This talk seeks to define the fake news problem as a stepping stone to offering solutions at the level of 1) individual speaker 2) platform business model and 3) protection of free expression. The approach combines tools from computer science, economics, and law. Contributions include mechanisms to a) induce speakers to voluntarily take responsibility for social harms and b) decentralize governance so that no one party - not government, not private enterprise, not influential individuals - exercises undue influence over speech.
Truth, Trust and Technology: an agenda for the countering misinformationPOLIS LSE
A lecture setting out the problems being addressed the LSE Truth Trust and Technology Commission of 2018. It sets out the problem, the possible solutions in a conceptual framework.
Whatever the complaint about media, one thing is certain: There are underlying structural issues at work that give rise to these problems. Attacking a single symptom — such as programming some might say is indecent — does not cure the disease.
These slides were created for the course:
Comm 350R Social Media
Dr. Matthew J. Kushin
Department of Communication
Utah Valley University
For more on the course see:
http://profkushinsocial.wordpress.com
For more about the professor, see:
http://profkushin.wordpress.com
or @mjkushin on Twitter
Keynote at the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Online Discourse Analysis (BeyondFacts’22) – April 26, 2022
Talk abstract: Misinformation has always been part of humankind’s information ecosystem. The development of tools and methods for automatically detecting the reliability of information has received a great deal of attention in recent years, such as calculating the authenticity of images, calculating the likelihood of claims, and assessing the credibility of sources. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the presence of these advanced technologies or the constant effort of fact-checkers worldwide can help stop the spread of misinformation. I will try to convince you that you also hold various false beliefs, and argue for the need for technologies and processes to assess the information shared by ourselves or by others, over a longer period of time, in order to improve our knowledge of our information credibility and vulnerability, as well as those of the people we listen to. Also, I will describe the benefits, challenges, and risks of automated information corrective actions, both for the target recipients and their wider audience.
Truth, Trust and Technology: an agenda for the countering misinformationPOLIS LSE
A lecture setting out the problems being addressed the LSE Truth Trust and Technology Commission of 2018. It sets out the problem, the possible solutions in a conceptual framework.
Whatever the complaint about media, one thing is certain: There are underlying structural issues at work that give rise to these problems. Attacking a single symptom — such as programming some might say is indecent — does not cure the disease.
These slides were created for the course:
Comm 350R Social Media
Dr. Matthew J. Kushin
Department of Communication
Utah Valley University
For more on the course see:
http://profkushinsocial.wordpress.com
For more about the professor, see:
http://profkushin.wordpress.com
or @mjkushin on Twitter
Keynote at the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graphs for Online Discourse Analysis (BeyondFacts’22) – April 26, 2022
Talk abstract: Misinformation has always been part of humankind’s information ecosystem. The development of tools and methods for automatically detecting the reliability of information has received a great deal of attention in recent years, such as calculating the authenticity of images, calculating the likelihood of claims, and assessing the credibility of sources. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the presence of these advanced technologies or the constant effort of fact-checkers worldwide can help stop the spread of misinformation. I will try to convince you that you also hold various false beliefs, and argue for the need for technologies and processes to assess the information shared by ourselves or by others, over a longer period of time, in order to improve our knowledge of our information credibility and vulnerability, as well as those of the people we listen to. Also, I will describe the benefits, challenges, and risks of automated information corrective actions, both for the target recipients and their wider audience.
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.CSantosConleyha
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.
Click https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-spirit-of-the-learning-organization/ link to open resource.
2. TEDx Talks. (2013, June 26). Jumping the ingenuity gap: Greg Galle at TEDxGrandRapids [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwWZkejhqjM&feature=youtu.be
Click https://youtu.be/wwWZkejhqjM link to open resource.
3. IFALOfficial. (2012, November 22). Action learning: Introduction by Rev Revans [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU link to open resource.
