The document discusses the events leading up to the American Revolution and independence. It summarizes that Parliament passed taxes on the colonies to pay off war debts from the French and Indian War, angering the colonists. Key figures like Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams began advocating resistance. The Continental Congress worked to establish foreign relations and trade to get support for independence. They declared independence on July 2nd, 1776, signaling to countries like France and Spain that they could aid the rebels. While relations were secretive at first, this international support was crucial to America's ability to win the Revolutionary War.
The document provides a timeline of key events and documents in the founding of the United States, from the Magna Carta in 1215 establishing legal rights and limits on government power, to the Declaration of Independence in 1776 declaring independence from Britain and establishing the principles of inalienable rights and consent of the governed. Key events included the founding of Jamestown in 1607, various acts imposing taxes on the colonies by Britain leading to unrest, and the Revolutionary War beginning in 1775 after attempts to reconcile with Britain failed.
This document provides an overview of key political, economic, and social developments in the early United States from 1800 to 1850. It discusses the rise of the first political parties, Hamilton's vision for an American economy centered around manufacturing and finance, the Whiskey Rebellion in response to Hamilton's taxes, and the election of 1800 which resulted in Thomas Jefferson becoming president and the Democratic-Republican party gaining power. The document also summarizes events like the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, settlement of new western lands, and the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South.
The Great War For American Independence Part IItimothyjgraham
The document provides context around the American Revolutionary period, including key events and battles between 1775-1781. It discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first governing agreement between the 13 colonies. It also summarizes perspectives from historians like Howard Zinn who provide analysis on social hierarchies and power dynamics during the Revolutionary era, including the exclusion of women, slaves, and indigenous people from new political systems established after independence.
1. The document provides information about speculation in finance and economics, the origins of World War I alliances and treaties, the Geneva Conventions, the Sons of Liberty group in the American colonies, the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War, key figures like John Jay, the effects of the treaty on the U.S., and the causes of the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
2. The Geneva Conventions established international standards for the humanitarian treatment of war victims and comprised four treaties addressing the treatment of wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians.
3. The causes of the War of 1812 included British restrictions on American trade, impressment of American sailors
History ppt on american revolution by, vihaan kohliVihaan Kohli
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain over taxation without representation. Britain had accumulated large war debts after the French and Indian War and began imposing taxes on the colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. The colonies protested these taxes by arguing it was unjust to tax colonists without allowing them to have elected representatives in Parliament. Matters came to a head with the Boston Tea Party in 1773, after which the Second Continental Congress assumed leadership of the independence movement and ultimately issued the Declaration of Independence in 1776, establishing the United States.
The document discusses the influences on the framers of the US Constitution and their differing reactions to the completed document. It states that the framers were influenced by political writings of the time and by their experiences in the Second Continental Congress and state governments. It also notes that when completed, opinions of the document varied, with some like George Mason disappointed and others like Benjamin Franklin surprised by how close it came to perfection given it was drafted by fallible men.
The American Revolution was sparked by American colonists rebelling against British rule and taxation without representation. Inspired by natural rights philosophy, the colonists declared independence and fought the Revolutionary War from 1775-1783. After winning independence, the new American nation struggled to balance individual freedom and a strong central government, leading to the drafting of a new Constitution in 1787 to create a federal system of government.
The document provides a timeline of key events and documents in the founding of the United States, from the Magna Carta in 1215 establishing legal rights and limits on government power, to the Declaration of Independence in 1776 declaring independence from Britain and establishing the principles of inalienable rights and consent of the governed. Key events included the founding of Jamestown in 1607, various acts imposing taxes on the colonies by Britain leading to unrest, and the Revolutionary War beginning in 1775 after attempts to reconcile with Britain failed.
This document provides an overview of key political, economic, and social developments in the early United States from 1800 to 1850. It discusses the rise of the first political parties, Hamilton's vision for an American economy centered around manufacturing and finance, the Whiskey Rebellion in response to Hamilton's taxes, and the election of 1800 which resulted in Thomas Jefferson becoming president and the Democratic-Republican party gaining power. The document also summarizes events like the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, settlement of new western lands, and the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South.
The Great War For American Independence Part IItimothyjgraham
The document provides context around the American Revolutionary period, including key events and battles between 1775-1781. It discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first governing agreement between the 13 colonies. It also summarizes perspectives from historians like Howard Zinn who provide analysis on social hierarchies and power dynamics during the Revolutionary era, including the exclusion of women, slaves, and indigenous people from new political systems established after independence.
1. The document provides information about speculation in finance and economics, the origins of World War I alliances and treaties, the Geneva Conventions, the Sons of Liberty group in the American colonies, the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War, key figures like John Jay, the effects of the treaty on the U.S., and the causes of the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain.
2. The Geneva Conventions established international standards for the humanitarian treatment of war victims and comprised four treaties addressing the treatment of wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians.
3. The causes of the War of 1812 included British restrictions on American trade, impressment of American sailors
History ppt on american revolution by, vihaan kohliVihaan Kohli
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain over taxation without representation. Britain had accumulated large war debts after the French and Indian War and began imposing taxes on the colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts. The colonies protested these taxes by arguing it was unjust to tax colonists without allowing them to have elected representatives in Parliament. Matters came to a head with the Boston Tea Party in 1773, after which the Second Continental Congress assumed leadership of the independence movement and ultimately issued the Declaration of Independence in 1776, establishing the United States.
