· For the final project in this course, you will be required to examine in detail a public service ethical dilemma. It must be in the public sector, so it must involve government and its structure and functions. It can be one that you have faced yourself, or one that you believe you may face as you continue in your career, or something that you have perceived as an ethical dilemma that no one is addressing. The assignments in this course will help you to explore the ethical dimensions of your dilemma. You will synthesize these components, incorporating feedback from your instructor and your peers, into your final project. Project Objectives To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to: 1. Analyze an ethical dilemma in public administration. 2. Evaluate traditional and contemporary theories of ethics in relationship to an ethical dilemma in public administration. 3. Devise a plan to aid in ethical decision making that leads to an ethical solution. 4. Illustrate the meaning of professional integrity. 5. Think critically and communicate effectively to explain personal and professional leadership in the public sector. · To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements. 1. Describe an ethical dilemma that you will face, might face, or have faced in your career as a public administrator, including any competing ethical issues that add complexity to your dilemma. 2. Provide an analysis of your dilemma based on the theories you have identified in the units of this course. 3. Propose a plan that will help you maintain integrity in your ethical decision making. Include who you will consult and the resources available to assist you. 4. Describe and evaluate the ethical approach you will take to resolve your dilemma. 5. Reflect on the ways in which the ethical dilemmas described in this class have caused you to think differently about the field of public administration and role within it. Further requirements include: 6. Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message. 7. APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting. 8. Number of resources: Minimum of 20 peer-reviewed resources and other sources as appropriate. 9. Length of paper: 15–20 typed double-spaced pages. 10. Font and font size: Arial, 12 point. DEFINING AN ETHICAL DILEMMA – U2A1-08 OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You offer a helpful review and characterization of the dilemma in terms of your review of some of the ethical issues that relate to the area of transparency and honesty. With that said, you must remember to integrate the literature into your analysis in order to support your posits/claims. In this regard, you need to examine some of the key, ethical frameworks to align with this dilemma. For example, you may consider that the ethical framework offered by Kant for instance. I am unclear as to a reme.

1. · For the final project in this course, you will be required to
examine in detail a public service ethical dilemma. It must be in
the public sector, so it must involve government and its
structure and functions. It can be one that you have faced
yourself, or one that you believe you may face as you continue
in your career, or something that you have perceived as an
ethical dilemma that no one is addressing.
The assignments in this course will help you to explore the
ethical dimensions of your dilemma. You will synthesize these
components, incorporating feedback from your instructor and
your peers, into your final project.
Project Objectives
To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to:
1. Analyze an ethical dilemma in public administration.
2. Evaluate traditional and contemporary theories of ethics in
relationship to an ethical dilemma in public administration.
3. Devise a plan to aid in ethical decision making that leads to
an ethical solution.
4. Illustrate the meaning of professional integrity.
5. Think critically and communicate effectively to explain
personal and professional leadership in the public sector.
· To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you
are expected to meet the following requirements.
1. Describe an ethical dilemma that you will face, might face, or
have faced in your career as a public administrator, including
any competing ethical issues that add complexity to your
dilemma.
2. Provide an analysis of your dilemma based on the theories
you have identified in the units of this course.
3. Propose a plan that will help you maintain integrity in your
ethical decision making. Include who you will consult and the
resources available to assist you.
4. Describe and evaluate the ethical approach you will take to

2. resolve your dilemma.
5. Reflect on the ways in which the ethical dilemmas described
in this class have caused you to think differently about the field
of public administration and role within it.
Further requirements include:
6. Written communication: Written communication is free of
errors that detract from the overall message.
7. APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted
according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.
8. Number of resources: Minimum of 20 peer-reviewed
resources and other sources as appropriate.
9. Length of paper: 15–20 typed double-spaced pages.
10. Font and font size: Arial, 12 point.
DEFINING AN ETHICAL DILEMMA – U2A1-08
OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You offer a
helpful review and characterization of the dilemma in terms of
your review of some of the ethical issues that relate to the area
of transparency and honesty. With that said, you must remember
to integrate the literature into your analysis in order to support
your posits/claims. In this regard, you need to examine some of
the key, ethical frameworks to align with this dilemma. For
example, you may consider that the ethical framework offered
by Kant for instance. I am unclear as to a remedy approach to
this dilemma area. You may consider re-design/development of
internal Code of Ethics for your department. Review of such an
adjustment may help you to arrive at a remedy approach that
incorporates ethical lessons learned from the literature as well
as other organizations pertaining to this topical area. Finally,
you must include sub-headings throughout your narrative for
organizational purposes.
Introduction
The nature of ethical dilemma is professional; Mary Ann is
working on a major information technology project for the
federal department. On a weekly basis gives her boss heads up
on her progress on the project and hands out a portion of her
work. She decides to take on a stand-alone endeavor, and in the

