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Platforms: How Change in Industry is Driving Change in Strategy

  1. Barcelona, Spain • October 29-31, 2015 © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Marshall Van Alstyne Boston University & MIT marshall@mit.edu InfoEcon@twitter.com Platform Shift: How New Biz Models Are Changing the Shape of Industry MIT Leading Disruption Nov 18, 2015
  2. 2© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com The transition to Internet era firms resembles the transition to industrial era firms … but for different reasons @InfoEcon
  3. 3© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com InterBrand: Global Brands @InfoEcon
  4. 4© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Dominated by Platforms @InfoEcon
  5. 5© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Platform Firms Becoming More Important in Economy 3 of top 5 firms in 2015 by market cap. FIRM MARKET CAP Apple 627 Exxon Mobile 385 Microsoft 377 Berkshire Hathaway 357 Google 344 @InfoEcon FIRM MARKET CAP Apple 635 Google 500 Microsoft 424 Exxon Mobile 333 Berkshire Hathaway 328
  6. 6© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Platform Firms Becoming More Important in Economy % of top 20 firms by market cap since 2001 Percentage of Platform Firms weighted by MKT CAP (2001-2014) 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 MKTCAPWeightedPlatform Firms @InfoEcon
  7. 7© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com InterBrand: Global Brands @InfoEcon
  8. 8© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Nike Builds a Biz Platform
  9. 9
  10. 10 1. Enumerate embeddable features: salty, citrus, sour, toasted, … 2. Get consumer preferences 3. Match to best recipes 4. Mix new combinations, help users create & upload, allow ratings, build a community How would you create a platform around spice? © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com
  11. 11 Create a whole geometry of flavor combinations
  12. 12© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com The Product Business Model is Broken © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  13. 13© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com The Product Business Model is Broken In 2009, BlackBerry had nearly 50% market share in U.S. mobile, according to IDC. In 2013: 2.1% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% @InfoEcon
  14. 14© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com 1980-2000 Microsoft Platform Beats Apple Product Apple launched the PC revolution but Microsoft licensed widely, built a huge developer ecosystem, 6X larger. @InfoEcon
  15. 15© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com How are these Related? Each Side Attracts More of the Other eBay Buyers Uber Riders Xbox Gamers Amex CardHolders Aga Khan Patients YouTube Viewers AirBnb Renters Tesla Car Drivers Mechanical Turk Jobs LinkedIn Job Seekers Upwork Freelancers Android Users eBay Sellers Uber Drivers Xbox Developers Amex Merchants Aga Khan Doctors YouTube Videographers AirBnb Rooms Tesla Charge Stations Mechanical Turk Laborers LinkedIn Job Listings Upwork Project Listings Android Developers
  16. 16© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Network Effects: Users create value for Users Source: Albert Cañigueral “Platforms are Eating the World” slideshare.net @InfoEcon
  17. The giants of the Internet era resemble those of the Industrial era but for the opposite reason. © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  18. 18© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Giants of Supply Side Economies of scale Electric Dynamo 1893 Ford Model T 1908 Standard Oil 1909 Acklam Ironworks 1924 Vanderbilt Colossus of (Rail) Roads @InfoEcon
  19. 19© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Giants of Demand Side Economies of scale Social Networks Windows OS Mobile Merchant Mkts @InfoEcon
  20. 20© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com $1B+ Platforms by Region Source: P. Evans, CGE; CB Insights, Capital IQ, CrunchBase, 2015 Private Public North America Asia Europe Africa & L. AmericaNorth America Europe Africa & Latin America Asia North America has more platform firms than anywhere else in the world. China, with a large homogeneous market, is growing fast. Europe, with a more fragmented market, has less than ¼ the value of North America and is not far ahead of developing regions
  21. 21© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com In any market with network effects, the focus of attention must shift from inside to outside the firm. Reason: You can’t scale network effects inside as easily as outside. @InfoEcon
  22. Businesses shift from outbound messaging to inbound servicing What Changes :: Marketing © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  23. 23© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Four Decades of Consumer Marketing 1980’s Segmentation Source: Rob Cain, CIO Coca Cola Company Single Message 1990’s Individual Targeting 2000’s Virality / Social Influence 2010’s
  24. 24© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Four Decades of Consumer Marketing 1980’s Segmentation Individual Targeting Virality / Social Influence Single Message 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s PUSH / OUTBOUND PULL / INBOUND
  25. Emphasis shifts from employees to contractors, from internal experts to external crowds, and from subordinate dictation to community persuasion What Changes :: Human Resources © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  26. Instagram sold for $1B not because of contributions from 13 employees but from 30 million users © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com
  27. These sources of value are outside the firm eBay Buyers Uber Riders Xbox Gamers Amex CardHolders SAP Enterprise Clients YouTube Viewers AirBnb Renters Tesla Car Drivers Mechanical Turk Jobs LinkedIn Job Seekers Upwork Freelancers Android Users eBay Sellers Uber Drivers Xbox Developers Amex Merchants SAP Developer Network YouTube Videographers AirBnb Rooms Tesla Charge Stations Mechanical Turk Laborers LinkedIn Job Listings Upwork Project Listings Android Developers @InfoEcon