The document discusses the influences on the framers of the US Constitution and their differing reactions to the completed document. It states that the framers were influenced by political writings of the time and by their experiences in the Second Continental Congress and state governments. It also notes that when completed, opinions of the document varied, with some like George Mason disappointed and others like Benjamin Franklin surprised by how close it came to perfection given it was drafted by fallible men.
The American Revolution was sparked by American colonists rebelling against British rule and taxation without representation. Inspired by natural rights philosophy, the colonists declared independence and fought the Revolutionary War from 1775-1783. After winning independence, the new American nation struggled to balance individual freedom and a strong central government, leading to the drafting of a new Constitution in 1787 to create a federal system of government.
This document lists 100 facts about American history from the colonial period through the Civil War. It covers key events like the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the writing of the Constitution in 1787, and the Civil War from 1861-1865. Important figures discussed include George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln. Major documents and agreements summarized include the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Emancipation Proclamation.
Significance of Insignificance: Quasi-Warnacrandell
The document discusses the origins and early history of the United States Navy from the colonial period through the ratification of the Constitution. It summarizes that the US Navy evolved from colonial navies protecting coastlines, to the Continental Navy formed during the Revolutionary War to seize British ships. After independence, threats from European powers and lack of naval protection drove the need for a strong federal navy, though Anti-Federalists opposed it as a threat to liberty. The US Navy was finally established through legislation after the ratification of the Constitution and election of President Washington.
THIS PPT IS BASED ON AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. ITS FULLY ANIMATED AND IF YOU DOWNLOAD IT THE ANIMATIONS WILL BE ON YOUR COMPUTER SCREEN.THIS PPT IS NOT TO HURT ANYONE'S FEELINGS.PLEASE LIKE, SHARE AND DOWNLOAD.THANK YOU.NO MATTER IF YOU DOWNLOAD AND PUT YOUR NAMES ON IT.THE POWERPOINT IS MADE BY-PRATHAMESH.G.BANDEKAR
CHAITANYA.G.KANSARA
ADITYA.M.PATIL
SUMEDH.S.PATIL
His 121 chapter 8 the federalist era 1789 1800dcyw1112
This document provides an overview of several key events and developments during the early administrations of George Washington and John Adams. It discusses efforts to raise revenue, establish the national bank, debates over tariffs and the emergence of political parties. It also summarizes the Whiskey Rebellion, Jay's Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty, tensions with France, and the election of 1796 that brought John Adams to the presidency.
The major causes of the American Revolutionary War included disagreements between England and the American colonies over taxation without representation, who would pay for the French and Indian War, and who would make the laws governing the colonies. Virginians responded to the growing conflict by boycotting British goods, forming Committees of Correspondence, participating in Continental Congresses, joining local militias, organizing the Virginia Convention, and appointing Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. During the war, Virginians played key roles by fighting against the British, providing supplies to the Continental Army, and supporting troops through farm production while women managed farms.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, battles of Lexington and Concord, signing of the Declaration of Independence, and Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown. It also discusses political figures and documents that were important to the founding of the United States, such as the Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and presidents Washington and Adams. The American colonists protested high British taxes without representation and ultimately declared independence, leading to the Revolutionary War and establishment of the U.S. as an independent nation.
Revolutionary War:how did the patriots gain inependance from Great Britain?guested4dda01
The document summarizes the key events of the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. It describes how the 13 colonies rejected British authority and governance, formed the Continental Congress, and declared independence in 1776. The war ensued as the colonies fought for independence from the British Empire. Key military victories like Saratoga and Yorktown weakened British control, and France's entry into the war as an ally of the colonies helped turn the tide. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally recognized American independence.
Alexander Hamilton established economic policies including a national bank and tariffs to encourage manufacturing, which led to the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South. This sparked the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists supported Hamilton's vision while the Democratic-Republicans opposed a strong federal government and championed states' rights. Tensions increased as America was drawn into international conflicts during the French Revolutionary Wars, leading to crises both foreign and domestic during Washington and Adams' administrations. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties as Jefferson defeated Adams in a close election.
The Battle of Yorktown took place from September 28 to October 19, 1781 in Yorktown, Virginia. It resulted in a decisive victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by Comte de Rochambeau and Comte de Grasse over a British army commanded by Lord Charles Cornwallis. After over two weeks of bombardment, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army on October 19th, effectively ending major combat in the American Revolutionary War.
Chapter 2 powerpt - revolution and new nationSandra Waters
This document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses growing colonial resistance to British rule due to taxes like the Stamp Act and restrictions on western expansion. The Sons of Liberty formed to protest these laws. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts increased tensions, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and fought the British at Bunker Hill. On July 4th, 1776 Congress declared independence from Britain. After difficult battles, American victory at Yorktown in 1781 led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing US independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a stronger federal government, resulting in the 1
George Washington served as the first President of the United States and helped establish the structure and powers of the executive branch. He appointed the first Cabinet, including Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed over the interpretation of Congressional authority, with Hamilton favoring a loose interpretation allowing more federal power and Jefferson preferring a strict interpretation reserving more powers for states. Washington's presidency established many precedents and saw the emergence of the first political parties in the United States.
The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed by the British Parliament beginning in 1767 that imposed taxes on various goods imported to the American colonies. This continued the British government's attempts to tax the colonists without their consent and further increased tensions, ultimately leading to the Boston Tea Party and the American Revolution.
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain. Key events led to the outbreak of war in 1775, including several Acts passed by the British Parliament that taxed the colonies without representation. In response, colonists organized protests and boycotts of British goods. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, declaring the colonies independent states no longer under British rule. The American Revolutionary War ensued as the newly formed American forces fought the British for independence.
