United Nations Documents Related to Housing and Land Rights in Indiasabrangsabrang
The body of international law consists of United Nations (UN) treaties that nation states, including India, have ratified. This makes State Parties legally obliged to implement their provisions. The UN human rights system—including treaty bodies and charter-based bodies such as the Human Rights Council and Special Procedures—has also developed mechanisms to report on, assess, and monitor human rights across the world. These mechanisms have, over the years, made observations, comments, recommendations, and issued public statements and communications to State Parties with regard to acts of commission and/or omission related to the realisation of human rights and implementation of international law and policy.
Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN) has compiled relevant documents of UN mechanisms that pertain to the issues of housing and land in India.
The document discusses the international legal framework protecting the right to health for refugees and migrants. It explains that refugee law and international human rights law both establish rights to health. Refugee law requires countries to provide lawfully staying refugees access to social services like health care equivalent to nationals. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establish rights to health and non-discriminatory access to health services. However, migrants still face barriers to realizing these rights in practice due to discrimination, social attitudes, and legal status restrictions.
The document provides an overview of the current state of international refugee law and the challenges faced. It discusses key definitions and concepts, the 1951 Refugee Convention and UNHCR mandate, major migration routes and the rights of refugees. It examines the Syrian civil war and the case study of Aylan Kurdi to highlight the humanitarian crisis. It outlines international legal protections and the interaction of hard and soft law approaches. The challenges include limited access to protection, issues of state jurisdiction, and difficulties providing humanitarian aid. Future prospects may involve more accepting country policies and defining responsibility thresholds for intervention.
This document provides information about housing norms and standards in India. It discusses the concepts of adequate housing and a dwelling unit according to census definitions over time. There is a large housing shortage in India, estimated at 5.2 million units in 1991 and projected to rise to 5.6 million units by 1997 according to national reports. Housing stock data for India from 1971-1995 is presented showing increases in pucca and decreases in kutcha housing units over time. The housing scenario and stock in Assam is also summarized and compares to national data.
The document discusses refugees around the world and the legal framework surrounding refugee status and rights. It provides details on specific refugee populations such as Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, Jewish refugees in Europe, and discusses international laws and conventions regarding refugees including the 1951 Refugee Convention. It also discusses issues related to refugee healthcare, education, detention, and resettlement.
The UNHCR was created in 1950 to help millions of Europeans displaced after World War II. Its mission is to protect refugees, help them exercise their right to asylum, and find permanent solutions like returning home, integrating locally, or resettling elsewhere. The UNHCR ensures refugee rights and protection from violence, providing shelter, food, and other aid. It works with governments on humanitarian responses and helps refugees apply for asylum or return home with assistance. The 1951 Refugee Convention defines refugees and outlines their rights and government responsibilities to protect them from being returned to danger.
Whether it’s the rich western world of Europe and America where millions of refugees have landed in hope of asylum, or the South-East Asian countries like Malaysia, and Bangladesh, where thousands of Rohingya Muslims have entered from Buddhist Myanmar, the world is witnessing a refugee crisis far intense than ever before.
Although India has decided to deport nearly 40,000 Rohingyas, who illegally entered India from Myanmar and Bangladesh borders, but on the other hand, India is home to nearly 3 lakh refugees from 30 odd countries.
Apart from refugees from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh, India also houses refugees from rich western countries like the US, UK, France, Germany and Australia.
According to the latest available data which was presented by Minister Of State for Home Affairs Kiren Rijiju in March 2016, a total of 2,89,394 refugees living in India (as on 31/12/2014) from 28 different countries which also included stateless people. This the number of refugees living in India legally and doesn’t include the numbers of Rohingyas and Bangladeshi migrants living illegally in India.
This PPT shows the situation of Refugees in India
This document is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007. The declaration affirms that indigenous peoples have collective and individual rights, including the right to self-determination and control over their lands and resources. It also recognizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their cultures and identities. The declaration contains 46 articles that outline the specific economic, social, cultural, spiritual and political rights of indigenous peoples.
United Nations Documents Related to Housing and Land Rights in Indiasabrangsabrang
The body of international law consists of United Nations (UN) treaties that nation states, including India, have ratified. This makes State Parties legally obliged to implement their provisions. The UN human rights system—including treaty bodies and charter-based bodies such as the Human Rights Council and Special Procedures—has also developed mechanisms to report on, assess, and monitor human rights across the world. These mechanisms have, over the years, made observations, comments, recommendations, and issued public statements and communications to State Parties with regard to acts of commission and/or omission related to the realisation of human rights and implementation of international law and policy.
Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN) has compiled relevant documents of UN mechanisms that pertain to the issues of housing and land in India.
The document discusses the international legal framework protecting the right to health for refugees and migrants. It explains that refugee law and international human rights law both establish rights to health. Refugee law requires countries to provide lawfully staying refugees access to social services like health care equivalent to nationals. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establish rights to health and non-discriminatory access to health services. However, migrants still face barriers to realizing these rights in practice due to discrimination, social attitudes, and legal status restrictions.
The document provides an overview of the current state of international refugee law and the challenges faced. It discusses key definitions and concepts, the 1951 Refugee Convention and UNHCR mandate, major migration routes and the rights of refugees. It examines the Syrian civil war and the case study of Aylan Kurdi to highlight the humanitarian crisis. It outlines international legal protections and the interaction of hard and soft law approaches. The challenges include limited access to protection, issues of state jurisdiction, and difficulties providing humanitarian aid. Future prospects may involve more accepting country policies and defining responsibility thresholds for intervention.
This document provides information about housing norms and standards in India. It discusses the concepts of adequate housing and a dwelling unit according to census definitions over time. There is a large housing shortage in India, estimated at 5.2 million units in 1991 and projected to rise to 5.6 million units by 1997 according to national reports. Housing stock data for India from 1971-1995 is presented showing increases in pucca and decreases in kutcha housing units over time. The housing scenario and stock in Assam is also summarized and compares to national data.
The document discusses refugees around the world and the legal framework surrounding refugee status and rights. It provides details on specific refugee populations such as Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, Jewish refugees in Europe, and discusses international laws and conventions regarding refugees including the 1951 Refugee Convention. It also discusses issues related to refugee healthcare, education, detention, and resettlement.
The UNHCR was created in 1950 to help millions of Europeans displaced after World War II. Its mission is to protect refugees, help them exercise their right to asylum, and find permanent solutions like returning home, integrating locally, or resettling elsewhere. The UNHCR ensures refugee rights and protection from violence, providing shelter, food, and other aid. It works with governments on humanitarian responses and helps refugees apply for asylum or return home with assistance. The 1951 Refugee Convention defines refugees and outlines their rights and government responsibilities to protect them from being returned to danger.
Whether it’s the rich western world of Europe and America where millions of refugees have landed in hope of asylum, or the South-East Asian countries like Malaysia, and Bangladesh, where thousands of Rohingya Muslims have entered from Buddhist Myanmar, the world is witnessing a refugee crisis far intense than ever before.
Although India has decided to deport nearly 40,000 Rohingyas, who illegally entered India from Myanmar and Bangladesh borders, but on the other hand, India is home to nearly 3 lakh refugees from 30 odd countries.
Apart from refugees from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh, India also houses refugees from rich western countries like the US, UK, France, Germany and Australia.
According to the latest available data which was presented by Minister Of State for Home Affairs Kiren Rijiju in March 2016, a total of 2,89,394 refugees living in India (as on 31/12/2014) from 28 different countries which also included stateless people. This the number of refugees living in India legally and doesn’t include the numbers of Rohingyas and Bangladeshi migrants living illegally in India.
This PPT shows the situation of Refugees in India
This document is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007. The declaration affirms that indigenous peoples have collective and individual rights, including the right to self-determination and control over their lands and resources. It also recognizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their cultures and identities. The declaration contains 46 articles that outline the specific economic, social, cultural, spiritual and political rights of indigenous peoples.
This document discusses the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It establishes that UNHCR was created in 1950 to aid refugees and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The document outlines UNHCR's main tasks like providing protection to refugees and helping find durable solutions. It also discusses the 1951 Refugee Convention which sets minimum standards for refugee treatment and rights. The rights of refugees discussed include protection from persecution, discrimination, and illegal entry penalties as well as rights to work, housing, education, movement, identity documents, and asylum.
The Indian Act was first passed in 1876 and aimed to consolidate previous laws regarding Indigenous peoples into a single piece of legislation to further the Canadian government's goal of assimilating Indigenous cultures. It imposed restrictions on Indigenous cultural practices and established the federal government's control over Indigenous lands and status. While the Indian Act has seen some amendments to address issues of discrimination, there remains ongoing disputes around Indigenous rights and land claims.
