Food for Fortification
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1) The document discusses vitamin deficiencies in the UK, specifically vitamins B9 and D. It notes that vitamin B9 deficiency can cause birth defects like anencephaly and spina bifida, and that fortifying flour with vitamin B9 has reduced cases of these defects in other countries. 2) Vitamin D deficiency is also widespread in the UK due to low sunlight levels, and can cause rickets, osteomalacia and increased fracture risk. Fortifying foods like milk with vitamin D could help address this issue. 3) Despite recommendations from organizations like SACN to fortify foods, the UK government has failed to take action to address these preventable vitamin deficiencies through fortification programs.
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![Unfortunately,vitaminB9isnot the onlyvitamindeficiencyto be causingproblemsinthe UK; there
isalso a profoundissue withvitaminD.Thisvitaminisoftenreferredtoasthe “sunshine vitamin”,
due to the fact that upondirectexposure tosunlight,the skinisable tocreate vitaminD.However,
the lowlevels of sunlightduringwinterputthe UK populationatriskof vitaminDdeficiency,and
since there are fewfoodsrichinvitaminD (oilyfishandeggyolkcontainsthe most),the vitaminD
intake of anyone livinghere isoftenlow.Thisissue isincreasedwhensunscreenisusedheavily,or
whenskiniscovereddue tothe cold,or religiousrequirements,asthe intake fromsunlightisfurther
restricted(6).DeficiencyinvitaminDmostfamouslyleadstoricketsinchildren,andasimilardisease
inadultscalledosteomalacia.There isalsoapositive associationof deficiencywithfracture risk,and
otherpossible benefitsinclude areductioninthe riskof cancer,infections,autoimmune diseases,
dementia,andevenautism(6).The efficacyof supplementsconcerningthisdeficiencyisdisputed,
althoughsupplementationisrecommendedforpregnantorbreast-feedingwomen,andthose who
have little exposure todirectsunlight(i.e.night-shiftworkers,office workers) (7).Ithastherefore
beensuggestedthatfortifyingparticularfoodswithvitaminDwouldbenefitthiswidespreadissue,
especially foodsrichincalcium,whichwouldimprove bothvitaminDandcalciumabsorptionfrom
food,as done inthe USA. Milkis mandatorilyfortified,andbreakfastcereals,yogurtsandorange
juice maybe fortifiedif the manufacturerwishesto inAmerica.Incomparison,some breakfast
cereals,andsome margarinesare fortifiedwithvitaminD,andnone isaddedto milk inthe UK (8).
Once again,many well-respectedauthorities suchasSACN have suggestedthatthe fortificationof
foodswithvitaminDwouldbe extremelybeneficial, butthe governmenthas still chosentoignore
thisadvice.
Why fortificationprogrammeshave notbeenundertaken bythe UK governmentisbeyond
comprehensiontothose whounderstandthe positive impactitwouldhave onanyone livinginthe
UK. Disease isanissue thateveryone hascome intocontact withintheirlifetime,andmanyknow of
the devastationthatitleavesbehind.Whythen,whenlivescouldbe saved,the qualityof those lives
couldbe improved,andthe NHSwouldsave moneyontreatingthese conditions,isthisissue so
blatantlydisregardedbythose whohave the powertomake changes?
By Emma Steer, 2nd
yearBSc Nutrition.
References:
(1) Novielli C,2014, RememberingGrayson:AnencephalicBabyFacebookBannedWhose Life
ImpactedsoMany [online],date accessed[13/03/2016],URL
[http://www.lifenews.com/2014/03/03/remembering-grayson-anencephalic-baby-
facebook-banned-whose-life-impacted-so-many/]
(2) Morris J.K,RankinJ,KurinczukJ.J,SpringettA,TuckerD, WellesleyD,WreyfordB,WaldN.J,
2015, Preventionof neural tube defectsin the UK:a missedopportunity,Archivesof Disease
inChildhood[online],date accessed[13/03/2016],URL
[http://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2015/11/13/archdischild-2015-309226.abstract]
(3) FoodStandardsAgency,2016, Folicacid fortification [online],date accessed[13/03/2016],
URL [https://www.food.gov.uk/northern-ireland/nutritionni/folic-acid]
(4) BBC News,2015, Folicacidto fortifyflour'wouldcutbirthdefects' [online],date accessed
[13/03/2016], URL [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35122699]
(5) Centers forDisease Control andPrevention(USA),2015, Folicacidfortificationcontinuesto
preventneural tube defect [online],date accessed[13/03/2016], URL
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/features/folicacid-prevents-ntds.html]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Nutritional disorder are diseases that occur when a person's dietary intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from food. Nutritional disorders can be caused by undernutrition, over nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients.