  28. Upwork outsources even middle management Firms are accessing “cloud labor” at the team and individual level Hierarchy @InfoEcon© 2015 Marshall Van Alstyne Flat Freelance
  29. Shift from valuing assets to also valuing interactions What Changes :: Finance © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  30. © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com • Estimate global taxi market • Estimate market share • Est. risk adjusted cash flow • Consider proprietary methods, barriers to competition • Value: $5.9 Billion Aswath Damodaran: NYU Finance professor, Corporate Valuation author, Herb Simon Prize. @InfoEcon
  31. Bill Gurley: Venture Capitalist, OpenTable, Zillow, Uber © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com • All true but overlooking network effects. • Prices decline expanding to rental car market and car replacement market and delivery market. • Oh, BTW, already 3x size in 2009 when Uber started. • Value: $17 Billion Source: David Sacks, COO PayPal, CEO Yammer @InfoEcon
  32. Value creation shifts from internal to external servicing What Changes :: Operations & Logistics © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  33. 34© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Value creation inside versus outside @InfoEcon
  34. 35© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Value creation inside versus outside STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP … STEP N @InfoEcon
  35. 36© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Value creation inside versus outside DEMAND PLATFORM SUPPLY @InfoEcon
  36. 37© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Business Models Can Overlap Platforms Scale More than Pipes Dell Coca Cola Apple Samsung Airbnb Uber
  37. Founded in 2008, Airbnb operates at global scale: 1M+ listings, 34,000 cities, 180 countries Identify spare capacity, scale across boundaries Paris 5,692 listings40,000 listings 8,105 listings Berlin Sydney Source: http://tomslee.net/airbnb-data, 2015Courtesy Peter Evans © 2015
  38. API Economy Visualized: Amazon vs Walmart Walmart Amazon SNS Alexa Web Inform Amazon Marketplac e Amazon SimpleDB Amazon Product Advertising Amazon CloudWatch Amazon Flexible Amazon Redshift Amazon SC2 Amazon S3 Amazon Mechanical Turk Amazon RDSAmazon DynamoDB Amazon Queue Service Social media / web Job search / work E-commerce Tools / cloud / big data Payments API Clusters Messaging services Source: Rahul Basole and Peter Evans, with data from ProgrammableWeb, Center for Global Enterprise, 2015 Walmart Amazon Companies Enterprise / storage
  39. 40© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Walmart vs Amazon growth over 10 years: 12% vs 1516% Logistics & supply chain squeezing have limits. External value add is much less limited.
  40. “In 2015, Uber, the world’s largest taxi company owns no vehicles, Facebook the world’s most popular media owner creates no content, Alibaba the most valuable retailer has no inventory, and Airbnb the world’s largest hotelier owns no real estate.” Tom Goodwin, Sr. VP of Strategy Havas Media © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  41. Platforms Open Themselves to Third Party Contributions What Changes :: Innovation © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  42. “A platform is a system that can be… adapted to countless needs and niches that the platform’s original developers could not possibly have contemplated…” Mark Andreessen: Venture Capitalist, Netscape Founder, Board HP, eBay© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Source: “The 3 kinds of Platform you Meet on the Internet” – Sept 16, 2007. @InfoEcon
  43. 44© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com It’s Working when Users do Something You Didn’t Expect Hay Carrier Mobile ChurchFlour Mill Ford Model T @InfoEcon
  44. 45© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com − Open to .com” Open to developers − The Rise & Inglorious Fall of MySpace – Business Week 2011 Does Openness Work? @InfoEcon
  45. 46© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com  Consider product innovation alone  Adding 3rd party resources, innovation occurs at a higher rate  Even if a platform starts behind, its value overtakes the product leader  Shed costs, keep 30% gains! Why Platforms Beat Products Time ValueAdded
  46. Goal shifts from control, entry barriers, and differentiation to more valuable market exchanges. What Changes :: Strategy © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  47. 1. Goal is a protected market niche, emphasizing industry barriers 2. Categories are sharp 3. Weapon is cost leadership or product differentiation 4. Inimitable resources you own provide sustained advantage 5. Core competence: focus what you do best Porter’s Five Forces & Resource Based View © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  48. Platform Strategy Differs © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com 1. Goal is interactions that yield NW effects - partner to partner value. NW effects provide sustainability @InfoEcon
  49. Platform Strategy Differs © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com 1. Goal is interactions that yield NW effects - partner to partner value. NW effects provide sustainability 2. Boundaries can be altered @InfoEcon
  50. Platform Strategy Differs © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com 1. Goal is interactions that yield NW effects - partner to partner value. NW effects provide sustainability 2. Boundaries can be altered 3. Competition is multi-layered, more like 3D chess. @InfoEcon
  51. Platform Strategy Differs © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Owned / inimitable resources Profits increase when others add to platform’s Long Tail You don’t need to own this 1. Goal is interactions that yield NW effects - partner to partner value. NW effects provide sustainability 2. Boundaries can be altered 3. Competition is multi-layered, more like 3D chess. 4. Don’t need to own inimitable resources. Have them join you!