This document provides an overview of the book "Refugees and the Law". It discusses the definition of a refugee under international law and the criteria used, including the well-founded fear of persecution and the grounds of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, and political opinion. It also outlines the general principles for determining refugee status, such as the inclusion and exclusion clauses. The document then discusses the relationship between refugees and international human rights law, and the role of the UNHCR in refugee protection. It provides information on the codification of refugee law through international treaties. In summary, the document introduces some of the key concepts and issues addressed in the book regarding international refugee law.
The document discusses the rights of refugees under international law. It defines a refugee according to the 1951 Refugee Convention as someone who has fled their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. It outlines that refugees' basic rights include protection from refoulement, freedom of movement, identity documents, education and work. It also discusses the role of the UNHCR in protecting refugees and lists some populations of refugees in India, such as Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, Bhutanese Nepalis and Hindu Pakistanis.
This document discusses the issue of katchi abadis (slums) in Pakistan. It notes that almost half of Pakistan's urban population lives in informal settlements without basic facilities. The growth of katchi abadis is attributed to factors like rural-to-urban migration, low incomes, and unaffordability of housing. The document outlines laws related to katchi abadis and policies that aim to prevent eviction and provide services to registered slums. However, recent eviction drives in Islamabad have escalated tensions as slum residents argue they should not be labeled as criminals and demand dialogue and basic rights. The All Pakistan Alliance for Katchi Abadis advocates for the rights of sl
The document discusses the rights of indigenous people in India according to the Indian constitution and international law. It notes that the Indian constitution provides certain protective rights to tribal communities, known as Scheduled Tribes, including educational, cultural, social, economic, political, and employment rights. However, laws aimed at protecting indigenous land rights and self-governance have many shortcomings and failures in implementation. While India voted for the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, it does not consider the concept of indigenous peoples or the declaration applicable within India.
Using International Jurisprudence to Advocate for Better Rights-Based PoliciesFEANTSA
Presentation given by Régis Brillat, Council of Europe, at the 2015 FEANTSA Policy Conference, "Homelessness, A Local Phenomenon with a European Dimension: Key Steps to Connect Communities to Europe", Paris City Hall, 19 June 2015
UDHR and how it has impacted Indian Constitution and has been a constant inspiration for the judiciary to ensure the widest possible interpretation of constitutional provisions specifically those related to human and fundamental rights.
Red, white, constitution 7 first ministers' conferencesindig615
The Hawthorne Report of 1966 took the position that integration or assimilation should not be objectives imposed on Indigenous peoples by others. It recommended focusing efforts on improving Indigenous peoples' real income and life expectancy. The report also viewed Indigenous peoples as "Citizens Plus" with additional rights as the original inhabitants of Canada. From the 1950s onward, Canada's Aboriginal policy entered a complex period with conflicting philosophies of assimilation and recognition of Aboriginal self-determination and control over their communities. This complexity is evident in the various amendments made to the Indian Act between 1952-1985.
International covenant on economic, social and culturalHaytham Senbill
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It commits signatories to work toward granting economic, social, and cultural rights, including labor rights, the right to health, education, and an adequate standard of living. The ICESCR establishes rights like work, social security, family life, health, education, and participation in cultural life. It is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to ensure progressive realization of these rights.
This document discusses key issues related to immigrants, refugees, and social work policy. It defines immigrants, migrants, and refugees. It outlines social programs like DACA and DAPA as well as challenges like detention and family separation. It discusses vulnerable groups like unaccompanied minors and victims of human trafficking. The document concludes with the National Association of Social Workers' comprehensive policy statement in support of immigrant and refugee rights, inclusive services, and social justice.
The document discusses the non-refoulement principle of international law which prohibits returning refugees to countries where they may face persecution. It began as a principle of customary international law and was officially codified in the 1951 Refugee Convention. The principle applies to protect refugees from being expelled or returned to situations of danger within a state's territory or at its borders. While there are exceptions for national security or serious crimes, the principle of non-refoulement is considered a norm of customary international law and is binding on states wherever they act.
The document summarizes the status of the right to information (RTI) in South Asian countries. It discusses how RTI is recognized as a human right in various international treaties and conventions. It provides an overview of the status of RTI laws and implementation efforts in different South Asian nations like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan. Civil society organizations in many countries have played an active role in advocating for stronger RTI laws and improving access to information.
Caliba autonomy as a mechanism to address exclusion and enhance participation...Philippine Press Institute
This document discusses regional autonomy and self-governance as mechanisms to address the historical exclusion of minorities in the Philippines and enhance their political participation. It outlines how the 1987 Constitution and Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act recognize the rights of indigenous groups to self-determination and ancestral lands. However, some court cases have challenged these rights and concerns remain regarding the draft federal constitution. The document argues that autonomy and upholding indigenous rights will strengthen inclusion and that these rights should be firmly established in the constitution.
