Lower limb bones

1. Thendral Doss
204 group

2. The femur is the only bone in
the thigh. It is classed as a
long bone, and is the longest
bone in the body. The main
function of the femur is to
transmit forces from the tibia
to the hip joint.
It acts as the site of origin and
attachment of many muscles
and ligaments, and can be
divided into three areas;
1. proximal epiphysis - upper
end
2. shaft (body)
3. distal epiphysis - lower
end.
The femur
1
2
3

3. The proximal epiphysis of femur
 Head of femur, caput femoris, constitutes the proximal
epiphysis of the bone and bears a wide articular surface for the
articulation with the lunate surface of the acetabulum;
 Fovea for ligament of head, fovea capitis femoris, resides
on the head of the femur;
 Neck of femur, collum femoris, narrow area below the head.
 Greater trochanter, trochanter major, prominent projection
located on the border between the neck and the shaft;
 Trochanteric fossa, fossa trochanterica, lies on the medial
surface of the greater trochanter;
 Lesser trochanter, trochanter minor, situated medially on
the border between the neck and the shaft;
 Intertrochanteric line, linea intertrochanterica, connects
the trochanters in the front and runs obliquely.
 Intertrochanteric crest, crista intertrochanterica, connects
the trochanters in the back; runs obliquely;

4. Anterior view Posterior view

5. fossa trochanterica

6. The shaft of the femur:
Linea aspera, linea aspera,
extends along the posterior
surface; consists of two lips:
•lateral lip, labium laterale;
•medial lip, labium mediale;
Gluteal tuberosity,
tuberositas glutea, resides at
the upper portion of the lateral
lip of the linea aspera;
Pectineal line, linea pectinea,
lies at the proximal end of the
medial lip of the linea aspera
below the lesser trochanter;
Popliteal surface, facies
poplitea, flat, triangular area,
which resides in the back on the
posterior surface.

7. The distal epiphysis:
Medial condyle, condylus medialis,
rounded projection, which resides
medially and bears the articular
surface;
Lateral condyle, condylus lateralis,
rounded projection with the articular
surface located laterally. Both condyles
form the distal epiphysis of the femur;
Intercondylar fossa, fossa
intercondylaris, lies between the two
condyles;
Medial epicondyle, epicondylus
medialis, resides above the medial
condyle;
Lateral epicondyle, epicondylus
lateralis, lies above the lateral
condyle;
Patellar surface, facies patellaris,
located in the front between the two
condyles.
Ant view
Post view

8. The patella (knee-cap) is located at the front
of the knee joint. It attaches superiorly to
the quadriceps tendon and inferiorly to
the patellar ligament.It is classified as
a sesamoid type bone due to its position
within the quadriceps tendon, and is the
largest sesamoid bone in the body.
It is triangular in shape
 A base (upper border )
 An apex (rounded lower tip )
 2 borders (medial & lateral)
 2 surfaces (ant. & post.)
The posterior surface of the patella
articulates with the femur, and is marked
by two facets:
•Medial facet – articulates with the medial
condyle of the femur.
•Lateral facet – articulates with the lateral
condyle of the femur.
The patella

9. The tibia and fibula are
the bones of the leg.
The shafts of the tibia
and fibula are connected by a
dense interosseous membrane
Bones of the leg
Tibia is situated on the medial side
of the foreleg. The fibula, syno-nys;
os perone (from Greek) — slender
bone. The fibula is situated laterally
in the foreleg.Each of them are a long
tubular bones with the shaft and two
epiphyses — proximal and distal.

10. The tibia
The proximal epiphysis:
Medial condyle, condylus medialis, medial
expansion with the concave articular surface (facies
articularis superior), which provides articulation
with the medial condyle of the femur;
Lateral condyle, condylus lateralis, lateral
expansion of the bone with the concave articular
surface, which provides articulation with the lateral
condyle of the femur;
Intercondylar eminence, eminentia
intercondylaris, located between the articular
surfaces of the condyles; it consists of the medial
and lateral intercondylar tubercles (tuberculum
intercondylare mediale et latcrale);
Anterior intercondylar area, area
intercondylaris anterior, resides in the front of the
eminence;
Posterior intercondylar area, area
intercondylaris posterior, lies in the back of the
eminence;
Fibular articular facet, facies articularis
fibularis, located on the posterior, inferior surface
of the lateral condyle.