3. next couple of months, the component will be needed to make a
complete system together with the other components of the
other people working in the other different offices. Though she
is making progress, Mary is not meeting the deadlines as agreed
for the project. Her boss trusts her and believes that she has
everything under control and she will have her work complete
by the deadline. She is aware she will not submit the complete
project during the deadline, and this might result in her losing
her face in the department if her boss discovers that she has
been behind in her progress. Though is she assured her job is
secure.
The situation Mary Ann is in, is an ethical dilemma as the
choice she decides to make will not solve her problem in an
ethically acceptable manner. She has a choice to let her boss
know as early as possible, before the deadline that she is not
progressing as she has been making him to believe and she may
not provide complete work as other people from different
offices. The other choice she has is to wait until the deadline
and let her boss know that she is not done with her component
of the system. Whatever the choice she makes, it will have a
significant impact on the job though she is guaranteed she will
not lose her job despite the choice she makes and her
relationship with her boss.
Mary Ann can decide to let her boss know the truth about her
work progress and that she might not provide her component at
the deadline so as to avoid unnecessary confusion during the
representation of the component from the different offices. By
being honest with her boss can give her more time to finish up
her work or even assign someone else to help to finish her
component before the presentation. She can also let go her
stand-alone endeavor and concentrate on completing the
component of the system as she is expected to.
The dilemma Mary Ann will be facing is how to let her boss
that she is not progressing as she has made him believe and he
might not have a complete component during the deadline. She
might also decide to keep quiet about the slow progress on the

4. other parts of the job are brought together. Both the choices she
decides to make will have the same impact, but she is
guaranteed her job is secure. No matter the decision she makes
dire consequences will follow, and her boss will be
disappointed with her despite when she decides to reveal the
truth about her progress. If her boss finds out her dishonesty
about her work, she will lose the face of her department though
her job is still secure.
Ethical dilemmas pop up on regular basis and occasionally in
workplaces, according to an article by Don Rafler Common
Workplace Dilemmas, with the use of common use, and a few
analysis workers can solve work dilemmas without losing their
jobs or bringing to their employers just as in Mary Ann’s case.
She has a decision of letting her boss know about her late work
and avoid any embarrassment from her boss during the deadline
or even causing when her boss realize she will not have her
work on time for the presentation. The result of her misdoing
will cost her the position she has in her department.
Conclusion
Honesty is an essential virtue at workplaces, employees and
employers often themselves in conflict with each other due to
lack of open on certain issues. Mary Ann dishonesty about her
progress and making her boss believe everything is alright will
cost her position on the department and bring about confusion
during the last day of the presentation.
References
Allen., K. (2010). A taxonomy for teaching social work values.
. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 7 (2).
Reamer, F. (1995). Social work values and ethics. . New York::
Columbia University Press.
Rohr, J. A. (1998). Public service, ethics and constitutional
practice. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
CONSEQUENTIALISM AND NONCONSEQUENTIALISM –

5. U5A1-08
OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You provide a
helpful review of your topical area relating to the notions of
consequential and nonconsequential theory bases that apply to
the overall area concerning the area of abortion. With that said,
you could have provided further analysis concerning your
review of the sub-categories of the these two theory bases. In
this regard, you could have further examined the areas of
individual egoism, personal egoism and universal egoism as
such. Also, you could have noted that it may not be possible to
know the consequences of our actions as related to this theory
base.
From the nonconsequentialist perspective, you appropriately
highlight how actions are judged on whether they are right or
wrong In this sense, you could have provided further insights in
terms of providing further analysis to the areas pertaining to
Act nonconsequentialism and Rule nonconsequentialism. You
cold have also examind the areas relating to Divine Command
Theory, Kant’s Duty Ethics, and Ross’ Prima Facie duty
perspective. You also could have noted that the challenge with
this ethical area, is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to know
if you are right in terms of your decisions as you rely upon
guidance from a divine entity.
In sum, such further analysis would have provided additional
insights in terms of your review and application of the two
theory bases. Finally, please attend to the edits as noted below.
Consequentialism and Nonconsequentialism in Solving Ethical
Dilemmas
The consequentialism theory states that moral action is one that
produces a positive outcome, and an immoral action creates a
negative outcome. A common way to express the end justifies
the means, so if something will ultimately be beneficial, the
action is moral. In consequentialism, the morality of an action
is based on its consequences, but how do you define a
consequence as negative or positive? There are a few basic