The document summarizes the main challenges and responses to human rights issues faced by Bosnia and Herzegovina relating to forced displacement during and after the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s. It discusses the massive scale of displacement that saw over 2 million people, or half the population, flee their homes. The Dayton Peace Agreement established a decentralized framework and protections for human rights and the rights of refugees and displaced persons to return home or receive compensation. However, challenges remain in fully implementing property laws and finding durable solutions for all those displaced by the conflicts.
The document provides an overview of the international human rights system, including:
1) It discusses the key events that prompted the development of international human rights law after World War II and the establishment of the UN.
2) It describes the key human rights documents that make up the International Bill of Rights - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
3) It provides an overview of the main UN bodies that monitor compliance with human rights treaties, including the Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Special Rapporteurs.
The document discusses the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) in the Philippines. It provides context on the constitutional recognition of indigenous peoples' rights and describes the four main bundles of rights defined under IPRA: the right to ancestral domains and lands, the right to self-governance, the right to social justice and human rights, and the right to cultural integrity. It outlines the mandate and functions of the NCIP to protect and promote indigenous peoples' interests through its administrative, legislative, and judicial roles.
An historical appraisal of nigerian democratic experienceAlexander Decker
This document provides an historical appraisal of Nigerian democratic experience from pre-colonial times to independence in 1960. It discusses the indigenous democratic tenets that existed in the different political systems across Nigeria prior to colonial rule. It then examines the introduction of electoral politics by the British colonial administration and the emergence of political parties. Finally, it analyzes the political trends and failures in Nigeria since independence, including regional divisions, military coups, and the civil war.
The document summarizes conflicts over a proposed cement factory in Sukolilo, Indonesia. Local groups oppose the factory because it would mine limestone from an important mountain range containing springs vital to the community. Supporters claim it would create jobs and revenue, while opponents argue the jobs would be low-paying and the springs would dry up. Tensions escalated, with clashes between villagers and a survey team, highlighting deep divisions between economic and environmental interests.
1) Kampung Jayengaten was a kampung (urban settlement) in Semarang, Indonesia that emerged in the 1980s after the landowner Tasripin rented the land to tenants.
2) In the 2000s, a developer wanted to acquire the land to build a hotel parking lot. This led to a long legal and social conflict as the residents refused to leave.
3) After years of demonstrations, court battles, and intimidation tactics against the residents, they eventually agreed to leave in 2006. However, five landowners who owned parts of the land remained as an obstacle. The kampung residents thus lost their long fight against redevelopment.
This document discusses the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It establishes that UNHCR was created in 1950 to aid refugees and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The document outlines UNHCR's main tasks like providing protection to refugees and helping find durable solutions. It also discusses the 1951 Refugee Convention which sets minimum standards for refugee treatment and rights. The rights of refugees discussed include protection from persecution, discrimination, and illegal entry penalties as well as rights to work, housing, education, movement, identity documents, and asylum.
The Indian Act was first passed in 1876 and aimed to consolidate previous laws regarding Indigenous peoples into a single piece of legislation to further the Canadian government's goal of assimilating Indigenous cultures. It imposed restrictions on Indigenous cultural practices and established the federal government's control over Indigenous lands and status. While the Indian Act has seen some amendments to address issues of discrimination, there remains ongoing disputes around Indigenous rights and land claims.
This document provides an overview of the book "Refugees and the Law". It discusses the definition of a refugee under international law and the criteria used, including the well-founded fear of persecution and the grounds of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, and political opinion. It also outlines the general principles for determining refugee status, such as the inclusion and exclusion clauses. The document then discusses the relationship between refugees and international human rights law, and the role of the UNHCR in refugee protection. It provides information on the codification of refugee law through international treaties. In summary, the document introduces some of the key concepts and issues addressed in the book regarding international refugee law.
The document discusses the rights of refugees under international law. It defines a refugee according to the 1951 Refugee Convention as someone who has fled their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. It outlines that refugees' basic rights include protection from refoulement, freedom of movement, identity documents, education and work. It also discusses the role of the UNHCR in protecting refugees and lists some populations of refugees in India, such as Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, Bhutanese Nepalis and Hindu Pakistanis.