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This document discusses how malnutrition affects immunity. It defines malnutrition as a lack of proper nutrients that the body needs to function optimally. There are two types: undernutrition from not enough calories/nutrients and overnutrition from too many calories/fat. Malnutrition increases susceptibility to infection by compromising the immune system, such as reducing complement system functions, phagocyte ability, and hematopoiesis. It also decreases the function of antigen-presenting cells and the production of cytokines that support hematopoietic stem cell growth. In summary, malnutrition weakens the immune system in multiple ways, making the body more vulnerable to infectious diseases.
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This document provides information about three academic journals - the International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, and International Journal of Graduate Research and Review. It lists the publication deadlines, websites, ISSNs, and article processing charges for each journal. Review and submission guidelines are also mentioned.
Plano defesa civil ibitinga
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2. O objetivo é mobilizar a comunidade e recursos públicos para ações de prevenção, socorro e recuperação em caso de desastres, além de mapear áreas de risco e realizar obras preventivas.
3. O plano descreve possíveis riscos como inundações, deslizamentos e qued
Apresentação Agência R3|Fiude Marketing Digital
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Malik (2016) - Employer Engagement within the institutional training contexts...
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis that examines employer engagement with education and training initiatives in the UK's Northwest Bio region. The thesis uses a micro-meso-macro framework to understand employer engagement at different institutional levels. It conducts interviews with employers and policy stakeholders in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and bioscience sectors.
The thesis finds that while public funding constraints challenge policy organizations, industry-wide cooperation facilitates employer commitment to high-skill training. At the firm level, benchmarking, line management involvement, and employee voice influence engagement between organizational training needs and industry provision. Brown's framework on conditions supporting high-skill industries helps explain engagement patterns between employers and their institutional training contexts.
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This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C16901 SUPERSTACK 2 LINKSWITCH 1000 from Launch 3 Telecom. Launch 3 Telecom is a telecom equipment supplier that offers this 3Com product along with repair, maintenance, and other services. They accept various payment methods for purchase of the 3C16901 and provide same day shipping with order tracking once an order is placed. A warranty is included with every purchase and customer service is available for assistance.
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Malik (2016) - Employer Engagement within the institutional training contexts...
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Similar to Food for Fortification
4 faces of diabetes
There are four diabetes types one and two
gestational and that caused by iron overload the question is are they all caused by too much iron
What are two possible causes of B12 deficiency Provide a detialed a.pdf
What are two possible causes of B12 deficiency? Provide a detialed answer with literature
review source.
Solution
Answer:
Vitamin B12 is not synthesized by the body, and thus requires intake of animal foods rich in
vitamin B12 or through supplements. Vitamin B12 helps in production of DNA and RNA, and
works in concert with folic acid to make RBCs.
Two possible causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency are:
1. Thinning of the stomach lining due to atrophic gastritis:
Atrophic gastritis is often caused by the H. pylori. The bacterial infection frequently occurs
during childhood and gets worse over time if it isn’t treated.
Direct contact with the feces, vomit, or saliva of an infected person can spread the disease. It
may also occur after eating food or drinking water that’s contaminated with the bacteria.
When autoantibodies attack healthy stomach cells, autoimmune atrophic gastritis develops.
These antibodies target the gastric juice producing stomach cells. These antibodies may also
attack intrinsic factors, which are proteins released by stomach cells that help in vitamin B12
absorption. A lack of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anaemia, and low vitamin B12 levels in
the body.
(MLO Med Lab Obs. 2007 Feb;39(2):28, 30-1.
Gut. 1964 Feb;5:27-37.)
2. Removed of part of the stomach or small intestine through surgery, including weight loss
surgery:
Bariatric surgery involves gut manipulation that alters the natural absorption of nutrients, thus
nutritional deficiencies can develop. The most common deficiencies are vitamin B12, folate,
zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and vitamin D and can lead to secondary problems, such as
osteoporosis.
Dietary supplementation are often given following surgery to avoid deficiency complications,
although deficiency symptoms may be evident after months of surgery. Bariatic patients are at
increased risk as their digestive have undergone alteration such that it interferes with the
absorption of vitamins.