  52. 53© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com  Finance Shareholder Value  Stakeholder Value Incorporate network effects  Human Resources Internal Employees  External communities  R&D Experts & Specialized departments  Crowdsourcing & Open Innovation  Strategy Entry Barriers & Inimitable Resources  Ecosystem husbandry & Long Tail  Marketing Push  Pull, Outbound  Inbound  IT Back Office (ERP)  Front Office (CRM)  Out-of-Office (Social & Big Data)  Operations & Logistics Uber: biggest taxi company, no taxis, Airbnb (biggest accommodations but no real estate), Facebook (biggest media firm but creates no content), Alibaba (biggest merchant but has no inventory) Network Effects & Inverting the Firm Changes… @InfoEcon
  53. © 2014 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Services Protected by Credentialing, Complexity, Regulation & Hard Assets Consumer Goods Home Goods Automotive Conslt: Eden MacC Labor : oDesk $$$: eToro, Kickstr News : Twitter Insurance : ? Law : LegalZoom Education : edX Art & Craft : Etsy Apparel:Lee & Fung Shirts : Threadless Shoes : Nike Fuel Watches : Apple Thermostat : Nest Lighting : Philips Appliance : Haier Rides : Uber Cars : 3d Printed Cars : Mercedes Info & Tech Games : Nintendo Cloud : AWS Search : Google OS : MS Windows Maps : Google APIs PDF : Adobe Movies : Netflix
  54. © 2014 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Food & Agri Protected by Credentialing, Complexity, Regulation & Hard Assets Crop Yield : IBM Spices : McCormick Government Farming : eChoupal City : Singapore Medicine Devices : Biomet MRI : Cohealo Healthcare:Harvard Heavy Industry Tractors : Hitachi Engines : GE Predix Energy & Mining Mining : Gold Corp Utility : EnerNOC
  55. © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com • Incandescent light bulb • Edison patent filed 1878 • Same bulb 137 years later • Energy efficiency < 5% • Retail price $0.40
  56. © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com • Blue Ocean product strategy • Compact fluorescent efficiency 11% • LED luminous efficiency 15% • Multicolor programmable • Retail price $4 - $40
  57. 58© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com IoT Platform Strategy: Data, Sensors, Open Ecosystem • Offer Wii, Bluetooth, or LiFi • Security alert – intruder or toddler wondering onto street • Bundle energy demand, sell demand management to utility • Time for grandma’s medication • Voice Commands: o “I’ve fallen and I can’t get up” o Remind John to take out garbage Can give away $4-40 bulbs and charge for servicesTry selling $4 bulb when competitor gives away $40 bulb free
  58. What’s Next? © 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com @InfoEcon
  59. 60© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com City as Platform
  60. 61© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Energy/Smart Grid as Platform
  61. 62© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Education as Platform
  62. 63© 2015 Parker, Van Alstyne & ChoudaryTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Healthcare as Platform
  63. 1. Introduction: Welcome to Platform World 2. Network Effects: The Power of the Platform 3. Architecture: Basic Principles for Designing Successful Platforms 4. Disruption: How Platforms Conquer &Transform Traditi’l Industries 5. Launch: Chicken or Egg? 8 Ways To Launch Successful Platforms 6. Monetization: Capturing the Value Created by Network Effects 7. Openness: Defining What Platform Users/Partners Can &Cannot Do 8. Governance: Policies That Increase Value and Enhance Growth 9. Metrics: How Platform Managers Can Measure What Really Matters 10. Strategy: How Platforms Change Competition 11. Policy: How Platforms Should (and Should Not) Be Regulated 12. Future: Industries Facing Imminent Change Platform Revolution: February 2016 (click to pre-order on Amazon)
  64. 65© 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com Build your community. Build with Information. Thank you @InfoEcon
  65. THANK YOU QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION © 2015 Parker & Van AlstyneTwitter: @InfoEcon :: marshall@mit.edu :: PlatformEconomics.com marshall@mit.edu Twitter: @InfoEcon Find research HERE. Find blog posts HERE.