窗体顶端
Final Review Notes
I. Commercial speech
A. Advertising vs PR
B. Realty
1. Pitt Press v. Pitt Comm’n Human Rel. (1973)
a) Case
(1) Sex-designated help-wanted classifieds
(2) Employment discrimination illegal
b) SCOTUS decision
(1) Ads for illegal acts not allowed
(2) Suggested different result for legal act
(3) Noted newspaper could editorialize against the law
Acts legal in other states
2. Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
a) Case
(1) 1971 Charlottesville newspaper ad for legal abortion clinic in NY; Editor arrested
(2) Abortion was legal in NY but illegal in VA
(3) Virginia Supreme Court upheld conviction, describing ad as purely commercial in nature
b) SCOTUS
(1) Reversed VA decision 7-2
(2) Advertisement not stripped of all 1st Amendment protection
(3) This ad provided truthful, useful information of general interest
(4) One state cannot assert control over interstate news and publications
(5) Legal in state transaction would take place
Today’s rule
3. Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Commission (1980)
a) Case
(1) Commission banned utilities from promoting use of electricity by ads in order to conserve electricity
(2) They banned all ads of this nature, including those promoting energy-efficient technology
b) SCOTUS
(1) Ban held unconstitutional
(2) Four-part test
(a) Ad must be truthful and for a legal activity
(b) Gov’t interest in regulating must be substantial
(c) Regulation must directly advance the asserted gov’t interest
(d) Regulation must be no more extensive than needed to achieve the asserted gov’t interest
C. Nike, what's considered PR or advertising (gray area)
1. Nike v. Kasky & PR
a) Case
(1) Public Relations Campaign against Nike
From Doonesbury to opposite editorials
(2) Response by the company
Counter Campaign: Ads, letters
No Transactional Advs as part of Campaign
(3) Suit in California for false advertising
Not deceived into buying Nike products
b) Dismissal of certificate by United States Supreme Court
II. Corporate Speech
An Introduction
1st National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978): Case: invalidated Mass. Law prohibiting corps from advertising to influence voters, unless related to assets of the business
· Interest in flow of information re state graduated income tax referendum
· Outgrowth of Buckley v. Valeo (1974)
· Later laws and campaign regulations develop
· For example ...
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.CAbbyWhyte974
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.
Click https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-spirit-of-the-learning-organization/ link to open resource.
2. TEDx Talks. (2013, June 26). Jumping the ingenuity gap: Greg Galle at TEDxGrandRapids [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwWZkejhqjM&feature=youtu.be
Click https://youtu.be/wwWZkejhqjM link to open resource.
3. IFALOfficial. (2012, November 22). Action learning: Introduction by Rev Revans [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU link to open resource.
窗体顶端
Final Review Notes
I. Commercial speech
A. Advertising vs PR
B. Realty
1. Pitt Press v. Pitt Comm’n Human Rel. (1973)
a) Case
(1) Sex-designated help-wanted classifieds
(2) Employment discrimination illegal
b) SCOTUS decision
(1) Ads for illegal acts not allowed
(2) Suggested different result for legal act
(3) Noted newspaper could editorialize against the law
Acts legal in other states
2. Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
a) Case
(1) 1971 Charlottesville newspaper ad for legal abortion clinic in NY; Editor arrested
(2) Abortion was legal in NY but illegal in VA
(3) Virginia Supreme Court upheld conviction, describing ad as purely commercial in nature
b) SCOTUS
(1) Reversed VA decision 7-2
(2) Advertisement not stripped of all 1st Amendment protection
(3) This ad provided truthful, useful information of general interest
(4) One state cannot assert control over interstate news and publications
(5) Legal in state transaction would take place
Today’s rule
3. Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Commission (1980)
a) Case
(1) Commission banned utilities from promoting use of electricity by ads in order to conserve electricity
(2) They banned all ads of this nature, including those promoting energy-efficient technology
b) SCOTUS
(1) Ban held unconstitutional
(2) Four-part test
(a) Ad must be truthful and for a legal activity
(b) Gov’t interest in regulating must be substantial
(c) Regulation must directly advance the asserted gov’t interest
(d) Regulation must be no more extensive than needed to achieve the asserted gov’t interest
C. Nike, what's considered PR or advertising (gray area)
1. Nike v. Kasky & PR
a) Case
(1) Public Relations Campaign against Nike
From Doonesbury to opposite editorials
(2) Response by the company
Counter Campaign: Ads, letters
No Transactional Advs as part of Campaign
(3) Suit in California for false advertising
Not deceived into buying Nike products
b) Dismissal of certificate by United States Supreme Court
II. Corporate Speech
An Introduction
1st National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978): Case: invalidated Mass. Law prohibiting corps from advertising to influence voters, unless related to assets of the business
· Interest in flow of information re state graduated income tax referendum
· Outgrowth of Buckley v. Valeo (1974)
· Later laws and campaign regulations develop
· For example ...