(Curr Drug Metab. 2012 Nov; 13(9): 1345–1355.
Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009 Oct; 56(5): 1105–1121.).
Perspectives failures in reproductive health policy overcoming the consequen...
ABSTRACT
It is assumed that long-established research findings and internationally accepted evidence should, and will, be translated into policy and practice. Knowledge about what prevents harm and promotes health has, in fact, guided and resulted in numerous beneficial public health actions. However, such is not always the case. The authors examine three notable, and unwelcome, exceptions in the UK—all in the field of
reproductive health and all focused on the period prior to pregnancy. The three examples of counterproductive inaction discussed are: fortifying flour with Vitamin B9 (folic acid); preventing foetal alcohol spectrum disorders; and reducing risks and better regulating a highly teratogenic medication (valproate). The adverse consequences, as well as the causes, of inaction are analysed for each example. Reasons for optimism, and recommendations for overcoming inaction, are also offered, in particular, greater priority should be accorded to preconception health, education and care.
Factors affecting development
Maternal nutrition and avoiding drugs and environmental hazards during pregnancy are important factors that can affect development. Adequate weight gain and nutrient intake are needed to support fetal growth. Women at risk of nutritional deficiencies may require counseling. Certain drugs, infections, radiation, and other toxins are teratogens that can cause birth defects, especially during the first trimester of rapid development. Proper breastfeeding and child nutrition are also crucial, as deficiencies in micronutrients like iron, iodine, and vitamins can impair cognitive and behavioral development. Overall nutrition has reciprocal effects between mother and child.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses of nutrients that can harm health. It includes undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition is caused by insufficient food intake or poor absorption of nutrients and can result in conditions like marasmus, kwashiorkor, and micronutrient deficiencies. Marasmus is characterized by wasting of muscle and tissue due to lack of calories, while kwashiorkor involves protein deficiency and swelling. Poverty is a leading cause of malnutrition globally as it limits access to nutritious foods. Treatment involves correcting nutritional imbalances through diet and supplements.
Included Studies Study Id.docx
Anemia is prevalent among pregnant women, especially in developing countries. It can lead to health issues for both mother and baby like preterm birth. Providing community education to pregnant women on foods rich in iron and other nutrients may help reduce anemia and its risks. However, more evidence is still needed on the effectiveness of such educational interventions. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of community education in improving diets and reducing anemia and preterm birth rates among pregnant women.
Breastfeeding and obesity: a meta-analysis
This document summarizes research on the relationship between breastfeeding and obesity. It finds that breastfeeding is correlated with significantly lower rates of overweight and obesity later in life. The protective effects of breastfeeding are thought to be due to differences in the composition of human breastmilk versus infant formula, including lower protein and fat levels in breastmilk. Breastfeeding has also been linked to reductions in other health issues across the lifespan such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The document calls for greater support of breastfeeding as an important strategy in preventing obesity.
Indrop d references
1) Sunlight is the primary source of vitamin D for most humans as UVB rays in sunlight convert 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D3 and then to vitamin D3. However, several factors influence cutaneous vitamin D production such as season, latitude, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, and aging.
2) Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem with serious health consequences including increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infections. Maintaining vitamin D levels above 30 ng/mL through moderate sun exposure and dietary/supplemental intake is important for health.
3) While sun exposure is important for vitamin D production, excessive sunlight increases
Indrop d references
1) Sunlight is the primary source of vitamin D for most humans as UVB rays in sunlight convert 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D3 and then to vitamin D3. However, several factors influence cutaneous vitamin D production such as season, latitude, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, and aging.
2) Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem with serious health consequences including increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infections. Maintaining vitamin D levels above 30 ng/mL through moderate sun exposure and dietary/supplemental intake is important for health.
3) Studies show vitamin D deficiency is still prevalent in populations such as Asian
The Great Grain Conundrum by Mark J Donohue .docx
The Great Grain Conundrum
by
Mark J Donohue
We’ve all heard it before – eat plenty of whole grains to stay healthy. “They” say the consumption of
whole grains is needed to keep your heart healthy and to prevent colon cancer. That whole grains are
chalk full of B-vitamins and fiber. That whole grains are complex carbohydrates (rather than refined or
simple) which are digested slowly so as not to cause a spike in blood sugar.