The American Revolution began in 1774 when each colony established independent self-governing states in response to British rule. In 1775 the British sent troops to reassert control, leading the states to join together in fighting the American Revolutionary War for independence. By 1776 the states had severed ties with Britain and declared independence as the United States. The new nation then drafted the Constitution in 1787-88 to govern the united states.
This document provides background information on the events leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the French and Indian War and its aftermath, including the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It then covers the various Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which imposed taxes and other restrictions on the colonies and limited their autonomy. The document also describes key events that increased tensions, like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
United States Movement Of Independencedannydubious
1. The document discusses the history of independence movements in the British colonies and Latin America, focusing on the causes and events leading up to the American Revolutionary War. It describes growing tensions between the colonies and Britain due to taxation and territorial disputes. 2. Key events included the French and Indian War, various Acts by British Parliament meant to raise revenue that the colonists opposed, and incidents like the Boston Massacre that increased tensions. 3. The First and Second Continental Congresses were formed, with the latter issuing the Declaration of Independence in 1776, officially starting the Revolutionary War.
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
The document outlines key events and decisions during George Washington's presidency from 1789-1797, including establishing precedents like the cabinet and Judiciary Act, securing borders through treaties like Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty, and advocating for a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs while warning against political parties. It also summarizes Alexander Hamilton's economic plan and the debates between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over the role and power of the federal government.
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists from December 1814 to January 1815 to discuss their opposition to the War of 1812 and issues they had with the Madison administration. New England's economy had suffered greatly under the trade embargoes and from British blockades during the war. The convention proposed constitutional amendments to limit presidential power and require a supermajority for declarations of war, but their proposals gained no traction. The end of the war and news of American victories ultimately overshadowed the convention, leading to its failure and the decline of the Federalist party.
This document is a resume for Katharine Gorski, who has a Master's degree in Therapeutic Recreation and is a certified therapeutic recreation specialist. She has over 3 years of experience planning and facilitating recreational activities for individuals with disabilities and injuries. Her experience includes positions at Mount Olivet Rolling Acres, Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute, and Riverfront Inc., where she developed programs, led activities, and assisted clients.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
This document lists 100 facts about American history from the colonial period through the Civil War. It covers key events like the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the writing of the Constitution in 1787, and the Civil War from 1861-1865. Important figures discussed include George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln. Major documents and agreements summarized include the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Emancipation Proclamation.
Significance of Insignificance: Quasi-Warnacrandell
The document discusses the origins and early history of the United States Navy from the colonial period through the ratification of the Constitution. It summarizes that the US Navy evolved from colonial navies protecting coastlines, to the Continental Navy formed during the Revolutionary War to seize British ships. After independence, threats from European powers and lack of naval protection drove the need for a strong federal navy, though Anti-Federalists opposed it as a threat to liberty. The US Navy was finally established through legislation after the ratification of the Constitution and election of President Washington.
THIS PPT IS BASED ON AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. ITS FULLY ANIMATED AND IF YOU DOWNLOAD IT THE ANIMATIONS WILL BE ON YOUR COMPUTER SCREEN.THIS PPT IS NOT TO HURT ANYONE'S FEELINGS.PLEASE LIKE, SHARE AND DOWNLOAD.THANK YOU.NO MATTER IF YOU DOWNLOAD AND PUT YOUR NAMES ON IT.THE POWERPOINT IS MADE BY-PRATHAMESH.G.BANDEKAR
CHAITANYA.G.KANSARA
ADITYA.M.PATIL
SUMEDH.S.PATIL
His 121 chapter 8 the federalist era 1789 1800dcyw1112
This document provides an overview of several key events and developments during the early administrations of George Washington and John Adams. It discusses efforts to raise revenue, establish the national bank, debates over tariffs and the emergence of political parties. It also summarizes the Whiskey Rebellion, Jay's Treaty, Pinckney's Treaty, tensions with France, and the election of 1796 that brought John Adams to the presidency.
The major causes of the American Revolutionary War included disagreements between England and the American colonies over taxation without representation, who would pay for the French and Indian War, and who would make the laws governing the colonies. Virginians responded to the growing conflict by boycotting British goods, forming Committees of Correspondence, participating in Continental Congresses, joining local militias, organizing the Virginia Convention, and appointing Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. During the war, Virginians played key roles by fighting against the British, providing supplies to the Continental Army, and supporting troops through farm production while women managed farms.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, battles of Lexington and Concord, signing of the Declaration of Independence, and Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown. It also discusses political figures and documents that were important to the founding of the United States, such as the Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and presidents Washington and Adams. The American colonists protested high British taxes without representation and ultimately declared independence, leading to the Revolutionary War and establishment of the U.S. as an independent nation.
Revolutionary War:how did the patriots gain inependance from Great Britain?guested4dda01
The document summarizes the key events of the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. It describes how the 13 colonies rejected British authority and governance, formed the Continental Congress, and declared independence in 1776. The war ensued as the colonies fought for independence from the British Empire. Key military victories like Saratoga and Yorktown weakened British control, and France's entry into the war as an ally of the colonies helped turn the tide. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally recognized American independence.
Alexander Hamilton established economic policies including a national bank and tariffs to encourage manufacturing, which led to the emergence of sectional differences between the North and South. This sparked the formation of the first political parties - the Federalists supported Hamilton's vision while the Democratic-Republicans opposed a strong federal government and championed states' rights. Tensions increased as America was drawn into international conflicts during the French Revolutionary Wars, leading to crises both foreign and domestic during Washington and Adams' administrations. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties as Jefferson defeated Adams in a close election.