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Presentation slides from a talk myself (Andrew McStay) and Vian Bakir gave at the University of Toronto, March 2016. Get in touch if you have thoughts.
Monitoring and Understanding the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinformation and Fac...Gregoire Burel
Monitoring and Understanding the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinformation and Fact-checks”. Using more than 3 years of data collected from Twitter and fact-checking organizations and a combination of spread variance analysis, impulse response modeling, and causal analysis, we will highlight the weak causal relationships between the spread of misinformation and fact-checks and discuss what topics are the less likely to be affected by fact-checks. We will also show how the proposed observatory can be used for tracking demographics, fact-checks, and topics over time.
A Progressive Checklist: 200 Things the Biden Administration Should Do in Its...Elton Sherwin
I am available to present or discuss: Elton@EltonSherwin.com
An Affordable Action Plan for Effectively Dealing with COVID-19, Healthcare, Justice Reform, Climate Change
In our current social and political landscape, ‘Fake News’ has dominated the global conversation, but how do we recognize what is mis- and disinformation? And how can we contain it?
In this webinar, we take a closer look at this pressing issue, and how to use technology to mitigate the effects of misinformation and fight distrust.
These are the slides from a presentation I gave at the Yorkshire Grantmakers Forum 25th Anniversary, looking at what the next 25 years might hold in terms of technological, social and political change.
Presentation to European Parliament on fake news, changes in our media environment, and what can be done to ensure news and media serve our democracies, with links to underlying independent, evidence-based research.
Content: (1) How the core interaction defines a platform (2) How a traditional (pipeline) value chain differs from a platform value matrix (3) What's inside and what's outside the platform
These slides provide complimentary course materials for the Ch 3 of Platform Revolution - How Network Markets are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. Final slides provide reading supplements and links to other chapters for industry and academia.
Platform Revolution - Ch 01 Intro: How Platforms are Changing CommerceMarshall Van Alstyne
Content: (1) Evidence platforms beat products in value, recognition, speed (2) Platform definition (3) Firm implications
These slides provide complimentary course materials for the Ch 1 of Platform Revolution - How Network Markets are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. Final slides provide reading supplements and links to other chapters for industry and academia.
More Related Content
Similar to Free Speech, Platforms & The Fake News Problem
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.CSantosConleyha
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.
Click https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-spirit-of-the-learning-organization/ link to open resource.
2. TEDx Talks. (2013, June 26). Jumping the ingenuity gap: Greg Galle at TEDxGrandRapids [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwWZkejhqjM&feature=youtu.be
Click https://youtu.be/wwWZkejhqjM link to open resource.
3. IFALOfficial. (2012, November 22). Action learning: Introduction by Rev Revans [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU link to open resource.
