Microbial growth and food spoilage results from microbes altering food, rendering it unsuitable for consumption. Different foods undergo specific spoilage processes due to their unique microbial loads and compositions. Approximately 1/3 of the world's food is lost to spoilage each year. Minimizing contamination through good management practices and preservation procedures can help reduce food spoilage. Different types of microbes degrade the chemical components of foods in characteristic ways, impacting appearance, flavor, and other qualities. Specific foods are prone to spoilage by certain microorganisms depending on their nutrients and conditions.
The microorganisms (although invisible) are present in the soil, water, air, and even in and on our bodies. Therefore, they can enter the food and grow rapidly if conditions are suitable for their growth and multiplication. This can lead to food spoilage that brings a disagreeable alteration in a normal state of food making it unsuitable for human consumption or industrial uses. Spoilage of food can also cause wastage of food due to deterioration and can reduce the nutritive value of food.
An Introduction To Food Microbiology-Scope of food microbiology,Microorganisms important in food Microbiology,Factors affecting the growth and survival of microbes in food
The microorganisms (although invisible) are present in the soil, water, air, and even in and on our bodies. Therefore, they can enter the food and grow rapidly if conditions are suitable for their growth and multiplication. This can lead to food spoilage that brings a disagreeable alteration in a normal state of food making it unsuitable for human consumption or industrial uses. Spoilage of food can also cause wastage of food due to deterioration and can reduce the nutritive value of food.
An Introduction To Food Microbiology-Scope of food microbiology,Microorganisms important in food Microbiology,Factors affecting the growth and survival of microbes in food
introduction of Fermented food
Fermented foods are an extremely important part of human diet and worldwide may contribute to as much as one third of human diet.
Different types of fermented food isused in butter, cheese, bread, fermented vegetables,fermented meats etc.
The scope of food fermentation ranged from producing alcoholic beverages, fermented milk and vegetable products to genetically engineered super bugs to carry out efficient fermentation to treatment and utilization of waste and overall producing nutritious and safe products with appealing qualities.
2. Fermented Food Definition: Fermented foods are those food produced by modification of raw material of either animal or vegetable origin by the activities of microorganisms. Bacteria , yeast and moulds can be used to produce a diverse range of products that differ in flavor, texture and stability from the original raw material.
Or
Fermented foods are those foods which are subjected to action of microorganisms or enzymes to get desirable biochemical changes and cause significant modification to food.
fermentation an ancient food processing technologies in world,uses of fermentation includes biological enrichment of food,helps to preserve food, decrease cooking time, an ancient tradition method, science of fermentation is Zymology, beneficial bacteria inhibits bad micro organisms growth. fermented foods of africa,asia, china,babylon and pakistan
introduction of Fermented food
Fermented foods are an extremely important part of human diet and worldwide may contribute to as much as one third of human diet.
Different types of fermented food isused in butter, cheese, bread, fermented vegetables,fermented meats etc.
The scope of food fermentation ranged from producing alcoholic beverages, fermented milk and vegetable products to genetically engineered super bugs to carry out efficient fermentation to treatment and utilization of waste and overall producing nutritious and safe products with appealing qualities.
2. Fermented Food Definition: Fermented foods are those food produced by modification of raw material of either animal or vegetable origin by the activities of microorganisms. Bacteria , yeast and moulds can be used to produce a diverse range of products that differ in flavor, texture and stability from the original raw material.
Or
Fermented foods are those foods which are subjected to action of microorganisms or enzymes to get desirable biochemical changes and cause significant modification to food.