And if that wasn’t enough, whole grains are the foundation to the USDA’s food pyramid. Not to mention
the fact that wheat is referred to as the “staff of life” because for thousands of years the consumption of
wheat has been found in virtually every society on the planet.
The Conundrum
Despite what you’ve heard or
what the USDA’s food pyramid
indicates… scientific findings are
finding the “staff of life” (wheat
and other grains) are now
becoming too be known as the
staff of illness and the staff of pre-
mature death… not life.
This shift is occurring due to a
number of compounds – proteins
- found in grains and their adverse
or toxic effects they have on the
human body. Therefore, one
might expect these compounds to
be referred to as toxins. But this
has an alarmist sounding connotation, Figure: New revamped USDA Food Pyramid 2005
therefore these compounds are
instead referred as antinutrients. Some of the antinutrients found in grains and their biologically
negative antinutrient effects are:
Phytic Acid Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA)
Goitrogens Opioid Peptides
Gluten Amylopectin - A
Zonulins, Leaky Gut & Leaky Brain Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinutrient
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/MyPyramidFood.svg
Phytic Acid (Phytate)
Phytic acid is the storage form of phosphorus found in many plants, especially in the bran or hull of
grains, beans, nuts and seeds. Humans are unable to digest phytic acid so the phosphorus is essentially
trapped in the compound making it unavailable to the body. The antinutrient effects of phytic acid takes
place once it arrives in the intestines where phytic acid can:
Inhibit mineral absorption (chelating agent) of iron, zinc, calcium & magnesium thereby causing
mineral deficiencies. Phytic acid also chelates the vitamin – niacin (B3).
Interfere with enzymes needed to digest food. Enzymes such as pepsin needed to digest proteins
and amylase needed to digest carbohydrates. Phytic acid also inhibits the enzyme trypsin, which is
needed for protein digestion in the small intestines.
Phytase is the enzyme that neutralizes phytic acid and liberates phosphorus. Humans do not produce
enough phytase to safely consume large amounts of phytate foods. However, humans are able to
tolerate a small amount of phytic acid – in the range of 100 – 400 mg per day. Also, probiotic lactobacilli
and other h.
Malnutrition 3rd lecture
This document defines malnutrition and identifies its types and preventative measures. Malnutrition is poor nutrition resulting from an insufficient or imbalanced diet, poor digestion, or inability to absorb foods. It affects infants, children, the elderly, disabled, and ill. There are two main types: undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies like iron deficiency anemia, rickets, and vitamin A deficiency. Overnutrition refers to excessive caloric intake leading to obesity. The document identifies at-risk groups and signs of various deficiencies. It emphasizes preventative measures like nutrition education, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Vitamin D Deficiency: Useful Causes, Consequences, and Management 2023 | The ...
Vitamin D Deficiency: Useful Causes, Consequences, and Management 2023 | The ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Vitamin D insufficiency is often underdiagnosed or untreated among the worldwide population, even though vitamin D supplementation is safe and relatively affordable. Beginning at about six months of age, children with vitamin D deficiency show signs of skeletal abnormalities. While bending at the knees is the most noticeable sign, knock knees (genu valgum) may also occur.NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA.pdf
Nutritional problems in India are caused by both poverty and poor food choices. While poverty has traditionally been the main cause of malnutrition, recent research shows that even wealthy urban Indians can suffer from nutritional deficiencies due to imbalanced diets high in fats, refined carbs, and sugars. The government has implemented several programs since the 1960s to address malnutrition through iron and folic acid supplementation, vitamin A distribution, and addressing nutritional blindness and goiter.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition is a global health issue that contributes to over 1/3 of child deaths worldwide. Prolonged malnutrition can lead to stunted growth and development. Healthcare systems can work collaboratively to address malnutrition by increasing food availability and quality of health environments, as well as improving women's education and status which impacts childcare. International organizations provide aid to developing nations where food insecurity and limited resources contribute to high rates of malnutrition.
Vitamin C and Common Cold 1
This document discusses vitamin C and its relationship to the common cold. It provides background on vitamin C, including that it is an essential water-soluble vitamin that humans must obtain from their diets as they cannot synthesize it themselves. The document reviews several studies that have examined whether vitamin C supplementation can reduce the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold. While some studies found vitamin C may reduce incidence rates, the results on duration and severity have been mixed and significance has not been conclusively demonstrated.