窗体顶端
Final Review Notes
I. Commercial speech
A. Advertising vs PR
B. Realty
1. Pitt Press v. Pitt Comm’n Human Rel. (1973)
a) Case
(1) Sex-designated help-wanted classifieds
(2) Employment discrimination illegal
b) SCOTUS decision
(1) Ads for illegal acts not allowed
(2) Suggested different result for legal act
(3) Noted newspaper could editorialize against the law
Acts legal in other states
2. Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
a) Case
(1) 1971 Charlottesville newspaper ad for legal abortion clinic in NY; Editor arrested
(2) Abortion was legal in NY but illegal in VA
(3) Virginia Supreme Court upheld conviction, describing ad as purely commercial in nature
b) SCOTUS
(1) Reversed VA decision 7-2
(2) Advertisement not stripped of all 1st Amendment protection
(3) This ad provided truthful, useful information of general interest
(4) One state cannot assert control over interstate news and publications
(5) Legal in state transaction would take place
Today’s rule
3. Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Commission (1980)
a) Case
(1) Commission banned utilities from promoting use of electricity by ads in order to conserve electricity
(2) They banned all ads of this nature, including those promoting energy-efficient technology
b) SCOTUS
(1) Ban held unconstitutional
(2) Four-part test
(a) Ad must be truthful and for a legal activity
(b) Gov’t interest in regulating must be substantial
(c) Regulation must directly advance the asserted gov’t interest
(d) Regulation must be no more extensive than needed to achieve the asserted gov’t interest
C. Nike, what's considered PR or advertising (gray area)
1. Nike v. Kasky & PR
a) Case
(1) Public Relations Campaign against Nike
From Doonesbury to opposite editorials
(2) Response by the company
Counter Campaign: Ads, letters
No Transactional Advs as part of Campaign
(3) Suit in California for false advertising
Not deceived into buying Nike products
b) Dismissal of certificate by United States Supreme Court
II. Corporate Speech
An Introduction
1st National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978): Case: invalidated Mass. Law prohibiting corps from advertising to influence voters, unless related to assets of the business
· Interest in flow of information re state graduated income tax referendum
· Outgrowth of Buckley v. Valeo (1974)
· Later laws and campaign regulations develop
· For example ...
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.CAbbyWhyte974
1. Kim & Mullen. (1993). The spirit of the learning organization.
Click https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-spirit-of-the-learning-organization/ link to open resource.
2. TEDx Talks. (2013, June 26). Jumping the ingenuity gap: Greg Galle at TEDxGrandRapids [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwWZkejhqjM&feature=youtu.be
Click https://youtu.be/wwWZkejhqjM link to open resource.
3. IFALOfficial. (2012, November 22). Action learning: Introduction by Rev Revans [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU
Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJ9RXkYPSU link to open resource.
窗体顶端
Final Review Notes
I. Commercial speech
A. Advertising vs PR
B. Realty
1. Pitt Press v. Pitt Comm’n Human Rel. (1973)
a) Case
(1) Sex-designated help-wanted classifieds
(2) Employment discrimination illegal
b) SCOTUS decision
(1) Ads for illegal acts not allowed
(2) Suggested different result for legal act
(3) Noted newspaper could editorialize against the law
Acts legal in other states
2. Bigelow v. Virginia (1975)
a) Case
(1) 1971 Charlottesville newspaper ad for legal abortion clinic in NY; Editor arrested
(2) Abortion was legal in NY but illegal in VA
(3) Virginia Supreme Court upheld conviction, describing ad as purely commercial in nature
b) SCOTUS
(1) Reversed VA decision 7-2
(2) Advertisement not stripped of all 1st Amendment protection
(3) This ad provided truthful, useful information of general interest
(4) One state cannot assert control over interstate news and publications
(5) Legal in state transaction would take place
Today’s rule
3. Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Commission (1980)
a) Case
(1) Commission banned utilities from promoting use of electricity by ads in order to conserve electricity
(2) They banned all ads of this nature, including those promoting energy-efficient technology
b) SCOTUS
(1) Ban held unconstitutional
(2) Four-part test
(a) Ad must be truthful and for a legal activity
(b) Gov’t interest in regulating must be substantial
(c) Regulation must directly advance the asserted gov’t interest
(d) Regulation must be no more extensive than needed to achieve the asserted gov’t interest
C. Nike, what's considered PR or advertising (gray area)
1. Nike v. Kasky & PR
a) Case
(1) Public Relations Campaign against Nike
From Doonesbury to opposite editorials
(2) Response by the company
Counter Campaign: Ads, letters
No Transactional Advs as part of Campaign
(3) Suit in California for false advertising
Not deceived into buying Nike products
b) Dismissal of certificate by United States Supreme Court
II. Corporate Speech
An Introduction
1st National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978): Case: invalidated Mass. Law prohibiting corps from advertising to influence voters, unless related to assets of the business
· Interest in flow of information re state graduated income tax referendum
· Outgrowth of Buckley v. Valeo (1974)
· Later laws and campaign regulations develop
· For example ...