The Battle of Yorktown took place from September 28 to October 19, 1781 in Yorktown, Virginia. It resulted in a decisive victory by American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by Comte de Rochambeau and Comte de Grasse over a British army commanded by Lord Charles Cornwallis. After over two weeks of bombardment, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army on October 19th, effectively ending major combat in the American Revolutionary War.
Chapter 2 powerpt - revolution and new nationSandra Waters
This document provides an overview of the American Revolution and early republic. It discusses growing colonial resistance to British rule due to taxes like the Stamp Act and restrictions on western expansion. The Sons of Liberty formed to protest these laws. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts increased tensions, leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander and fought the British at Bunker Hill. On July 4th, 1776 Congress declared independence from Britain. After difficult battles, American victory at Yorktown in 1781 led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing US independence. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to calls for a stronger federal government, resulting in the 1
George Washington served as the first President of the United States and helped establish the structure and powers of the executive branch. He appointed the first Cabinet, including Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed over the interpretation of Congressional authority, with Hamilton favoring a loose interpretation allowing more federal power and Jefferson preferring a strict interpretation reserving more powers for states. Washington's presidency established many precedents and saw the emergence of the first political parties in the United States.
The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed by the British Parliament beginning in 1767 that imposed taxes on various goods imported to the American colonies. This continued the British government's attempts to tax the colonists without their consent and further increased tensions, ultimately leading to the Boston Tea Party and the American Revolution.
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain. Key events led to the outbreak of war in 1775, including several Acts passed by the British Parliament that taxed the colonies without representation. In response, colonists organized protests and boycotts of British goods. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, declaring the colonies independent states no longer under British rule. The American Revolutionary War ensued as the newly formed American forces fought the British for independence.
The American Revolution began in 1774 when each colony established independent self-governing states in response to British rule. In 1775 the British sent troops to reassert control, leading the states to join together in fighting the American Revolutionary War for independence. By 1776 the states had severed ties with Britain and declared independence as the United States. The new nation then drafted the Constitution in 1787-88 to govern the united states.
This document provides background information on the events leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the French and Indian War and its aftermath, including the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. It then covers the various Acts passed by the British Parliament that angered the colonists, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which imposed taxes and other restrictions on the colonies and limited their autonomy. The document also describes key events that increased tensions, like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the growing conflict between the colonies and Britain that ultimately led to the American Revolution.
United States Movement Of Independencedannydubious
1. The document discusses the history of independence movements in the British colonies and Latin America, focusing on the causes and events leading up to the American Revolutionary War. It describes growing tensions between the colonies and Britain due to taxation and territorial disputes. 2. Key events included the French and Indian War, various Acts by British Parliament meant to raise revenue that the colonists opposed, and incidents like the Boston Massacre that increased tensions. 3. The First and Second Continental Congresses were formed, with the latter issuing the Declaration of Independence in 1776, officially starting the Revolutionary War.
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
The document outlines key events and decisions during George Washington's presidency from 1789-1797, including establishing precedents like the cabinet and Judiciary Act, securing borders through treaties like Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty, and advocating for a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs while warning against political parties. It also summarizes Alexander Hamilton's economic plan and the debates between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over the role and power of the federal government.
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists from December 1814 to January 1815 to discuss their opposition to the War of 1812 and issues they had with the Madison administration. New England's economy had suffered greatly under the trade embargoes and from British blockades during the war. The convention proposed constitutional amendments to limit presidential power and require a supermajority for declarations of war, but their proposals gained no traction. The end of the war and news of American victories ultimately overshadowed the convention, leading to its failure and the decline of the Federalist party.
This document is a resume for Katharine Gorski, who has a Master's degree in Therapeutic Recreation and is a certified therapeutic recreation specialist. She has over 3 years of experience planning and facilitating recreational activities for individuals with disabilities and injuries. Her experience includes positions at Mount Olivet Rolling Acres, Courage Kenny Rehabilitation Institute, and Riverfront Inc., where she developed programs, led activities, and assisted clients.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
Liam Duggan is seeking a position that allows career stability and professional development. He has over 15 years of experience in land access consultation, property management, and health and safety. His skills include relationship building, customer service, negotiation, and team leadership. He holds qualifications in occupational health and safety, trainer and assessor, and has completed extensive safety training. His previous roles include land access consultant, manager of an insulation company, and event manager. He provides referees from his current and previous employers.
This organization aims to serve humanity by providing medical facilities, education, help for widows/children affected by conflict or disasters, raising awareness on social issues, and helping the elderly, disabled, beggars, and children to end child labor. Their goals include constructing Sai temples, providing food, clothing and housing for needy people, and making environmental protection efforts like saving cows. They describe crowd funding as raising money from many people online to fund projects, and explain how their community crowd funding platform uses multiplication of donations rather than just addition to accelerate funding.
Opportunities a CLD student brings to classroomShannonpusey
Armando is a 10-year-old Guatemalan boy from a low-income family who speaks Spanish at home. He excels in math computation and works well with others but struggles with vocabulary acquisition and higher-order thinking skills. Armando is proud of his Guatemalan heritage, bilingual abilities, and enjoys soccer with his friends.
The document summarizes knowledge management practices at Royal Arts Communication Systems Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the company's decentralized environment that gives managers responsibility and opportunities through training modules and meetings. It also describes the technology used for information systems, training provided to sales and engineering employees, the hub-and-spoke model followed for manufacturers, and the informal environment that allows free flow of knowledge between employees and management. The key to the company's success has been leveraging employee knowledge and ideas.