This document discusses the issue of katchi abadis (slums) in Pakistan. It notes that almost half of Pakistan's urban population lives in informal settlements without basic facilities. The growth of katchi abadis is attributed to factors like rural-to-urban migration, low incomes, and unaffordability of housing. The document outlines laws related to katchi abadis and policies that aim to prevent eviction and provide services to registered slums. However, recent eviction drives in Islamabad have escalated tensions as slum residents argue they should not be labeled as criminals and demand dialogue and basic rights. The All Pakistan Alliance for Katchi Abadis advocates for the rights of sl
The document discusses the rights of indigenous people in India according to the Indian constitution and international law. It notes that the Indian constitution provides certain protective rights to tribal communities, known as Scheduled Tribes, including educational, cultural, social, economic, political, and employment rights. However, laws aimed at protecting indigenous land rights and self-governance have many shortcomings and failures in implementation. While India voted for the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, it does not consider the concept of indigenous peoples or the declaration applicable within India.
Using International Jurisprudence to Advocate for Better Rights-Based PoliciesFEANTSA
Presentation given by Régis Brillat, Council of Europe, at the 2015 FEANTSA Policy Conference, "Homelessness, A Local Phenomenon with a European Dimension: Key Steps to Connect Communities to Europe", Paris City Hall, 19 June 2015
UDHR and how it has impacted Indian Constitution and has been a constant inspiration for the judiciary to ensure the widest possible interpretation of constitutional provisions specifically those related to human and fundamental rights.
Red, white, constitution 7 first ministers' conferencesindig615
The Hawthorne Report of 1966 took the position that integration or assimilation should not be objectives imposed on Indigenous peoples by others. It recommended focusing efforts on improving Indigenous peoples' real income and life expectancy. The report also viewed Indigenous peoples as "Citizens Plus" with additional rights as the original inhabitants of Canada. From the 1950s onward, Canada's Aboriginal policy entered a complex period with conflicting philosophies of assimilation and recognition of Aboriginal self-determination and control over their communities. This complexity is evident in the various amendments made to the Indian Act between 1952-1985.
International covenant on economic, social and culturalHaytham Senbill
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It commits signatories to work toward granting economic, social, and cultural rights, including labor rights, the right to health, education, and an adequate standard of living. The ICESCR establishes rights like work, social security, family life, health, education, and participation in cultural life. It is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to ensure progressive realization of these rights.
This document discusses key issues related to immigrants, refugees, and social work policy. It defines immigrants, migrants, and refugees. It outlines social programs like DACA and DAPA as well as challenges like detention and family separation. It discusses vulnerable groups like unaccompanied minors and victims of human trafficking. The document concludes with the National Association of Social Workers' comprehensive policy statement in support of immigrant and refugee rights, inclusive services, and social justice.
The document discusses the non-refoulement principle of international law which prohibits returning refugees to countries where they may face persecution. It began as a principle of customary international law and was officially codified in the 1951 Refugee Convention. The principle applies to protect refugees from being expelled or returned to situations of danger within a state's territory or at its borders. While there are exceptions for national security or serious crimes, the principle of non-refoulement is considered a norm of customary international law and is binding on states wherever they act.
The document summarizes the status of the right to information (RTI) in South Asian countries. It discusses how RTI is recognized as a human right in various international treaties and conventions. It provides an overview of the status of RTI laws and implementation efforts in different South Asian nations like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan. Civil society organizations in many countries have played an active role in advocating for stronger RTI laws and improving access to information.
Caliba autonomy as a mechanism to address exclusion and enhance participation...Philippine Press Institute
This document discusses regional autonomy and self-governance as mechanisms to address the historical exclusion of minorities in the Philippines and enhance their political participation. It outlines how the 1987 Constitution and Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act recognize the rights of indigenous groups to self-determination and ancestral lands. However, some court cases have challenged these rights and concerns remain regarding the draft federal constitution. The document argues that autonomy and upholding indigenous rights will strengthen inclusion and that these rights should be firmly established in the constitution.
The document summarizes the main challenges and responses to human rights issues faced by Bosnia and Herzegovina relating to forced displacement during and after the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s. It discusses the massive scale of displacement that saw over 2 million people, or half the population, flee their homes. The Dayton Peace Agreement established a decentralized framework and protections for human rights and the rights of refugees and displaced persons to return home or receive compensation. However, challenges remain in fully implementing property laws and finding durable solutions for all those displaced by the conflicts.
The document provides an overview of the international human rights system, including:
1) It discusses the key events that prompted the development of international human rights law after World War II and the establishment of the UN.
2) It describes the key human rights documents that make up the International Bill of Rights - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
3) It provides an overview of the main UN bodies that monitor compliance with human rights treaties, including the Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and Special Rapporteurs.