6. divisions here. The first is personal. If an action is personally
financial, some say that makes it moral. But what if that action
hurts others? More commonly, consequentialism is judged by a
larger consequence, sometimes by the impact on society, or the
state, or the greater good in general (Jacques P. Thiurox,
Consequentialism Theory, 2014). The common belief is in
utilitarianism, that is the greatest good for the greatest number
of people. This idea recognizes that no action is universally
beneficial, so the most moral action benefits the most number of
individuals.
On the other hand, Non-Consequentialism, it can also be labeled
as deontological ethics. The theory states that morality of an
action is based on its adherence to accepted rules. So, the
outcome of the action doesn’t matter; what matters is essentially
the intention. The society is left to determine what is moral and
immoral and up to an individual to obey that morality. It
assumes that society itself is moral which is a different question
entirely and still, requires an individual to take actions. This
theory judges the action directly and not the consequences of
that action (Jacques P. Thiurox, Consequentialism Theory,
2014).
Most ethical dilemmas can solve either apply the
consequentialism, and non-consequentialism theories and the
outcomes for whatever theory chosen are different and affect
the people involved differently (Allen, 2015). In ethics,
consequentialism theories tend to pay more attention while
solving a dilemma if the consequences are for the common then
the action is justifiable. While non-consequentialism while
solving any dilemma judges the dilemma based on the action,
not the consequences. An example to illustrate the way these
two theories work, supposing that killing an individual X an
entirely innocent person, will save the lives of 10 other
innocent people, in consequentialism, it is justified to kill the
people and save the lives of the other ten individuals. On the
other non-consequentialism, it is inherently wrong to murder
people and to refuse to kill X, even though that will result in the

7. death of 10 people.
Abortion is a serious ethical issue, and over the years they have
the intense debate on whether the action can be justified or not.
Abortion is the most challenging and controversial moral issues
facing different societies, and there have been calls to make
legalize the act and in some cases to make it illegal (Kaczor,
2011). The dilemma whether abortion is justified or not can be
viewed from two perception one which is the moral status of the
fetus and the rights of the pregnant woman. The argument can
fall under the two-ethics theory, consequentialism,
and consequentialism.
Under consequentialism, abortion can be justified when it’s
meant for the great good of the mother. In the United States
49% of pregnancies were unintended (2006), and of the
unintended pregnancies, about 40% ended in abortions.
Unwanted pregnancies increased among poor women, decreased
among financially well-off women. Unwanted pregnancies
increased among black and Hispanic women (Hinman, 2014).
Most women who terminate pregnancies attributed this to lack
of capital to raise a baby, a baby will interfere with education
and career paths and ability to care for dependents.
Additionally, so, most have completed childbearing, and another
baby will be a burden. As a result, the action of terminating the
pregnancy can be justified if the overall performance favors the
mother especially those in serious careers which the baby
interferes with. If the consequences of abortion are more
beneficial, the act is justified. Hence abortion as an action, in
this case, is moral.
The moral status of the fetus on other should put into
consideration. Non- consequentialism does not support
termination of pregnancy. Terminating a pregnancy is
committing murder, and that is morally wrong. Since under non-
consequentialism the judgment is based on the consequences,
not the action, abortion can be seen as immoral. There have
been arguments that life starts at conception. Both a fetus and a
newborn certainly are human beings and potential persons. The

8. fetuses are not persons; they are potential persons because they
can develop, thanks to their biological mechanisms. Those
properties make them ‘persons’ in the sense of ‘subjects of a
moral right to life’: that is, the point at which they will be able
to make aims and appreciate their life (Cline, 2016). The theory,
therefore, considers abortion immoral despite the benefits that
come with terminating an abortion. If the pregnant mother had a
good job or was pursuing her studies keeping the baby can lead
to her losing her job or discontinued studies to take care of the
baby. While terminating the pregnancies will be viewed as
murder and immoral despite the overall good that comes with
the act.
References
Allen, K. (2015, July 23). What is Ethical Dilemma? Retrieved
May 16, 2017, from The New Social Worker:
http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/ethics-
articles/What_Is_an_Ethical_Dilemma%3F/
Cline, A. (2016, August 11). Ehhics of Abortion: Is It Moral or
Immoral to Have an Abortion. Retrieved May 16, 2017, from
ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/ethics-of-abortion-
248020
Hinman, L. M. (2014). Abortion: An Overview of The Ethical
Issues. Ethics Matter, 6-8.
Jacques P. Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Consequentialism Theory. In
K. W. Jacques P. Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and Practices (pp. 18-
23). Boston: Pearson Publisher.
Jacques P. Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Non Consequentialism
Theory. In K. W. Jacques P. Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and
Practices (pp. 23-26). Boston: Pearson Publisher.

