 - Multi services contacless cards Step 3 NFC Mobile phone Graph. - Nokia
- 113. Internet of things - 113 -
- 114. Internet of things - 114 -
- 116. Studying the dominance of French business in the « aerospace, nuclear and rail » transport industries. What about the hi-tech industries ? Pierre Métivier April 6th 2011