The document discusses the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) in the Philippines. It provides context on the constitutional recognition of indigenous peoples' rights and describes the four main bundles of rights defined under IPRA: the right to ancestral domains and lands, the right to self-governance, the right to social justice and human rights, and the right to cultural integrity. It outlines the mandate and functions of the NCIP to protect and promote indigenous peoples' interests through its administrative, legislative, and judicial roles.
An historical appraisal of nigerian democratic experienceAlexander Decker
This document provides an historical appraisal of Nigerian democratic experience from pre-colonial times to independence in 1960. It discusses the indigenous democratic tenets that existed in the different political systems across Nigeria prior to colonial rule. It then examines the introduction of electoral politics by the British colonial administration and the emergence of political parties. Finally, it analyzes the political trends and failures in Nigeria since independence, including regional divisions, military coups, and the civil war.
The document summarizes conflicts over a proposed cement factory in Sukolilo, Indonesia. Local groups oppose the factory because it would mine limestone from an important mountain range containing springs vital to the community. Supporters claim it would create jobs and revenue, while opponents argue the jobs would be low-paying and the springs would dry up. Tensions escalated, with clashes between villagers and a survey team, highlighting deep divisions between economic and environmental interests.
1) Kampung Jayengaten was a kampung (urban settlement) in Semarang, Indonesia that emerged in the 1980s after the landowner Tasripin rented the land to tenants.
2) In the 2000s, a developer wanted to acquire the land to build a hotel parking lot. This led to a long legal and social conflict as the residents refused to leave.
3) After years of demonstrations, court battles, and intimidation tactics against the residents, they eventually agreed to leave in 2006. However, five landowners who owned parts of the land remained as an obstacle. The kampung residents thus lost their long fight against redevelopment.
1) In the early 20th century, the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy to gain more direct control over the Indonesian archipelago and prepare it for self-governance under Dutch supervision. This led to the introduction of Western education for selected Indonesians.
2) Educated Javanese developed a cultural nationalism and established organizations to promote indigenous Javanese arts and culture. They studied Javanese arts through the new field of "Javanology" and aimed to show that Javanese culture was equal to Western culture.
3) However, they also stripped some art forms like wayang of elements seen as signs of "Oriental decadence." They depended heavily on Western models
This document discusses the concept of quality of life as it relates to housing and the urban poor in Indonesia. It defines quality of life as the presence of conditions necessary for a good life and the practice of good living. For the urban poor, having adequate housing is important for their well-being, belonging, and potential for social and economic participation. While some housing meets physical standards, it may not promote quality of life. Lacking stable housing and legal address excludes the poor from basic rights and services.
Seni wayang telah ada sejak zaman Kerajaan Kahuripan pada abad ke-10 Masehi. Meskipun ada pendapat bahwa wayang berasal dari India, namun ada bukti bahwa wayang telah berkembang menjadi kesenian khas Indonesia. Jenis wayang kulit purwa yang menampilkan kisah Mahabharata dan Ramayana telah menjadi yang paling populer. Meski demikian, saat ini kesenian wayang harus bersaing dengan hiburan modern.
ada yang dipertanyakan mengenai perkereta api-an di Indonesia. dimana Indonesia impor kereta api dan dimana Indonesia ekspor kereta api. hmm sesuatu konsep yang membingungkan #marikitabelajar
Presentation delivered by the Wellbeing, Housing and Infrastructure in Turkey project (funded by the British Academy).
Ayselin YILDIZ, Yasar University
Selin SIVIS, IDS and Essex University
Dolf te Lintelo, Institute of Development Studies
Meltem GUREL, Yasar University
Find out more at urbandisplacement.medium.com
The document discusses key concepts related to backward classes, scheduled castes, and untouchability in India. It defines backward classes as social groups characterized by lack of education and poverty. Scheduled castes refer to the lowest castes considered "untouchables" in Hindu scripture, who suffer various social and political disabilities. Untouchability is described as a blot on human society that confines certain groups to occupations like scavenging. The document outlines constitutional provisions and legislative acts like the Protection of Civil Rights Act that abolished untouchability and prohibited related discrimination.
This presentation examines social housing and housing needs in Toronto and Canada.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twiter @wellesleyWI
Current Affairs 22 August English By RaceIAS.pdfraceias1
The Civil Services examination & Forest services examination both are conducted by Union Public Services Commission, which conducts the Preliminary examination every year. This examination is the first & foremost hurdle of UPSC CSE Exam.