Nutrition
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It begins with definitions of key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It then covers the major classes of nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses how deficiencies in specific nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium can impact periodontal health. It also addresses how nutrition interacts with immunity and oral microorganisms, and can affect the epithelial barrier, wound healing, and periodontal repair processes. In summary, the document outlines the various ways in which nutrition plays a role in both supporting periodontal health and influencing the progression of periodontal disease.
Vitamin A deficiency and prevention
This document summarizes ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency. It defines xerophthalmia as changes to the eye's conjunctiva, cornea, retina, and rods and cones due to vitamin A deficiency. Symptoms include night blindness, conjunctival dryness, corneal ulcers, and retinal lesions. Vitamin A deficiency is caused by poor diet, absorption issues, infections, and malnutrition. Treatment involves local eye drops, high dose vitamin A supplementation depending on age, and addressing underlying conditions. Prevention strategies include vitamin A supplementation programs targeting infants and children, food fortification, and nutrition education to promote vitamin A rich foods.
Malnutrition
This document provides an overview of malnutrition, including different types like acute and chronic malnutrition as well as undernutrition and overnutrition. It discusses how malnutrition can negatively impact individuals and development. The document outlines who is most vulnerable to malnutrition, such as young children, pregnant/breastfeeding women, and those with illnesses. It also summarizes key messages about defining and addressing different forms of malnutrition.
1. Select a health problem in your society2. Write a paragraph reg.pdf
1. Select a health problem in your society
2. Write a paragraph regarding why you have chosen this problem (it includes significance of the
problem which contains statistical data national and international related to this problem)
3. How can educating the people, may help in tackling health problem .
Solution
1. Malnutrition is a serious health problem in our society.
2. malnutrition is major issue as it is observed in even new born babies. (data will differ
according to country you decide) more than one third of the world\'s malnourished children live
in India.
Malnutrition or malnourishment results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not
enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. It may involve calories,
protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals. Not enough nutrients is called undernutrition or
undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition. Many times undernutrition occurs
during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical
and mental development.Extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms
that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen.
People also often get infections and are frequently cold. Undernourishment is most often due to
not enough high-quality food being available to eat.This is often related to high food prices and
poverty. A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as:
gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements.There are
two main types of undernutrition: protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies.Protein-
energy malnutrition has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and
kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein). Common micronutrient deficiencies include: a lack of iron,
iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to the body\'s increased need, deficiencies may
become more common. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is
beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition. Other causes of
malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.
3. Educating parents especially pragnant ladies will help to control this problem. educating them
about lactation and its importance in immunity as well as nutrients, vitimins and essential
elements in babies diet will give a good start in development of body growth. keeping
surrounding clean will help to minimze risk of infectious diseases. thus awareness is important to
solve any health problem..
Nutrition in relation to diseases and heat stress in poultry
This document summarizes the relationship between nutrition and diseases and heat stress in poultry. It discusses how proper nutritional strategies and feed formulations can help minimize infectious diseases, nervous disorders, and metabolic disorders in poultry. Specifically, it outlines how vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients can help prevent or reduce the impact of diseases like coccidiosis, ranikhet disease, and neurological issues. The document also examines how heat stress can impact poultry health and production, and what nutritional approaches like modifying energy and protein levels can help mitigate the effects of heat stress.
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1. Select a health problem in your society2. Write a paragraph reg.pdf
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To tig or not to tig
Schools have banned the game of tag/tig due to minor injuries and damage to clothes. However, this bans an activity that encourages physical activity and exercise in children. Banning tag gives mixed messages to children and may encourage more sedentary lifestyles. Schools should focus on more important issues like equality and bullying, and let children be kids without arbitrary bans on longstanding childhood games.
A jab in the dark
Vaccinations are controversial but can save lives by preventing deadly diseases like meningitis. A recent petition calls for vaccinating all UK children against meningitis B after the death of a young girl from the disease. While some argue vaccines are linked to autism or don't work, evidence shows this is false. Vaccines undergo extensive testing for safety. Though they may not provide 100% protection or allow for disease mutation, vaccines significantly reduce disease spread and harm on a population level. The author's message is that available vaccines should be received given their life-saving benefits and lack of proven health risks.