QQ is an instant messaging software launched in 1999 that allows users to communicate via text, voice, and video chat. It has over 829 million active accounts. Users can find friends by searching for their unique QQ IDs, and can then chat, share files, use QQ music, and write emails. QQ also offers additional services like Qzone for blogging, QQ Doctor for tech support, and Tencent Web Mini for web access. While QQ is commonly used on computers and laptops, WeChat is more popular for mobile messaging due to its private chat settings and use of 'moments' like a social feed.
This document appears to be an artist's portfolio highlighting their background and experience in art and design. It discusses growing up in Florida and having an artistic background in biology originally. It then showcases a variety of the artist's work including stippling in different mediums, collages, traditional paintings, 3D modeling and texturing, and environment/landscape renders. The artist also discusses their skills in shading, lighting, and creating textures. They offer services including general flyers, branding, and supporting causes. They emphasize the importance of understanding audiences and not backing down from challenges or errors.
The document is a resume for Alan S. Dow, an experienced healthcare administrator. He has over 15 years of experience managing clinical operations and quality improvement programs for neurology and neurosurgery departments. His experience includes operational management, strategic planning, process improvement, financial management, and ensuring compliance. He is skilled in identifying and implementing methodologies to improve operations and quality of care.
The document provides a detailed overview of key events and perspectives during the American Revolutionary period from the French and Indian War through the drafting of the Articles of Confederation and early state constitutions. It discusses the political, economic, and social factors that contributed to growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain, including new taxes and laws restricting colonial self-governance. It also summarizes major battles and outlines criticisms that the revolution primarily benefited wealthy white landowners and failed to protect the rights of other groups.
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The American Revolution was sparked by growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain due to new taxes and trade laws imposed by Parliament. The colonists objected to "taxation without representation" and sought more self-governance. This led to acts of protest and growing conflict, culminating in the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which established the United States as an independent nation.
The American Revolution was a political upheaval in which the 13 American colonies rejected British rule and formed an independent nation. Dissatisfaction grew due to taxation without representation and harsh legislation from Parliament restricting settlement and trade. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and republicanism, Patriots and Loyalists took sides as tensions escalated. Events like the Boston Massacre, the Tea Party, and battles at Lexington and Concord marked the start of armed conflict. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was approved, establishing the United States.
The document summarizes the key events leading up to the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, the Treaty of Paris, and increasing tensions between the British government and American colonies over taxation and laws passed by Parliament without colonial representation. Underlying issues included the colonists' belief that their rights as Englishmen were being violated, as the British government sought to pay off war debts by taxing the prosperous colonies and enforcing unpopular trade restrictions through new judicial systems.
Week 3 notes from ProfessorNow onto this weeks material....the .docxjessiehampson
Week 3 notes from Professor
Now onto this week's material....the focus of this week's Discussion is the issue of Britain's sudden change in policy toward the North American colonies following the end of what scholars call the Great War for Empire in 1763. There was a change in the two most powerful positions in the Royal Government in London because of that War, with the ascension of George III to the Throne in 1760, and then selection of George Grenville as Prime Minister shortly thereafter. It fell to the new Prime Minster to deal with several crises that arose due to the War, including a youthful King with a temper, and a mental illness that would later incapacitate him for decades, the need to deal with a stressed economy whose national debt had nearly tripled during the War, and the growth of American colonial anger over almost every decision rendered by the Government in London. Grenville, to put it mildly, was not going to have an easy time of it. One other key problem hurt Grenville's attempts to address these troubles, and that was Britain's decision over the previous century to pass laws that were intended to govern colonial economics, but then ignore the enforcement of those very laws. The term for this inaction by the Parliament is Salutary Neglect, and it played a pivotal role in why the American colonists did not accept the sudden enforcement of laws which had actually been on the books for generations.
First came the Parliament's decision to place a restriction against American migration anywhere West of the Appalachian Mountains in 1763. This was not a punitive measure at all, but was intended rather to prevent the colonists from encountering either Indians or French settlers who had not yet left the region. The failure of the Colonial Militias to fight very well during the previous conflict left the British with serious doubts about the ability of those same militias to handle any trouble out on the Trans-Appalachian Frontier, and thus drawing the British into another costly rescue intervention. Remember, the Virginia Militia did not have permission from the Crown to launch the assault on the French at Fort Duquesne in 1754, and the resulting war had led to the deaths of 10,000+ British troopers/sailors in the global conflict that followed. It also led to a huge increase in the Government's debt, which they were now trying to avoid by using the so-called Proclamation Line of 1763. By halting any migration until the nation had recovered, and could create a plan that was coordinated and well-funded, the Crown felt it would benefit everyone in the Empire, including the American colonists themselves. Then came the new King's order that the American colonists must now pay roughly 1/3rd of the cost of Quartering British Troops in North America, and for Governing the vast new territory won at such a high cost. Note that the French withdrawal from the Ohio Valley country almost doubled the size of the territory owned b ...
The French and Indian War was a conflict between France and Britain over land in North America from 1754 to 1763. The war began with skirmishes between French and British forces over forts in the Ohio Valley. George Washington's surrender of Fort Necessity marked an early British defeat. The war escalated into a larger global conflict known as the Seven Years' War. With support from Prime Minister Pitt, British forces went on to capture Quebec in 1759 and Montreal in 1760, defeating the French in North America. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war, ceding French territory east of the Mississippi to Britain. This led to unrest among Native American tribes, including Pontiac's Rebellion against the British from 1763
The document provides an overview of revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses the colonial wars and fiscal crises that drove European powers to seek new sources of revenue. The Enlightenment challenged old political ideas and thinkers like Locke and Rousseau proposed new concepts of government and individual rights. The American and French Revolutions broke out in response to taxation attempts and economic struggles. Both revolutions overthrew old regimes but established new republican systems of government.