This document provides a summary of a research paper that compares policies regarding indigenous peoples' rights in Indonesia, Australia, and Latin America. It discusses how indigenous peoples have faced issues regarding land rights, self-determination, and participation in decision-making. Internationally, instruments like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ILO Convention 169 have recognized collective rights to lands and resources and the principle of free, prior, and informed consent. However, indigenous groups in Indonesia still face uncertainty over legal recognition and have had few successes in land disputes. The document examines this issue and argues that protecting indigenous peoples' rights requires proper laws and policies.
This document summarizes a policy brief on internal migration in India published by UNESCO and UNICEF. It finds that internal migration plays a major role in India's economy but migrants face many challenges. There is a lack of data and policies to protect migrants, who often work in poor conditions without access to basic services. It calls for developing a coherent policy framework to facilitate safe migration and ensure migrants' inclusion and access to rights and services. This would help realize the potential benefits of migration for both migrants and society while reducing its costs.
Forced eviction in Bangladesh: a human rights issueafnanhossain0
In this topic we’re going to explore the situation of forced eviction in Bangladesh and its implications in poverty eradication.
And we argue that it should be considered as a human rights violation.
The Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) was established in 1970 to provide legal aid services to poor and legally illiterate Indonesians. It aims to educate the public about their legal rights and facilitate legal reform. YLBHI has successfully handled over 22,000 cases involving issues like land disputes, unlawful evictions, and compensation claims. In its early years, YLBHI faced challenges like lack of funding and office space, but received support from the media and was able to help thousands of underserved clients seek legal redress.
This presentation suggests that housing and homelessness are not just concerns for the city centre. It looks at how housing insecurity is deep and persisting; how poor housing effects people, communities, the economy and government; the diminishing federal investments in housing; and our lack of a comprehensive national plan.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
This document discusses India's legal framework for protecting refugees. It notes that while India does not have a specific refugee law, refugees are protected by constitutional provisions like the right to life and liberty. The judiciary has also played a role in protecting refugee rights. The UNHCR assists refugees in India by helping them obtain refugee status and ensuring voluntary repatriation. The document calls for India to adopt model refugee legislation to provide a uniform legal framework for protecting refugees.
Chapter 6 - FINAL Relevant Policy and Legal frameworks.pptzii81336
This document discusses relevant policy and legal frameworks related to inclusiveness for people with disabilities. It outlines the history of discrimination against people with disabilities and their exclusion from society. It also describes international instruments like the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006 and domestic Ethiopian policies like the 1994 Education and Training Policy, Constitution of 1995, and revised Special Needs Education Strategy of 2012 that were developed to promote the rights of people with disabilities. However, it notes that strong commitment is still required from governments to effectively implement these frameworks.
This slide is about the violence against refugee women and development of law over the period of time in relation to the refugee women. It also talks about the protection of refugees in India through the International Obligations, Constitutional provisions and the case laws.
Antonella Noya - Local Answers to welcoming refugees and preparing for the lo...OECD CFE
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Agenda is below
----
- Quick Facts About Indonesia
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- Economic Strengths & Weaknesses
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- China & Japan's Battle for Southeast Asia Influence
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Support
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- Position in Asia Pacific
- Relationship With the United States
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----
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Forced eviction, homelessness, and the right
1. Forced eviction,
homelessness, and the right
to housing in Indonesia
Tjahjono Rahardjo
Post Graduate Programme on Environment and Urban
Studies
Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia
2. Presentation Outline
• Forced Eviction: Past and Present
• Homelessness in Indonesia
• The Right to Adequate Housing
• Housing, the Kartu Tanda Penduduk
(KTP) and Exclusion of the Poor
• A Look at the Future
3. FORCED EVICTION: PAST
AND PRESENT
• Suharto’s new order (1968 – 1998),
focused on promoting economic
development and maintaining political
stability
• In practice this meant that:
– labour strikes bannned
– people forced to give up their lands and
homes without any (or very little)
compensations; many people became
homeless
4. FORCED EVICTION: PAST
AND PRESENT
• Today, forced evictions continue on a
massive scale, despite Indonesia