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
Presentation slides from a talk myself (Andrew McStay) and Vian Bakir gave at the University of Toronto, March 2016. Get in touch if you have thoughts.
Monitoring and Understanding the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinformation and Fac...Gregoire Burel
Monitoring and Understanding the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinformation and Fact-checks”. Using more than 3 years of data collected from Twitter and fact-checking organizations and a combination of spread variance analysis, impulse response modeling, and causal analysis, we will highlight the weak causal relationships between the spread of misinformation and fact-checks and discuss what topics are the less likely to be affected by fact-checks. We will also show how the proposed observatory can be used for tracking demographics, fact-checks, and topics over time.
A Progressive Checklist: 200 Things the Biden Administration Should Do in Its...Elton Sherwin
I am available to present or discuss: Elton@EltonSherwin.com
An Affordable Action Plan for Effectively Dealing with COVID-19, Healthcare, Justice Reform, Climate Change
In our current social and political landscape, ‘Fake News’ has dominated the global conversation, but how do we recognize what is mis- and disinformation? And how can we contain it?
In this webinar, we take a closer look at this pressing issue, and how to use technology to mitigate the effects of misinformation and fight distrust.
These are the slides from a presentation I gave at the Yorkshire Grantmakers Forum 25th Anniversary, looking at what the next 25 years might hold in terms of technological, social and political change.
Presentation to European Parliament on fake news, changes in our media environment, and what can be done to ensure news and media serve our democracies, with links to underlying independent, evidence-based research.
Content: (1) How the core interaction defines a platform (2) How a traditional (pipeline) value chain differs from a platform value matrix (3) What's inside and what's outside the platform
These slides provide complimentary course materials for the Ch 3 of Platform Revolution - How Network Markets are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. Final slides provide reading supplements and links to other chapters for industry and academia.
Platform Revolution - Ch 01 Intro: How Platforms are Changing CommerceMarshall Van Alstyne
Content: (1) Evidence platforms beat products in value, recognition, speed (2) Platform definition (3) Firm implications
These slides provide complimentary course materials for the Ch 1 of Platform Revolution - How Network Markets are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. Final slides provide reading supplements and links to other chapters for industry and academia.
Platforms: How Change in Industry is Driving Change in StrategyMarshall Van Alstyne
Presentation at MIT Platform Summit on how economic change in the Internet era parallels change in the Industrial era, but for the opposite reason. This inverts marketing, operations, finance, IT, strategy and innovation.
Platform Shift: How New Business Models Are Changing the Shape of IndustryMarshall Van Alstyne
Companies that can transform their traditional business models into network models will have a competitive advantage based on new insights into pricing, network effects, supply chains, and strategy. These principles show how dotcom companies like Airbnb, Amazon, Apple and Uber managed, in a relatively short time, to attract millions of clients worldwide. But they apply also to traditional product companies like Sony, shoe companies like Nike, and spice companies like McCormick. New business models help these companies extend existing transactions to new, associated products and services. Platforms beat products every time. This talk reveals the secret of Internet-driven platforms, why they happen, and what changes they imply.
Consider first that platforms are becoming a dominant form of business organization. Then consider how you transition an existing product to a platform. This talk illustrates steps to make the transition. It then describes what an open business model looks like and compares differences in openness of Apple, Google, Microsoft and others.
Advertising via print media, especially mail, has been falling. This talk describes a new kind of interactive stamp that rewards people for sharing their preferences. It bridges any kind of printed medium and mobile, and enables one click purchases. The result could help print ads compete with search ads, social ads, and mobile ads.
Why do business platforms beat products every time? This is my keynote at EMERCE eDay. We cover changes in global brands, how feedback effects work, how innovation is different, and examples of coming platforms.
We present an economic framework to understand and manage platform growth. This builds from a model of network complements and two sided markets. The intuitions help set prices, openness, and features to absorb into the platform. The intuitions also help shape the transition from a traditional business model to a platform strategy.
Presented at the IBM executive education summit July 27, 2011.