Chapter 5 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774 WilheminaRossi174
The document provides background information on imperial reforms and colonial protests in the period from 1763-1774. It discusses the large debt Britain faced after the French and Indian War, and the steps it took to try and raise revenue, including passing the Currency Act, Sugar Act, and implementing tighter trade regulations. This led to unrest in the colonies, as the British government sought greater control over the colonies and their trade. Events like the Boston Tea Party and acts like the Stamp Act exacerbated tensions between Britain and its American colonies.
The French and Indian War began in 1754 due to competing territorial claims between France and Britain in the Ohio Valley region of North America. Initial battles involved the British under George Washington being defeated by the French at Fort Necessity. In 1755, British General Braddock was killed in an ambush by French and Native American forces. The war escalated into the global Seven Years War between the major European powers. With increased resources, the British reversed their fortunes, capturing Quebec in 1759 and Montreal in 1760, eliminating France's North American empire. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war, ceding French lands east of the Mississippi to Britain.
Virginia was the first English colony in North America, founded at Jamestown in 1607. Key events that occurred in Virginia include the first representative assembly in the New World (1619), the first assertion of no taxation without representation (1624), and the first calls for independence and proposals of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Figures like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Patrick Henry who were pivotal in the founding of the United States and shaping its government were all from Virginia. Virginia contributed greatly to Westward expansion and ideals of democracy, religious freedom, and public education that have defined America.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolution from 1754 to 1783, including the founding of colonies to escape religious persecution in England, the French and Indian War, new taxes imposed by the British government which led to protests in Boston, the Boston Tea Party, the Intolerable Acts by Britain in response, the start of the war in 1775, and major causes and events like the Continental Congresses, Declaration of Independence, and Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783.
The document discusses the events leading up to the American Revolution from the 1700s through the Revolutionary War in the 1770s. It describes how England's debts from the French and Indian War led them to impose taxes on the American colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Tea Act. Tensions rose and the Boston Tea Party occurred in protest. The Intolerable Acts in response sparked the First Continental Congress and ultimately war between the colonies and Britain, culminating in American independence being recognized in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the American Revolution. It discusses how the British victory in the French and Indian War left Britain in large debts, leading them to impose taxes on the American colonies like the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This angered colonists and led to protests. Further tensions arose from acts like the Quartering Act and the landing of British troops in Boston. Events like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party increased tensions, culminating in the First Continental Congress and the colonists beginning to organize resistance to British rule.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolutionary War between Britain and the colonies:
1) Growing tensions over new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts led to protests like the Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts in response.
2) The First Continental Congress united the colonies in opposition to Britain and the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army under George Washington.
3) A major turning point was the American victory over British forces at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, which led France to form an alliance with the Americans against Britain.
The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was a conflict between Britain and France over colonial territories in North America. As a result of their victory, Britain gained control of French territories east of the Mississippi River through the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In an attempt to manage tensions with Native Americans, Britain then issued the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. However, the costs of the war led Britain to pass new taxes on the American colonies through acts like the Stamp Act of 1765, sparking colonial protests and resentment at "taxation without representation", key events that contributed to the American Revolution.
Similar to Foreign Relations and the Founding of the American Republic, Drumbeat Vol. 34, No.1 (18)
Foreign Relations and the Founding of the American Republic, Drumbeat Vol. 34, No.1
1. 18 SONS Drumbeat Volume 34, Number 118 SONS Drumbeat Volume 34, Number 1
American colonists on the frontier, particularly in
the Ohio Valley—which spread across modern-day
western Pennsylvania, portions of West Virginia,
Ohio and eastern Indiana—as the direct cause of
the war.
Hostile Legislation & Unresponsive King
Based upon its desire to pay the nation’s war
debt, Parliament passed a number of acts aimed at
raising revenue through taxation, which included
taxing various goods that were either needed or
wanted in the American colonies. Those acts in-
cluded the Currency Act, the Sugar Act, the Stamp
Act, the Navigation Acts, and the Townshend Acts.
This intolerable string of legislation created a sense
of outrage in the American colonists because, for
the better part of seven generations, these British
subjects in North America had been fairly autono-
mous and relatively untouched by direct legislative
action from Parliament.
Inaddition to these new taxes, the Crown began
to enforce existing laws related to navigation and
trade in the Americas, which had a harsh impact on
port cities, especially Boston. Further, petitions by
the colonies’ as-
semblies sent to
Parliament and
the King were
being ignored.
Worse still, gov-
ernment posts
in the colonies,
which had been
established by
the Crown, be-
gan to be left
vacant, includ-
ing open seats
on the judiciary.
Business affairs,
legal matters,
and personal
endeavors were
all now being
affected by an
unresponsive
government in
London.
Foreign Relations and the Founding of the American Republic
By H. Edward Phillips, III
The push toward independence in Britain’s
North American colonies was the result of a gradual
change in the view that British-American colonists
held toward their government in London, which
coincided with merging common interests between
Britain’s European foes and American patriots.
The seeds of the political movement that re-
sulted in revolution were planted as Britain reacted
to the debt it had incurred in the aftermath of the
French & Indian War, a.k.a. Seven Years’ War, 1756 -
1763. Additionally, the desire of France and Spain to
seek revenge for their military defeat against Brit-
ain in that war provided the Patriots with two po-
tential allies should a military conflict arise against
Great Britain.
