Malnutrition is a global health issue that contributes to over 1/3 of child deaths worldwide. Prolonged malnutrition can lead to stunted growth and development. Healthcare systems can work collaboratively to address malnutrition by increasing food availability and quality of health environments, as well as improving women's education and status which impacts childcare. International organizations provide aid to developing nations where food insecurity and limited resources contribute to high rates of malnutrition.

1. Malnutrition
Select a global health issue impacting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger health
care system (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). How can health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address
global health concerns?
Malnutrition is a problem that is estimated to contribute to more than one third of death among children (WHO, 2014). Under nutrition is a form of
malnutrition; it occurs when nutritional reserves are exhausted or nutritional intake is insufficient to satisfy daily needs or increased metabolic
demands (Jarvis, 2013, p. 175). Prolonged periods in this state can lead to stunted growth which is associated with lower...show more content...
However within some of those countries, there still exist health disparities due to income levels and people with lower earning power can have
difficulty accessing healthcare services. Those people are yet better off than the ones in poor nations with very limited resources that must rely on
international agencies and organizations such as the WHO and UNICEF among others, for some or most of their healthcare (Maurer and Smith, 2013,
pp 124–126).
The World Health Assembly expects efforts to achieve the "Health for All" goals of the WHO to be collaboration between the country's leaders, health
organizations, individual countryman, communities and other countries (Maurer and Smith 2013, p. 115). There are many intergovernmental
organizations (The WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Bank, the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention etc.) as well as voluntary and philanthropic organizations (Catholic Relief Services, American Friends Service Committee, Doctors
without borders, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, etc.) that focus on the health of populations around the world, providing expertise, technical
support, funding for economic and infrastructure development and for healthcare services (Maurer and Smith, 2013, pp116–118). As for other
countries education in how to raise your own crops can be beneficial. Food and financial aid is currently supplied but perhaps that could be increased,
with the introduction
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2. Child Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is the cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more
likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections. Although the share of children who are
malnourished has gradually been declining over the past 25 years, the actual number of malnourished children is still rising in many underdeveloped
and developing countries. For example, in 1995,167 million children under the age of five years, nearly one–third of all children in developing
countries were either underweight or stunted. Malnutrition causes a great deal of physical and emotional suffering and it is a violation of a child's...show
more content...
With respect to status, a lower status of women relative to men restricts women's opportunities and freedoms, thereby providing them with less
interaction with others and less opportunity for independent behavior. With a lack of social interaction, women will develop poor physical and mental
health, which will ultimately affect the quality of care she provides to her children after they are born.
National Food Availability and Health Environment Quality
Food security is achieved when a person has access to enough food to lead an active and healthy life; therefore it is thus a prime determinant of a
child's nutritional status. In order to easily understand and evaluate the concept of food security, we can examine a main determinant of food security,
a nation's food availability. Food availability is measured as per capita dietary energy supply. As shown in Appendix A, it has been a very important
factor in reducing child malnutrition rates in the past, particularly from 1970–1995. It is important to note that the impact of food availability highly
depends on food supplies per person. For example, in countries with very low food supplies, such as those in Sub–Saharan Africa and South Asia,
national food availability is just as important as improving women's education. On the other hand, in countries where food supplies are relatively high,
such as many
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3. Essay on Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is a global challenge in low–income and middle–income countries particularly in sub–Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black,
et al., 2008). More than ten million children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in sub–Saharan Africa is
approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed
to the potentiating effects of malnutrition in infectious disease such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections (Rice, et al.,
2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004).
As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet as well as the impact of...show more content...
Nutritional deficiencies with its two constituents of macronutrient deficiencies leading to protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies
particularly in vitamin A, iron, iodine and zinc deficiencies are the main manifestations of malnutrition in undernourished societies (Muller &
Krawinkel, 2005). The mechanisms of protein energy malnutrition include decreased nutrient intake and absorption, direct nutrient losses and increased
metabolic requirements (Manary & Solomons, 2004). Globally, FAO (2004) estimated that 852 million of people are undernourished and most of them
were living in developing countries. Protein energy malnutrition in children is based on underweight, stunting and wasting and the clinical syndromes
of severe malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor (Muller & Krawinkel, 2005, Manary & Solomons, 2004).
Micronutrient deficiencies affect a significant part and at least 2 billion people all over the world (FAO, 2004). Among young children vitamin A
deficiencies (VAD) is a third suffer nutritional disease and continues to be one of the major public health
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4. Essay On Malnutrition
Available published data regarding the performance of the two aforementioned screening tools show that NRS2002 was found to be better in predicting
clinical outcome in hospitalized patients compared to MUST [20] and the performance of the tools was increased when it was combined with
Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), a more complex tool that includes data from nutritional assessment [21].
In another study by Velasco et al., acomparison of four tools, namely NRS2002, SGA, MUST and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), was
performed using SGA as the gold standard, in an era that diagnostic criteria for malnutrition did not exist [22]. In particular, NRS2002 was originally
designed to screen patients who would benefit from receiving...show more content...
MUST is an easy–to–use tool with more straight forward, objective questions [14].
1.2.22. Immunosenescence:–
Aging affects both innate and adaptive immunity, although innate immune mechanisms are better preserved overall.1As a result of thymic involution,
the number of T cells exiting the thymus progressively decreases with age.2
1.2.23. Effect of malnutrition:–
Malnutrition is very common in older adults and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.6 In a Swedish study, malnutrition was present in
60% to 80% of patients aged older than 60 years admitted to the hospital.7
Malnutrition should not be considered a normal part of the aging process, but many of the expected changes seen in older adults are known to increase
their risk for global malnutrition (reduced intake or increased demand for nutrients), the most common type of malnutrition in this age group.8
Deficiencies of vitamins A and E, vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate, vitamin B6, vitamin D, as well as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have
been noted in older adults, although the precise effects of these deficiencies on immune function are not well defined.9–11
1.2.24. Vaccine boosters also can be effective:–
The inactivated vaccines, postimmunization titers were significantly higher in patients with higher preimmunization titers, indicating that routine
booster programs for these vaccines could help achieve
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5. What Is Malnutrition?
What is Desnutrition or Malnutrition?
Malnutrition is the disease caused by the insufficient supply of fuels
(carbohydrates – fats) and proteins, It means that a person's body is not getting enough nutrients. This condition can result from eating an inadequate or
poorly balanced diet, digestive disorders, absorption problems or other medical conditions Malnutrition in its various forms is the most common of
diseases. Its causes are generally due to poor economic resources or diseases that compromise good nutritional status. According to the international
manual of classification of diseases is a possible medical complication but that can be prevented and that has very important impact on the result of the
treatments.
Today, malnutrition is...show more content...
There are different methods for assessing nutritional status, such as questioning, subjective global assessment, biochemical tests, body composition,
immunological data, and prognostic indexes. Each of them is described below:
Interrogation. An estimation is obtained about dietary habits, food intolerances, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, sequelae of some surgical treatment,
religious and cultural traditions that can influence the nutrition of a patient. This method has as limitations the patient's age, the ability to remember
information, as well as the patient's state of consciousness. In addition to the possibility of sub or over estimating the food ration, providing a
significant calculation error in the nutritional contribution.
Subjective global assessment. It is a clinical technique that quickly assesses nutritional status according to the characteristics of the physical
examination and examination. Here patients are classified as normal, moderately malnourished and severely malnourished. This technique has not been
formally evaluated in the critical patient; it is lacking in quantification and therefore its sensitivity is limited in assessing changes in nutritional status
after or
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