Editor's Notes

  1. Open Group July 21, 2014
  2. Kodak 145,300 people, $30B market Cap Instagram 13 people, $1B market Cap (now $35B) (Kodak more than 11,000 x as many people!) Toyota: 339,000 people, $210B market Cap Uber 163,000 active drivers (at least 4 rides/ week). Over 330,000 since inception. Crunchbase ~ $5k employees Great Wave of Kanagawa 1830-33
  3. Coca Cola >= $3B+ global $565.1 US Google $569M US,
  4. Others include blogspot, baidu & wikipedia http://internet-map.net/
  5. Market caps as of January 20, 2015
  6. Go from building a “better shoe” to building a “better you.”
  7. NOT stupid people, Each company made right decision by old business model. Under their world view, it used to be the right business model (use also for Sony)
  8. The goal is more matches and more transactions volume creating more customer value.
  9. Ford Model T 1908-27 Locomotives 1860s William Henry Vanderbilt Collosus of (rail) roads 1879 Westinghouse dynamo 1893 Blast furnace Acklam Ironworks Middlesborough 1924 Rockefeller Standard Oil (Linden, US), Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)
  10. Bill Gates for OS Dick Costolo (joined later) Jack Ma - Alibaba WeChat / Tencent / QQ– Ma Huateng worth 12B+ Mark Zuckerberg – more people than China Professional Networks – LinkedIn, Reed Hoffman Mobile operating systems – Android, Brin & Page Taxi Service – Uber, Kalnikov Hotels – Airbnb, (team) Android
  11. Lightbulb lasts longer than your lease. Why would you buy?!?
  12. Uber 163,000 active drivers (at least 4 rides/ week). Over 330,000 since inception. Assets & Finance Kodak 145,300 people $30B market cap Instagram 13 people $1B market price Toyota 339,000 people 210B market cap Uber 100s of people Xxx market cap
  13. Price to max network value capture NOT individual value capture
  14. Price to max network value capture NOT individual value capture
  15. The goal is more matches and more transactions volume creating more customer value.
  16. Siemens should become Airbnb of expensive medical equipment like MRIs that have a 47% utilization rate
  17. Lightbulb lasts longer than your lease. Why would you buy?!?
  18. Gillette razor is only the traditional value chain Apple uses both the traditional and platform value network Airbnb uses only the platform value network
  19. Gillette razor is only the traditional value chain Apple uses both the traditional and platform value network Airbnb uses only the platform value network
  20. Siemens should become Airbnb of expensive medical equipment like MRIs that have a 47% utilization rate
  21. Note: Today, there are over 10,900+ APIs, 6,000+ mashups, across 100's of categories ranging from search and e-commerce to transportation, tools, and enterprise. This visualization has been filtered to focus only on core APIs. The results in roughly 4,000 APIs or 37 percent of the total presented.
  22. Honk Honk Catch a Taxi
  23. While Facebook focused on creating a robust platform that allowed outside developers to build new applications, Myspace did everything itself.
  24. Can replace OS but as Judge Jackson says “can’t replace 60,000 apps” These are 60,000 barriers to entry. Best example of switching sides: Salesforce couldn’t compete with Oracle & SAP so used innovations of customers to create AppExchange. Much higher performing stock! NOT just cloud but cloud plus network effects.
  25. Competition starts with platform to platform as with Sony PlayStation versus Microsoft xBox Competition also concerns multi-homing. You prefer that your best apps are not available on competitor’s platforms. You also worry about competition among suppliers. Enhance their investments with category exclusivity Partners also compete with the platform itself. Developers for Microsoft Windows had a love / hate relationship. The ecosystem is huge but Microsoft appropriated browsing, streaming audio, multithreading
  26. Doesn’t even include IT industries – too easy (almost pure info goods) Services would include Uber & Airbnb
  27. Doesn’t even include IT industries – too easy (almost pure info goods) Services would include Uber & Airbnb
  28. Lightbulb lasts longer than your lease. Why would you buy?!? Luminous Efficiency https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy#Lighting_efficiency
  29. Already have WiFi or Bluetooth to communicate Can turn on/off motion sensor to save power Change temp to 65 & Order pizza Remind my son to take out the garbage. If he’s still playing games after three reminders, kill the internet in his room.
  30. Source: Wikipedia Solar Energy
  31. Robert Pinsky – US Poet Laureate © 2012 Yuko Shimizu, FastCompany (seated crowd) © 2012 Tomi Um, MIT Technology Review (laptop diplomas)
  32. Hokusai The Great Wave 1830-33 was 36 views of Mt Fuji, Judy Kirpich 1981 poster for VM software
  33. With a little help from my friends http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBDF04fQKtQ about frame 2.16
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