Steps taken by the colonists toward indepen-
dence were viewed with great interest by France
and Spain and led to the establishment of diplo-
matic relations with France and secretive mercan-
tile relations with the Spanish court. [See related
article, The ‘Other’ European Ally of the Continental
Army, page 14.]
The initial confrontation which sparked the
outbreak of the French & Indian War occurred on
28 May 1754, when a young and ambitious Lt. Colo-
nel named George Washington, along with his Vir-
ginia militiamen and a detachment of native allies,
engaged a French military party on behalf of King
George II. Both sides claimed the other had fired
first. However, after the smoke had cleared, and the
barbarity displayed by the Seneca Chief Tanaghris-
son, better known as the Half-King, came to an end,
thirteen French soldiers lay dead.
Among those thirteen casualties was Ensign
Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville,I
the offi-
cer charged with carrying French diplomatic cor-
respondence to Virginia’s Royal Governor Robert
Dinwiddie.
The ultimate British victory in the ensuing
war had a significant impact worldwide, includ-
ing the ballooning of Britain’s national debt by
£122,000,000.II
Despite the fact that the struggle
was fought over three continents and across two
oceans, Parliament sought to shift the burden of
the war debt to the American colonies. Many in
Parliament viewed the expansionist activities of
Chief Tanaghrisson, a.k.a. Half-King.
George Washington, 1722.
Watermark in upper left is of the first official seal of the United
States, approved in 1794.
2. Volume 34, Number 1 SONS Drumbeat 19
Meanwhile, Patrick Henry of Virginia, a fire-
brand and young trial lawyer, was the first in the
Thirteen Colonies to actually condemn the King
publically. In 1763, Henry argued before the Ha-
nover County court, in a trial presided over by his
father, that the King was bound by law to protect
his people.III
Therefore, when the King refused to
proclaim the Virginia Assembly’s Two Penny Act as
an approved piece of legislation, his actions equat-
ed a tyrannical abuse of authority. While the elder
Henry ruled against his son, Patrick’s words regard-
ing the British Crown could not be unuttered; a
spark of an argument now existed.
Founding Fathers Stand Up
ThroughouttheAmericancolonies, resentment
toward official British action—and inaction—took
on a more confrontational tone in no small part be-
cause of men such as Virginia’s Henry and Boston’s
Samuel Adams. Colonists and their leaders became
more aware that their liberty could be quashed at
any time and that they were now engaged in a fight
concerning economic survival and the meeting of
basic human needs.
On 23 March 1775, Patrick Henry rose once
again to meet the occasion. This time he stood in
the center aisle of Henrico Parrish Church (now St.
John’s) in Richmond, Virginia to address his col-
leagues of the Second Virginia Convention. He laid
out what was a prophetic message related to the
tensions in Boston and how the British response in
that colony could easily be turned upon the other
twelve.
His message carried forth the proposition that
the war had already begun and that “[t]he next gale
that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears
the resounding clash of arms!”IV
Further, in an ef-
fort to allay fears, Henry bade that Virginia prepare
itself for war and when pushed as to how the colo-
nists would engage the most powerful nation in the
world, he was quick to state “[b]eside sir, we shall
not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who
presides over the destinies of nations; and who will
raise up friends to fight our battles for us.”
The stage for rebellion was now set, and coun-
tries like France and Spain were cautiously eyeing
the events. All of the Founders knew foreign pow-
ers hostile to England would consider aiding the
rebels in a war if certain conditions were met. Top
secrecy was one of them. A formal Declaration of
Independence was another.V
Less than a month later, Patriots engaged Brit-
ish Regulars in the villages of Lexington and Con-
cordonthe19thof April.TheRevolutionhad begun,
and the move toward independence was now more
palpable. Nevertheless, the risks in forming any al-
liances with Britain’s foes were extremely high for
all parties potentially involved. For the colonists,
the penalty for treason was death. For potential
allies supporting the rebels, they risked upsetting
Old World alliances firmly in place, which would
most likely have caused warfare on other fronts.
Work of the Continental Congress
Through 1775 and 1776, secrecy and security
were essential. The fifty-six men meeting as part of
the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia
were now “wanted” men and some of the meetings
and committee sessions had to be conducted be-
hind closed doors. This was especially true of dis-
cussions Congressional representatives had with
France and/or Spain.
Traditional teaching of the period suggests that
the Continental Congress was ineffectual in sup-
porting the war effort. It has long been taught that
while Washington and the Continental Army were
fighting forsurvival, a dysfunctional and weak Con-
gress appeared to only muster ineffective requests
for money. The reality, however, was that Congres-
sional response ensured that the struggle for inde-
pendence would be lasting and effectual.
Members of Congress were preoccupied with
Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee John Hancock Samuel Adams
3. 20 SONS Drumbeat Volume 34, Number 1
how they would be viewed by the world, especially
potential allies.VII
As a result, on 6 April 1776, Con-
gress passed an act that made the colonial ports
in America open to any and all nations seeking to
establish international trade with the Americans.
From that point forward, trading partners outside
the sphere of British influence were welcome to
begin relations with the Americans, in hopes that
such relationships would yield financing and sup-
plies for the American war effort.