NHS
Nutrition education for medical students has been reduced, which has concerning implications for patient health and NHS finances. Lack of nutrition knowledge means doctors are less able to treat diseases that depend on diet, like heart disease and diabetes, wasting money on ineffective treatments. Recognizing nutrition's role in disease prevention could help reduce NHS spending on expensive treatments for prevalent issues like cancer and bowel disease. Providing dietary guidance could optimize treatment efficacy while helping patients adopt affordable diets that support health.
5-a-day
This document discusses the science behind the recommendation to eat 5 portions of fruits and vegetables per day. It begins by defining fruits and vegetables and explaining portion sizes. It then explains that the reasoning for the 5-a-day recommendation is based on antioxidants in fruits and vegetables, which can reduce cancer and heart disease risk. However, antioxidants are not essential nutrients. While fruit and vegetable juices contain antioxidants, they lack fiber and are high in calories. The document concludes by recommending eating a variety of fruits and vegetables for their vitamins, fiber, and carbohydrates in addition to antioxidants.
Antioxidants
Oxidative stress from free radicals can damage cells and lead to cancer and cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting or eliminating free radicals before they can damage cells. Research on the health benefits of antioxidants has been mixed, with some studies finding reduced risks of heart disease from antioxidant consumption, while others find potential disadvantages like interference with mineral absorption or cell damage from too many antioxidants. Currently, there is no proven link between antioxidant consumption and health benefits, so a balanced diet with fruits and vegetables is most important for obtaining antioxidants and other nutrients.
BMI
BMI (Body Mass Index) is a measurement that compares a person's weight to their height to determine if they are underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. Although BMI provides a general guideline, it does not account for factors like muscle mass, gender, or fat distribution. Therefore, BMI should not be the sole indicator of health and is best used in conjunction with other health assessments by a medical professional.
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Food for Fortification
- 1. Food for Fortification. Anencephaly is a disease that could be prevented if flour was fortified with vitamin B9 (1) The UK government,aswithanygovernment,receivesalotof negative attentionabouttrivial laws and illogical budgetcuts,butperhaps the mostworryingissuesthatmakesthe headlinesare those concerninghealthcare.Recently,the suggestionthata national programme formeningitisB vaccineswasturneddowndue to poor“cost-effectiveness”,butthisisnotthe onlydecision concerninghealththathascausedsome controversy.Inthe past yearalone twovitamindeficiencies have beendiscussedbymedical authoritiesandgovernmenthealthdepartmentsalike,andeach time nopositive actionhasbeentakentoresolve the issuesassociatedwiththe vitamindeficiencies. These vitaminsare vitaminB9(a.k.a.folate,folicacid),andvitaminD,andtheyare causingsevere healthproblemsinthe UK. VitaminB9deficiencycausesmanyissuesforadultsufferers,includingthe extreme fatigue and weaknessassociatedwithfullydevelopedperniciousanaemia.However,the mainconcerns surroundingvitaminB9focuson the firstfew weeksof pregnancy,whenthe brainandspine of the foetusstartto form,becomingdistinctorgans.A lackof vitaminB9duringthistime periodprevents thisdevelopmentfromoccurringnormally,leadingtoanencephaly,aspicturedabove, spinabifida, spontaneousterminationof pregnancies,stillbirths,andinfantdeaths(2).Any of these conditions are highlydistressing,especiallyasanencephalyisalmostinvariablyfatal,andspinabifidaleadsto lifelongdisability.Itisthereforerecommendedthatwomenplanningpregnanciesshouldtake folate supplementsfromthree monthspriortoconception,to12 weeksintothe pregnancy,the onlyissue of course,beingthatmanypregnanciesare unplanned,andsosupplementationcannotbe relied uponto prevent anencephalyandspinabifida (3). Manystudieshave shownthatthe mosteffective wayof preventingthesediseasesistofortifyflourwithvitaminB9,meaningthatenoughB9may be available toall women atthe start of anypregnancy,plannedorotherwise, promotinghealthybrain and spine development forthe foetus. However,despitethe factthat thistype of fortificationhas beensuccessfully undertakenin77 differentcountries,thatthe ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeon Nutrition(SACN)supportsfortification(4),andthatthere hasbeena 35% reductioninthe number of casesof anencephalyandspinabifidasince the USA beganfortifyingflour(5),the British governmentseemsreluctanttotake anyactionat all. Many people,myself amongthem, findsthis decisionbaffling,andotherssimplyfindthisinfuriating.