Using two years of data from a Japanese bank, we present statistical evidence that knowledge management works. (1) Workers who consumed more documents shared via a Q&A platform exhibited roughly a 10% productivity gain. (2) These gains accrue disproportionately to less skilled workers. (3) Workers who answered more questions were promoted at a faster rate.
Presented at NBER Economics of IT Workshop July 22 - 23, 2011.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
14. 10/5/22
14
“We did not take a broad
enough view of our
responsibility...”
Mark Zuckerberg
Joint Commerce & Judiciary Committee
Privacy Concerns & Russian Disinformation
April 10, 2018
27
“Facebook prioritizes
profit over well-
being... The result has
been more division,
more harm, more lies,
more threats ... In
some cases, this
dangerous online talk
has led to actual
violence that harms
and even kills people”
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation, Oct 5 2021
28
23. 10/5/22
23
Media Liability
Print 1914 (FTC)
• Liable for ad lies
• Editorial
discretion over
all ads
Broadcast 1934 (FCC)
• Liable for ad lies except
for candidates for
public ofc
• Editorial discretion
over all ads except for
candidates for public
ofc (must take)
Internet 1996 (§230)
• Liable for no lies
• Editorial discretion
over all ads
Proposed (fair) Legislation
Tom
Steyer
Pillow
Guy
45
Socially Optimal Liability
Advertiser or publisher/platform (P/P) should hold liability – not users. Why?
a) Advertiser authored the ad
b) Socially efficient to check 1x while receiving payment (low cost avoider)
Proposal:
a) P/P holds liability for all ads they accept
b) Editorial policy leaves them free to reject / accept any ad
c) BUT if advertiser warrants a truthful ad, P/P must accept and
liability shifts to advertiser
not 10,000x with no payment (hi cost avoider)
✓ – Fair
Across P/P
Media
✓ – Socially
Efficient
Costs
✓ – P/P maintains
editorial discretion
when holds liability
✓ – Advertiser may reach any audience,
over editorial policy, at cost of assuming
liability – truth ↑, polarization ↓
46
29. 10/5/22
29
NY Times v Sullivan (1964)
False Claim Historical Event
Sang My Country ‘tis of Thee Sang National Anthem
Martin Luther King arrested 7x Martin Luther King arrested 4x. Charges: loitering, speeding, perjury
(bogus tax claim), interfering with commerce (Montgomery bus boycott)
9 students expelled for leading demonstration at capitol 9 students expelled for demanding service at a lunch counter
Students protested expulsion by refusing to register Students protested expulsion by boycotting class
Truckloads of police ringed campus armed with tear gas and
shotguns
Police deployed near campus in large force 3x
Dining hall padlocked to starve students Unregistered students denied meal tickets
? MLK home firebombed 2x, endangering wife and child
? Martin Luther King acquitted of perjury
? Sullivan published statement of intent to use police to “take whatever action
might be necessary to disperse [negro troublemakers]” demonstrating at capitol
for their civil rights
? Sullivan was active member of Ku Klux Klan
? Sullivan persuaded Alabama Governor to close Alabama State College for Negros,
used force to break their lunch counter protest.
? White mob attacked civil rights protesters with clubs and chains before police
arrive. Sullivan conspired with mob leader to delay police arrival.
Lester Bruce Sullivan
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NY Times v Sullivan (1964): SC Dilemma
Broaden
Intent
Problem 1 Test Truth: Factual errors were present, some claiming Sullivan’s police had committed
acts they had not done
Problem 2 Test Negligence: NY Times had not checked ad against articles of its own reporters that
would have corrected certain errors
Problem 3 Test Character: Attach to Sullivan events in which he had not participated and had not
actually occurred (ring campus with shotguns or starve protesters into submission)
Problem 4 Test “of and concerning Sullivan”: Dispatches this case but not $300M worth of other
cases (governor had initiated sham perjury charge as state attorney general)
Supreme Court Solution – Test Intent: Did they mean to publish falsehood? Was there actual
knowledge of or reckless disregard for falsity (“actual malice std”) à press “breathing space”
False
Positive
False
Negative
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Justice Clarence Thomas (2019)
• NYT v Sullivan is ahistorical for long history of common law libel (not valid)
• Allows false narratives about public figures e.g. Pizzagate, (McKee v Cosby 2019 denial of cert)
• Return decision to states
Justice Neil Gorsuch (2020)
• NYT v Sullivan made sense in 1964, not now: editors vs amp w/o fact check
• Optimal legal strategy is to publish without investigative fact-checking
• “Those exercising freedom of the press had a responsibility to get facts right or
answer in tort for the injuries they caused” (Berisha v Lawson 2020 dissent)
• “Actual malice” standard has become “effective immunity from liability” à need to
revisit
Professor Elana Kagan (1993)
• Rather than informing public debate it has come to promote false statements of fact.
