3. When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering designs?
3
4. Word engineering comes from “ingenuity”
• It has been pretty well agreed that the words
'ingenuity' and 'engineering' in English and
'ingéniosité' and 'ingénierie' in French are linked to
the same Latin word-root and that the verb 'to
engineer' means 'to be ingenious.' So the kinds of
things engineers have done have been generally
ingenious. And the word 'engine' means 'an
ingenious and useful device.'
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5. Introduction
In prehistoric times, men and women had to be
ingenious in order to survive hunger, enemies,
climate and, later, the tyranny of distance. So
there have always been 'engineers' around,
many of whom were involved in activities we
would not associate with engineering today.
They were rather involved in hunting, farming,
fishing, fighting, implement- and tool-making,
transportation and many other things.
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7. The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from nomadic life
(hunter/gatherers) to agrarian
(agriculture)
Forms the basis of civilization
with food production, animal
domestication, community
living
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8. The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievement Progression in this Era
People discovered methods of producing fire at
will
People discovered how to use rocks as tools
People learn how to shape soft metals into tools
Mixing different kinds of metals could make
better tools
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9. The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines
The wheel and axle
Plow & Yoke
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10. Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Primitive arches used in moving
water (hydraulics)
Bridges were built with stone
piers carrying wooden
stringers
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11. Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian Engineers
Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build
the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land
measurement and building layout -transit and level
Irrigation systems
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13. In Class Hands On Activity
• Teams of 6
• Each team the list of engineering
inventions
• As a group, put each invention in the
correct time period. That is, put a
sticky with the time period number
next to each invention. Put the sheets
on the wall with your numbers.
• When we get the answers, if yours is
wrong, have a representative remove
the sticky. The team with the most
correct answers at the end of class
wins.
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14. In Class Hands On Activity
• Team representatives – place each
sticky note on the wall under the
time period you think the activity
belongs
• You have “two minutes to win it”
and place all your sticky notes
• Ready! Set! GO!
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15. Traveling Through the Ages
• 1200 B.C. – A.D. 1
– Quality of wrought iron is improved
– Swords are mass produced
– Siege towers are perfected
– Greeks develop manufacturing
– Archimedes introduces mathematics in Greece
– Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads and
aqueducts in Rome.
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16. Activity Answers
1200BC-AD1 C Concrete used for arched bridges, roads & aqueducts
1200BC-AD1 Z Wrought Iron Quality allowed swords massed produced
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17. Traveling Through the Ages: A.D. 1-1000
• Chinese further develop the study of
mathematics
• Gunpowder is perfected
• Abacus calculating machine introduced to
Europe from the Orient
• Cotton and silk manufactured
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19. Traveling Through the Ages: 1000-1400
• Silk and glass industries continue to grow
• Chimneys first appeared in European buildings
• Locks for canals were developed in Italy
• Spinning wheels developed to twist fiber into
thread
• Leonardo Fibonacci, a medieval
mathematician, writes the first Western text
on algebra
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20. Activity Answers
20
1000-1400 R Locks for canals were developed in Italy
1000-1400 W Spinning wheels developed to twist fiber into thread
21. Traveling Through the Ages: 1400-1700
• First toilet is invented in England
• Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with
which he observes the rotation about the sun
• Engineers organized as a separate unit in the
French army
• Isaac Newton constructs first reflecting
telescopes
• Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies
inversely with volume, is first introduced.
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23. Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800
• Industrial Revolution begins in Europe
• James Watt patents his first steam engine
• Society of Engineers, a professional
engineering society, is formed in London
• First building made completely of cast iron
built in England
• First mechanical loom created
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25. Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1875
• First railroad locomotive is designed and
manufactured
• Italy’s Volta developed the first battery
• Single wire telegraph line is developed
• Reinforced concrete is first used
• First synthetic plastic material is created
• First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania
• Typewriter is perfected
• There were 70 engineering schools in the US
• Compressed-air refrigeration plant built in Paris
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26. Activity Answers
26
1800-1875 J First oil well drilled
1800-1875 M First synthetic plastic material created
1800-1875 T Reinforced concrete first used
27. Traveling Through the Ages: 1875-1925
• Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham
Bell
• Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the
phonograph
• Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler
• Automobile introduced by Karl Benz
• Wright brothers complete first sustained flight
• Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors
• First commercial flight between Paris and London
begins
• Detroit becomes center of auto production industry
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28. Activity Answers
28
1875-1925 H First commercial flight between Paris and London
1875-1925 O Gasoline engine developed
1875-1925 X Telephone patented
29. Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950
• John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of
television
• The VW Beetle goes into production
• First atomic bomb is used
• The transistor is invented
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30. Activity Answers
30
1925-1950 G First atomic bomb used
1925-1950 S Primitive form of TV invented
1925-1950 Y Transistor invented
31. Traveling Through the Ages: 1950-1975
• Computers first introduced into the market,
and are common by 1960
• Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, put into
space by USSR
• First communication satellite—Telstar—is put
into space
• The U.S. completes the first ever moon
landing
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32. Activity Answers
32
1950-1975 B Computer first introduced into market
1950-1975 F First artificial satellite put into space
1950-1975 I First ever moon landing by US
33. Traveling Through the Ages: 1975-1990
• The Concord is first used for supersonic flight
between Europe and the U.S.
• Columbia space shuttle is reused for space
travel
• First artificial heart is successfully implanted
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34. Activity Answers
34
1975-1990 A Columbia space shuttle reused for space travel
1975-1990 E First artificial heart successfully implanted
35. Traveling Through the Ages: 1990-2000
• Robots travel on Mars
• The “Chunnel” between England and France is
finished
• GPS is used to predict and report weather
conditions, as well as many other consumer
applications
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38. Happy 100+ Birthday!
• Some engineering feats that are more than
100 years old and still operating!
38
39. Giant Ferris Wheel
• Vienna Austria
• 1897
• Wheel diameter: 200ft
• Height above ground: 21ft
• Speed of rotation: ¾ meter per second
• 30 cabins and 120 wheel spokes
• Built as part of the Golden Jubilee
celebrations for Emperor Franz Josef
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40. Suspension Railway
• Wuppertal, Germany
• 1903
• 13.3 KM (8.3 miles)
• 17 MPH
• Monorail with majority over the Wupper river
– Avoid right of way problems over land
• 80,000 passengers per day
• Ranks as one of the safest public transport systems
– 2 accidents (neither engineering related)
• Circus PR of having elephant ride monorail in 1950 – elephant jumped
into the river (only minor injuries)
• 1999 car derailed
– Tool left on track by workman – human error not engineering error
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41. Transporter Bridge (Aerial Ferry)
• Middlesbrough, England
• 1911
• 855 ft in length
• 250 to 300 passengers
• Problem: Limited approach span
• Problem: River traffic requires 90 ft clearance
• Gondola carrying passengers & vehicles
suspended from a girder to transit the river
(being raised from ground level on one side and
lowered on the other side)
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