9. Kaczor, C. (2011). The Ethics of Abortion: Women's Rights,
Human Rights and The Question of Justice. New York:
Routledge Copyright.
PLAN FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING – U7A1-08
OVERALL COMMENTS FROM PROFESSOR: You offer
effective, interesting analysis regarding your plan for ethical
decision making that leads to an ethical solution. With that said,
meaningful insights as to the role and import of of the utility of
a decision making model in terms of the ethical decision making
process. With that said, I am unclear as to what model (if any)
that guides your overall plan from a framework perspective.
You should have clarified this area as it is important that you
align an overarching theory (model) framework that guides this
important area of organizational decision making. In this
regard, do you find that ASPA's Code of Ethics align with any
aspects of your prescribed decision making approach? With that
said, you should have provided explicit detail (in addition to
experts) in terms of those entities and/or individual that you
would consult to assist you in terms of your decision plan.
From an editing perspective, you must edit your narrative as
you are not consistently applying the APA formatting
convention properly; you must apply the lower-case and upper-
case lettering as aligned with the APA requirements accordingly
(see example Agranoff example of a Journal citation and
Barnard of a book below and your reference for alignment for
corrective action purposes):
Book
Barnard, C. (1972). The functions of the executive. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, J. K., O'Rourke, M., & Shier, D. (2004). Freedom
and Determinism. MIT Press.
Mahler, J. G. (2009). Organisational Learning at NASA: The
Challenger and Columbia Accidents. Georgetown University

10. Press.
Stillman, R. (2012). Public Administration: Concepts and Cases.
Cengage Learning.
With that said, you should have provided explicit detail (in
addition to experts) in terms of those entities and/or individual
that you would consult to assist you in terms of your decision
plan.
Plan for Ethical Decision Making
Establishment and Definition of the Problem
The first step in making an ethical decision is to state the
specific problem in general terms and as such also state the
relevant decisions that need to be made (Icheku, 2011). For the
case of the Columbia accident, the problem was that there were
some dangers identified and warnings made concerning the
project.
Goals Identification
The next step is to establish and state both the short term as
well as the long-term goals. In this case, it would be imperative
to identify the main goals of the project as a whole.
Listing the Relevant Laws as well as Regulations
An ethical decision in one that goes by the set rules and
regulations. As such it is critical to ensure that all the
appropriate laws, as well as regulations, are well laid out.
Cleary lay out all the ethical values that are at stake.
An ethical decision must take into account all the relevant
ethical values. In that connection. It is imperative that all the
ethical values are clearly listed down before making any
decision. As such, in the case of the Columbian Accident, the
values such as accountability and transparency were to be laid
out.
Establish All the Related Stakeholders
For one, the decision made in an organisation often affects
various people. It is, therefore, important to identify the
different persons who would be affected by the decision,
moreover, it is also important to establish what is at stake for

11. each of the established stakeholders. The engineers, the mission
controllers, the crew.
Obtain More Information
It is always important to be well informed before making any
decision. As such an ethical decision should be a well-informed
one.in that case, the people involved must take time to gather
all the required information, ask questions, ask for proof if need
be, and check for any assumptions. They ought to have obtained
more information from the relevant experts and technicians
regarding the issue.
State All the Possible
Solution
s
In this case, list all the solutions that have surfaced. Come up
with more solutions through critical brainstorming with others.
Check the impact that each solution has on the
stakeholders(loss/gain). Such eradicated the Group behavior and
hence it reduces the effect of group thinking as was the case for
the Columbia accident.
Eliminate All the Unethical Options
Some options would be clearly unethical; hence they need to be
eliminated at this point. Also, eliminate all the solutions that
have short term gains but are trouble in the long-term.as such
suppressing the warning was an unethical option, that should
have been eliminated at this point.
Ranking

12. Rank all the remaining solution in relation to their closeness to
the set goals and solving the problem.
Comment
Commit to, and thereby choose the best solution
References
Campbell, J. K., O'Rourke, M., & Shier, D. (2004). Freedom
and Determinism. MIT Press.
Mahler, J. G. (2009). Organisational Learning at NASA: The
Challenger and Columbia Accidents. Georgetown University
Press.
Stillman, R. (2012). Public Administration: Concepts and Cases.
Cengage Learning.
THEORY BASES FOR ETHICAL DILEMMAS – 08A1-08
Introduction
The ethical dilemma involves a situation in which there is a
mental conflict in the choice
of moral imperatives. It is evoked by the normal life situations
that individuals
experience. Procurement of services, job specialization,
nepotism, and tenders in
companies has exposed the management into many ethical

13. dilemmas (Ferrell &
Fraedrich, 2012).
Analysis
Ethical dilemmas are challenging to the medical practitioners,
direct support
representative and/or the social worker in the whole world.The
emotional nature when
making these decisions and the personal involvement weighs the
individual down when
such decisions are to be made since most at times they have to
differ with other
colleagues who have different opinions. To ensure that the
sources of the conflict is done
away with it is necessary to have all the ethical terms clarified
and all the ethical theories
explained to those who work in a public administration
environment (the health
practitioner, the direct support representative and the social
worker) to help solve the
problem.Some of the ethical theories include; utilitarianism,
moral relativism, Kantian
absolutism, Aristotle's virtue ethics and ethics of care.
Ethical Dilemmas and Possible