While Congress had no real legal authority to
raise money vis-à-vis taxation or any ability to re-
quire the thirteen independent colonies to pay for
the war effort, it worked tirelessly to form military
and trade alliances that would support the quest
for independence. On 15 May 1776, it also passed
a resolution requiring American colonies that had
governments remaining loyal to the Crown be sup-
pressed and replaced with extralegal Patriot-led as-
semblies. The resolution stated in part that:
“[I]t appears absolutely irreconcilable to reason
and good Conscience, for the people of these colo-
nies now to take the oaths and affirmations neces-
sary for the support of any government under the
crown of Great Britain, and it is necessary that the
exercise of every kind of authority under the said
crown should be totally suppressed, and all the
powers of government exerted, under the authority
of the people of the colonies, for the preservation
of internal peace, virtue, and good order, as well as
for the defence of their lives, liberties, and proper-
ties, against the hostile invasions and cruel depre-
dations of their enemies. . . ”
As a result of this resolution, loyal governments
in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York and
Pennsylvania were replaced with governments
supporting the move toward independence. The
most dramatic was the dissolution of the colonial
government of New Jersey and the arrest of Royal
Governor William Franklin, the son of Benjamin
Franklin. With the passage of this resolution, Con-
gress was clearing the way for the final volley in its
political assertions against the Crown.VIII
Diplomacy of the Declaration
Taken as a whole, Congressional action that
opened American ports and dissolved unfriendly
colonial governments made ripe Richard Henry
Lee’s motion calling for independence on 7 June
1776. The boldest act now faced the delegates – the
question of independence itself.
Most assuredly, as Congress pushed toward
independence, it had the foresight to understand
the necessity of developing economic and political
relationships outside the traditional bonds it once
shared with the British Empire. The most impor-
tant step toward such relationships came from the
sessions of Congress
from 28 June - 4 July
1776, when Jefferson’s
original draft of the
Declaration of Inde-
pendence was revised
and adopted.IX
The
changes made by Con-
gress to Jefferson’s draft
were made to ensure it
would be unanimously
adopted by the entire
body.
On 2 July 1776,
the vote adopting the
Declaration of Inde-
pendence signaled to
potential allies that the
war being waged by the
Americans was not an-
other English civil war.X
Thus, from that point
forward, France, Spain
and other potential al-
lies could discuss mat-
Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
Ben Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
4. Volume 34, Number 1 SONS Drumbeat 21
ters of trade, supply and military aid with the Con-
tinental Congress as they would with other foreign
governments. Nevertheless, such discussions and
efforts still occurred outside of the public eye.
After independence had been declared, French
and Spanish efforts to supply armaments and ev-
er-important gunpowder for the American war ef-
fort were funneled through Rodriquez Hortalez &
Company, under the supervision of Caron de Beau-
marchais.XI
This is consistent with their designs to
seek retaliation against England and help drive an
irreversible wedge between the colonists and their
Mother Country.
In advance of the efforts taken by Rodriquez
Hortalez & Company, which came after the adop-
tion of the Declaration, a French agent by the name
of Julien Achard de Bonvouloir arrived in late 1775
in the city of Philadelphia. During his visit, he met
with Benjamin Franklin, who later introduced him
to the Congress’ Committee of Secret Correspon-
dence. Predictably, when Bonvouloir met with the
members of the Committee, each member was re-
quired to take a different route to the meeting place
to ensure the utmost secrecy and to avoid detection
by British spies.XII
It is important to note that discussions with
France and Spain were within the purview of the
Committee, whose members were tasked with es-
tablishing an alliance with foreign powers. The re-
I
Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency George Washington, Random House (2004), pp. 12-15; Stephen Brunwell, George Washington
Gentleman Warrior, Quercus (2012), pp. 37-38, 43, 53-55.
II
American Memory Timeline, The American Revolution 1763-1783: British Reforms and Colonial Resistance, 1763-1766,
Library of Congress website, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/time-
line/amrev/britref/
III
A.J. Langguth, Patriots – The Men Who Started the American Revolution, Simon and Schuster (1988), p. 46.
IV
Lillian Goldman Law Library, Patrick Henry: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, The Avalon Project–Documents in Law,
History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School website, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp
V
Kevin Phillips, 1775: A Good Year for the Revolution, Penguin Group Publishers (2012), pp. 436, 442-443.
VI
Ibid.
VII
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, W. & T. Bradford, Philadelphia (Feb 14, 1776), p. 86
VIII
Phillips, pp. 440-441.
IX
Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson – The Art of Power, Random House (2012), pp 105-108; Langguth, pp. 358 - 361.
X
Phillips, pp. 440-445.
XI
Ed Butler, “Spain’s Involvement in the American Revolutionary War,” The SAR Magazine, Summer 2009, Vol. 104, No.1,
pp. 20-25.
XII
Langguth, pp. 323 - 326.
XIII
Ellis, pp. 221-223.
H. Edward Phillips, III received his B.A. from
UT Knoxville, where he majored in European and
American history. He received his J.D. from the Uni-
versity of Memphis and practices law in Nashville,
Tennessee, where he resides with his wife Janna and
their son Alex. Visit www.hedwardphillips.com
sult of Congressional efforts would yield the great-
est boon to the American war effort—the formal
treaty of alliance between the United States and
France in 1778.
The historical record supportsthefactthat both
France and Spain supplied money and material
support for the Americans. Furthermore, France’s
entering the struggle as an ally made the Revolu-
tionary War winnable. After France committed her
military, by separate treaty Spain also committed
her military support, chiefly in the Gulf of Mexico.
Our Founding Fathers knew that diplomatic rela-
tionships had to be established with these foreign
powers in order to effectively wage war against the
British Empire.
As such, the real story of the American Revolu-
tion is how political leaders, business leaders, and
military leaders from across the Thirteen Colonies
collectively used foreign relations and secret inter-
national commerce to help give birth to Lady Lib-
erty. n
Footnotes to ‘Foreign Relations and the Founding of the American Republic’