11. eminentia intercondylaris
area intercondylaris posterior
area
intercondylar
is ant

12. The shaft of the tibia:
Tibial tuberosity, tuberositas
tibiae, resides superiorly on the
anterior surface of the bone;
Anterior border, margo
anterior, sharp; extends
downward away from the tibial
tuberosity;
Interosseous border, margo
interosseus, faces the fibula;
Medial border, margo medialis;
Medial, lateral, and posterior
surfaces, facies medialis, facies
lateralis, facies posterior;
Soleal line, linea musculi solei,
runs obliquely on the posterior
surface of the upper one-third of
the bone.
Post. view

14. The distal epiphysis:
 Inferior articular surface, facies
articularis inferior, resides
inferiorly; gives articulation with
the talus;
 Medial malleolus, malleolus
medialis, prominently projecting
process located medially; it bears
an articular surface to provide
articulation with the talus;
 Fibular notch, incisura fibularis,
lies laterally.

15. The fibula bears the following
structures:
The proximal epiphysis:
 Head of fibula, caput fibulae,
represents the proximal epiphysis of
the bone; it bears the articular
surface, which forms the articular
facet for the tibia (facies articularis
capitis fibulae);
The shaft of the fibula:
The distal epiphysis:
 Lateral malleolus, malleolus
lateralis, expanded distal
epiphysis of the bone, which bears
the articular surface for the talus;
The fibula

16. The bones of the foot, ossa
pedis, are subdivided into the
three segments —
Tarsus (ossa tarsi)
Metatarsus (ossa metatarsi)
Phalanges (ossa digitorum).
The bones of the
foot
The tarsus, ossa tarsi, is
made up of seven
independent bones, which
are arranged in two rows
— proximal and distal. The
proximal row consists of
two large bones — the
talus and the calcaneus.

17. The talus, talus, bears the following
structures
Trochlea of talus, trochlea tali, the upper
portion of the bone with the articular surfaces
for the articulation with the shin bones (facies
superior, facies malleolares lateralis et
medialis);
 Head of talus, caput tali, the anterior
convex portion of the bone with the
articular surface for the articulation with
the navicular;
 Neck of talus, collum tali, a narrowing
area behind the head of the bone;
 Lateral process, processus lateralis tali,
directed laterally;
Medial process processus medialis tali
Posterior process, processus posterior tali,
directed backward;
Anterior, medial and posterior facets for
calcaneus, facies, resides interiorly and gives
articulation with the calcaneus.

21. The calcaneus, calcaneus resides below the talus
and have the following structures:
 Calcaneal tuberosity, tuber calcanei, relatively large projection directed
backward and downward;
 Sustentaculum tali, sustentaculum tali, a process directed medially;
 Anterior, middle, and posterior talar articular surfaces, facies
articulares talares, reside on the superior surface and provide
articulation with the talus;
 Articular surface for cuboid, facies articularis cuboidea, lies at the
distal (anterior) end of the bone.

22. The distal row of tarsal
bones
 Navicular, os naviculare, situated
between the head of the talus and
cuneiform bones;
 Medial cuneiform, os cuneiforme
mediale, sits in the front and medially
from the navicular and articulates with
the first metatarsal bone;
 Intermediate cuneiform, os cuneiforme
intermedium, resides in the front and
laterally from the navicular; it articulates
with the second
 Lateral cuneiform, os cuneiforme
laterale, sits in front of the navicular and
lateral to the former bone; it articulates
with the third metatarsal;
 Cuboid, os cuboideum, lies on the lateral
side of the foot in front of the calcaneus
and articulates with the forth and fifth
metatarsals.

23. THE METATARSALS
The metatarsals, ossa metatarsi, include five short tubular bones (I-V),
slightly convex on the plantar surface. Each metatarsal bone consists of the
base, the body, and the head:
 base, basis, faces the tarsus and contains the articular surface for the
articulation with the tarsal bones of the distal row;
 body, corpus, the middle portion of the bone;
 head, caput, articulates with the phalanges. The head of the metatarsal
represents a single epiphysis of the bone (monoepiphysial bones).
THE PHALANGES
Each digital bone, digitus pedis, (except the thumb) consists of three
short tubular bones, which are called phalanges, phalanges. The following
phalanges are distinguished:
 proximal phalanx, phalanx proximalis;
 middle phalanx, phalanx media;
 distal phalanx, phalanx distalis.
The proximal and distal phalanges
possess the base with the articular surface. The head represents a single
epiphysis (monoepiphysial bones). Distal phalanges have flat distal ends
with the tuberosity on it. The great toe, hallux, consists of two phalanges —
proximal and distal.