becoming more democratic since 1988
• In 2003 COHRE picked out Indonesia,
as the country with the highest
incidence of forced evictions (followed
by Guatemala and Serbia &
Montenegro)
5. FORCED EVICTION: PAST
AND PRESENT)
• 2000 – 2005:
– All over of Indonesia 95,470 urban
residents (19,000 households) evicted from
their homes. In addition, more people have
became homeless as a result of armed
conflicts and natural disasters
– In Jakarta alone more than 92,000 people
forcefully evicted; another 1.5 million
people in constant danger of being evicted
6. Despite its record in human
rights violation, i.e. the right to
adequate housing, the City of
Jakarta was awarded the
2005 UN Habitat Scroll of
Honour
7. FORCED EVICTION: PAST
AND PRESENT
• January 2005: The “Declaration of
Action on Developing Infrastructure and
Public Private Partnership” was signed
• In response to this declaration, the
Indonesian government promised to
facilitate investments by issuing new
regulations, among them the
controversial Peraturan Presiden
(President Regulation) 36/2005 on land
acquisition
8. FORCED EVICTION: PAST
AND PRESENT
• The President Regulation 36/2005:
– Makes it possible for the government to
arbitrarily and forcefully expropriate land, in
the name of “public interest”
– Is seen as benefiting large private
investors at the expense of the people
– Is considered harsher than the regulation
in force under Suharto
9. HOMELESSNESS IN
INDONESIA
• Indonesia does not have any official definition
for homelessness, but the 2000 national
census categorised people into two groups:
– those having a permanent place to stay
(mempunyai tempat tinggal tetap)
– those not having a permanent place to stay (tidak
mempunyai tempat tinggal tetap)
• included in the second category are residents
of “illegal” settlements (permukiman liar),
nomadic communities and boat crew
members, besides pavement dwellers
10. HOMELESSNESS IN
INDONESIA
• For the purpose of this paper homeless
people would be defined as adults (in
contrast to street children) who are
living permanently on the street
(tunawisma), and those who are living
in settlements categorised as “illegal”
(permukiman liar)
11. HOMELESSNESS IN
INDONESIA
• Tunawismas more or less share the same
characteristics of those living in permukiman
liars:
– Both work in the same informal occupations
such as rubbish collectors, itinerant vendors,
becak (pedicab) drivers, construction workers
and other unskilled occupation (some
tunawismas do make their living by begging)
– Both are subject to raids, but the more violent
evictions happen to squatters because usually
it involves the sensitive issue of land
ownership
12. THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE
HOUSING
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(1948):
“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for
the health and well-being of himself and of his family,
including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the
event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old
age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his
control” (UDHR, article 25(1))
13. THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE
HOUSING
• The International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Right
(ICESCR,1966):
“The States parties to the present Covenant recognize
the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living
for himself and his family, including adequate food,
clothing and housing, and to the continuous
improvement of living conditions. The State Parties will
take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this
right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance
of international co-cooperation based on free consent”
(ICESCR, article 11(1))
14. THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE
HOUSING
• In Indonesia, Act 4/ 1992 on Housing and
Settlement acknowledges the right of all
citizens:
“to live in and/ or to have the use of and/ or to
own an adequate house located in a healthy,
safe, harmonious and orderly environment”
• According to the Act there are two aspects of
housing adequacy: physical and legal
15. HOUSING, THE KTP AND
EXLUSION OF THE POOR
• All Indonesians above the age of seventeen
should possess a Kartu Tanda Penduduk
(KTP) issued by their respective local
authorities.
• Yayasan Humana (2001) “A KTP is the sole
defining element for both inclusion and
identity”
16. HOUSING, THE KTP AND
EXLUSION OF THE POOR
• KTP is an all important document affecting all
aspects of life
• not having a KTP, besides being a serious
offense, means that one is not officially
recognised as a citizen of one’s city, therefore
having no access to public health care,
education, housing, finance, etc, and
vulnerable to eviction and expulsion
17. THE VICIOUS CIRCLE
“…… without a
home or a
permanent place to
no address
stay it would be
difficult for a
person’s formal
existence to be
recognised (to
have a KTP) ……”
(State Minister of
Popular Housing,
1994) no home
No access to:
• education
no KTP
• health care
• bank loans
• employment
• government subsidies, etc
18. A LOOK AT THE FUTURE
• Indonesia has ratified ICESCR in
September 2005 (but with reservation
towards article 1 and does not
recognise articles 20 to 25): half
hearted ratification?
• systematic and structural corruption is
still rampant in Indonesia: one of the ten
most corrupt countries in world
19. A LOOK AT THE FUTURE
• the Presidential Regulation 36/2005:
eviction given a stronger legal basis
• Indonesia’s economy not fully
recovered from the 1997 crisis: a large
number of people living in poverty
20. …more forced
evictions, more
homeless people
in the foreseeable
future…