fermentation an ancient food processing technologies in world,uses of fermentation includes biological enrichment of food,helps to preserve food, decrease cooking time, an ancient tradition method, science of fermentation is Zymology, beneficial bacteria inhibits bad micro organisms growth. fermented foods of africa,asia, china,babylon and pakistan
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CONTENTS-
Introduction
• History
• SCP production in India
• Raw materials
• SCP production
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
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One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
2. Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage
• food spoilage
• results from growth of microbes in food
• alters food visibly and in other ways, rendering it unsuitable for
consumption
• involves predictable succession of microbes
• different foods undergo different types of spoilage processes
• toxins are sometimes produced
• algal toxins may contaminate shellfish and finfish
3. • Change in appearance, smell or taste
• Economic loss
• Reduced quality
• Higher prices
• E.g. fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy products contains-
• Microorganisms- airborne, soil borne, food borne, waterborne, human
handling
4. Food Spoilage
•Approximately 1/3rd of all food manufactured in
world is lost to spoilage
•Microbial content of foods (microbial load):
qualitative (which bugs) and quantitative (how many
bugs)
•Shelf life
•Non-perishable foods (pasta)
•Semiperishable foods (bread)
•Perishable foods (eggs)
5. General Principles
•Minimize contamination by:
•Good management processes
•Acceptable sanitary practices
•Rapid movement of food through processing plant
•Well-tested preservation procedures
7. Spoilage
•Poultry and Eggs
•Human contact
•Penetration by bacteria
•Milk and Dairy Products
•Lactobacillus and Streptococcus species that survive
pasteurization (sour milk)
•Breads
•Spores and fungi that survive baking
•Grains
•Fungi produce toxins
8. Chemistry in Microbial Spoilage of Foods
• Food (Plant or Animal) composed of-
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
vitamins and minerals
• These serve as good media for the growth of many different microorganisms
• Microorganisms produces changes in food-
appearance
flavour
odour and some other qualities
These changes are due to degradation of the chemical constituents of the
food.
9. Carbohydrate foods
(plant products)
+
Carbohydrate fermenting
microorganisms
• Acids
• Alcohol
• Gases
Protein foods
(animal products)
+
Proteolytic microorganisms
• Amino acids
• Amines
• Ammonia
• H2S
Fatty foods
(oils and fats)
+
Lipolytic microorganisms
• Fatty acids
• Glycerol
Mechanism of microbial degradation of different kinds of foods
10. Microbiology of Spoilage of Specific Foods
Cereal Grains
- wheat, corn, rye, rice
• Microbes enter from field or storage environment
• High in carbohydrates and proteins
• But microbes do not grow due to low aw if harvested and stored properly
• Under moist conditions- microorganisms is stimulated and cause spoilage.
• Tropical climates- common moulds-
• Rhizopus stolonifera
• Penicillium
• Aspergillus
• Alternaria
• Fusarium
11. Bread
-staple baked food made up of
flour, water and salt
leavened by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Ingredients used are generally the source of spoilage microorganisms
• Most contaminants are killed during baking (100’C for 9mins)
• Some molds and endospores producing bacteria survive
• Rhizopus nigricans; commonly called the bread mold fungus
Low water activity prevents growth of bacteria.
Exceptions-
Aerobic, spore-forming rods of genus Bacillus
B. subtilis, B. pumilis and B. mesentericus
13. Fresh Vegetables
-88% water
-8.6% carbohydrates
-9% proteins
-0.3% fats
-<1% vitamins, nucleic acids and other constituents
All these support the growth of molds, yeasts and bacteria.
Fresh Fruits
<85% water
0.9% proteins
0.5% fat
13% carbohydrates
14. Juices
-pH of 4.0 or below (fruit juices)
-pH of 4.5 or above (vegetable juices)
-Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Acetobacter are common spoilage agents.
15. Assignment
Write short notes microbial spoilage of food for:
1. Cereal Grains
2. Bread
3. Fruits and Vegetables
4. Juices
5. Meat- Raw meat; Fresh meat; Ground meats
6. Poultry
7. Eggs
8. Fish
9. Milk
10. Tea
11. Coffee
12. Cocoa
• Constituents /Compositions
• Common spoilage condition
• Common spoilage agents
Note: Scientific names should be
in italics or underlined if hand
written.
Editor's Notes
that makes it unacceptable to the consumer
To producers, distributors and consumers
The population varies considerably depending upon the kind of food and infection
Yeasts- live in apple juice; converts carbohydrate into ethyl alcohol –alcoholic taste and smell
Bacteria- Food protein into amino acids which on further breakdown give foul smell
Breakdown of carbohydrate-
Sour taste in food is due to acid formation.
Swelling of cans is due to gas formation.
Rancid odour or taste in spoiled butter is due to the breakdown of fats to fatty acids.