- 2. Unfortunately,vitaminB9isnot the onlyvitamindeficiencyto be causingproblemsinthe UK; there isalso a profoundissue withvitaminD.Thisvitaminisoftenreferredtoasthe “sunshine vitamin”, due to the fact that upondirectexposure tosunlight,the skinisable tocreate vitaminD.However, the lowlevels of sunlightduringwinterputthe UK populationatriskof vitaminDdeficiency,and since there are fewfoodsrichinvitaminD (oilyfishandeggyolkcontainsthe most),the vitaminD intake of anyone livinghere isoftenlow.Thisissue isincreasedwhensunscreenisusedheavily,or whenskiniscovereddue tothe cold,or religiousrequirements,asthe intake fromsunlightisfurther restricted(6).DeficiencyinvitaminDmostfamouslyleadstoricketsinchildren,andasimilardisease inadultscalledosteomalacia.There isalsoapositive associationof deficiencywithfracture risk,and otherpossible benefitsinclude areductioninthe riskof cancer,infections,autoimmune diseases, dementia,andevenautism(6).The efficacyof supplementsconcerningthisdeficiencyisdisputed, althoughsupplementationisrecommendedforpregnantorbreast-feedingwomen,andthose who have little exposure todirectsunlight(i.e.night-shiftworkers,office workers) (7).Ithastherefore beensuggestedthatfortifyingparticularfoodswithvitaminDwouldbenefitthiswidespreadissue, especially foodsrichincalcium,whichwouldimprove bothvitaminDandcalciumabsorptionfrom food,as done inthe USA. Milkis mandatorilyfortified,andbreakfastcereals,yogurtsandorange juice maybe fortifiedif the manufacturerwishesto inAmerica.Incomparison,some breakfast cereals,andsome margarinesare fortifiedwithvitaminD,andnone isaddedto milk inthe UK (8). Once again,many well-respectedauthorities suchasSACN have suggestedthatthe fortificationof foodswithvitaminDwouldbe extremelybeneficial, butthe governmenthas still chosentoignore thisadvice. Why fortificationprogrammeshave notbeenundertaken bythe UK governmentisbeyond comprehensiontothose whounderstandthe positive impactitwouldhave onanyone livinginthe UK. Disease isanissue thateveryone hascome intocontact withintheirlifetime,andmanyknow of the devastationthatitleavesbehind.Whythen,whenlivescouldbe saved,the qualityof those lives couldbe improved,andthe NHSwouldsave moneyontreatingthese conditions,isthisissue so blatantlydisregardedbythose whohave the powertomake changes? By Emma Steer, 2nd yearBSc Nutrition. References: (1) Novielli C,2014, RememberingGrayson:AnencephalicBabyFacebookBannedWhose Life ImpactedsoMany [online],date accessed[13/03/2016],URL [http://www.lifenews.com/2014/03/03/remembering-grayson-anencephalic-baby- facebook-banned-whose-life-impacted-so-many/] (2) Morris J.K,RankinJ,KurinczukJ.J,SpringettA,TuckerD, WellesleyD,WreyfordB,WaldN.J, 2015, Preventionof neural tube defectsin the UK:a missedopportunity,Archivesof Disease inChildhood[online],date accessed[13/03/2016],URL [http://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2015/11/13/archdischild-2015-309226.abstract] (3) FoodStandardsAgency,2016, Folicacid fortification [online],date accessed[13/03/2016], URL [https://www.food.gov.uk/northern-ireland/nutritionni/folic-acid] (4) BBC News,2015, Folicacidto fortifyflour'wouldcutbirthdefects' [online],date accessed [13/03/2016], URL [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35122699] (5) Centers forDisease Control andPrevention(USA),2015, Folicacidfortificationcontinuesto preventneural tube defect [online],date accessed[13/03/2016], URL [http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/features/folicacid-prevents-ntds.html]
- 3. (6) ButtrissJ.L,2015, VitaminD:Sunshine vs.dietvs.pills,NutritionBulletin(BritishNutrition Foundation) [online],volume 40,issue 4, pages279 – 285, date accessed[13/03/2016], URL [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nbu.12172/pdf] (7) NHS Choices,2015, VitaminD[online],date accessed[13/03/2016], URL [http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vitamins-minerals/Pages/Vitamin-D.aspx#] (8) UnitedStatesDepartmentof HealthandHumanServics,2014, VitaminD[online],date accessed[13/03/2016], URL [https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD- HealthProfessional/#h4]