“…the legal standards adopted in Sullivan may cut against the very values adopted in
the decision” (1993).
Solutions?
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NY Times v Sullivan (1964): Full Information
False Claim Historical Event
Sang My Country ‘tis of Thee Sang National Anthem
Martin Luther King arrested 7x Martin Luther King arrested 4x. Charges: loitering, speeding, perjury
(bogus tax claim), interfering with commerce (Montgomery bus boycott)
9 students expelled for leading demonstration at capitol 9 students expelled for demanding service at a lunch counter
Students protested expulsion by refusing to register Students protested expulsion by boycotting class
Truckloads of police ringed campus armed with tear gas and
shotguns
Police deployed near campus in large force 3x
Dining hall padlocked to starve students Unregistered students denied meal tickets
? MLK home firebombed, endangering wife and child
? MLK acquitted of bogus perjury charges by all white AL jury
? Sullivan published statement of intent to use police to “take whatever action
might be necessary to disperse [negro troublemakers]” demonstrating at capitol
for their civil rights
? Sullivan was active member of Ku Klux Klan,
extended police force with KKK members
? Sullivan persuaded Alabama Governor to close Alabama State College for Negros,
used force to break their lunch counter protest.
? White mob attacked civil rights protesters with clubs and chains before police
arrived. Sullivan conspired with mob leader to delay police arrival.
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Decision Test: Decision Change?
Is misrepresentation (falsity or incompleteness) sufficient to alter the default decision?
Implicated Decisions:
1. Support civil rights movement and legal defense fund of MLK?
2. Discontinue or refuse to enter into advantageous relationship with Sullivan?
Civil Rights Supporter
1. No
2. No
No change è No harm. We have “breathing space” for falsehoods without effect
Segregationist
1. No
2. No
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Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
At armed Klan rally …
“If our President, our
Congress, our Supreme
Court, continues [sic] to
suppress the white,
Caucasian race, it’s possible
that there might have to be
some revengeance [sic]
taken.”
Clarence Brandenburg
convicted under Ohio statute
banning advocacy of
“violence or unlawful
methods of terrorism” in
pursuit of “industrial or
political reform”
Supreme Court overturned, introducing new test, intersection of two categories: speech (1) directed at
inciting or producing imminent lawless action, and (2) likely to incite or produce such action
Tighter than (•) tendency to cause sedition or lawlessness (•) gravity of evil discounted by improbability
(•) clear and present danger
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Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
At armed Klan rally …
“Shoot to disable”
Insufficiently protective of
speech?
False Positive: Intervenes
when should not
Supreme Court overturned, introducing new test, intersection of two categories: speech (1) directed at
inciting or producing imminent lawless action, and (2) likely to incite or produce such action
Transpose to Tulsa,
Oklahoma massacre of 1921
Transpose to Russian illegal
invasion of Ukraine 2022
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Decision Test: Decision Change?
Should speaker advocacy of violence be protected speech? Is it more moral?
Implicated Recipient Decision:
1. Shoot to disable (not kill)?
Default: No harm occurring
1. Recipient Decision: Inaction (no change)
2. Recipient Decision: Disable (change)
=> Change from default BAD
Categorical test (end state), the deontological view, cannot determine value.
Decision change test (end – start), the utilitarian view, can determine value.
Default: Grievous Harm Occurring
1. Recipient Decision: Inaction (no change)
2. Recipient Decision: Disable (change)
=> Change from default GOOD
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