A tiny, sterile tube called a Foley balloon catheter is used to drain urine from the bladder. It is also known as an indwelling catheter since it can be retained in the bladder for an extended amount of time.
This document provides information on urinary catheterization including the types, parts, indications, procedures, and complications of catheterization. It discusses the different types of catheters including intermittent, external, and indwelling catheters. It describes how to properly insert a transurethral catheter and notes key steps like explaining the procedure to the patient, gathering supplies, cleaning the area, lubricating the catheter, and inflating the balloon. Potential complications of catheterization like urinary tract infections are also reviewed.
The document discusses various topics related to the urinary system including:
- UTI's which are caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract and can be treated with antibiotics.
- BNO which is a blockage of the bladder neck that prevents complete emptying and can damage the bladder if not treated.
- KUB which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder used to detect issues like kidney stones.
- ESWL which uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage.
- Catheterization which uses a tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine for patients unable to urinate or with bladder issues.
Bladder catheters are used for urinary drainage, or as a means to collect urine for measurement.
Alternatives to indwelling urethral catheterization should be considered and include external sheath (ie, condom) catheters, suprapubic catheters, intermittent catheterization, and, in some cases, supportive management with protective garments.
Urinary catheterization
Definition
Types of Urinary catheterization
Effects or risks of Urinary catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
Intermittent catheterization
Caring for catheters
Signs and symptoms of Urinary tract infections
The document discusses urinary catheters, including different types of catheters, the catheterization process, risks of infection, and proper care and maintenance of indwelling catheters and drainage systems. It provides information on catheter parts, insertion, emptying drainage bags, maintaining a closed sterile system, and irrigating catheters. The document emphasizes the importance of sterile technique and following facility policies to prevent urinary tract infections.
This document discusses urinary catheterization including purposes, necessary equipment, preparation of the patient, insertion procedure, care of indwelling catheters, and removal of indwelling catheters. Catheterization is used to relieve urinary retention, obtain urine samples, and empty the bladder before surgery. The proper size of catheter depends on patient age and sex, with 14-16 French for females and 18-20 French for males usually being appropriate. Care of indwelling catheters involves cleaning the patient, maintaining fluid intake, recording intake/output, and monitoring for signs of infection.
This document discusses Foley catheters, which are flexible tubes inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It notes that Foley catheters are commonly used for comatose patients, before and after certain surgeries, for patients with enlarged prostates or acute urinary retention, or who are unable to control their bladder. However, it also states that a major problem is they can lead to urinary tract infections by allowing bacteria to travel up the catheter. The document goes on to list some other uses of Foley catheters, such as ripening the cervix during labor induction, treating severe nosebleeds, draining internal bleeding, and managing urinary incontinence with an
This document provides information on urinary catheterization including the types, parts, indications, procedures, and complications of catheterization. It discusses the different types of catheters including intermittent, external, and indwelling catheters. It describes how to properly insert a transurethral catheter and notes key steps like explaining the procedure to the patient, gathering supplies, cleaning the area, lubricating the catheter, and inflating the balloon. Potential complications of catheterization like urinary tract infections are also reviewed.
The document discusses various topics related to the urinary system including:
- UTI's which are caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract and can be treated with antibiotics.
- BNO which is a blockage of the bladder neck that prevents complete emptying and can damage the bladder if not treated.
- KUB which is an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder used to detect issues like kidney stones.
- ESWL which uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces for easier passage.
- Catheterization which uses a tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine for patients unable to urinate or with bladder issues.
Bladder catheters are used for urinary drainage, or as a means to collect urine for measurement.
Alternatives to indwelling urethral catheterization should be considered and include external sheath (ie, condom) catheters, suprapubic catheters, intermittent catheterization, and, in some cases, supportive management with protective garments.
Urinary catheterization
Definition
Types of Urinary catheterization
Effects or risks of Urinary catheterization
Suprapubic catheterization
Intermittent catheterization
Caring for catheters
Signs and symptoms of Urinary tract infections
The document discusses urinary catheters, including different types of catheters, the catheterization process, risks of infection, and proper care and maintenance of indwelling catheters and drainage systems. It provides information on catheter parts, insertion, emptying drainage bags, maintaining a closed sterile system, and irrigating catheters. The document emphasizes the importance of sterile technique and following facility policies to prevent urinary tract infections.
This document discusses urinary catheterization including purposes, necessary equipment, preparation of the patient, insertion procedure, care of indwelling catheters, and removal of indwelling catheters. Catheterization is used to relieve urinary retention, obtain urine samples, and empty the bladder before surgery. The proper size of catheter depends on patient age and sex, with 14-16 French for females and 18-20 French for males usually being appropriate. Care of indwelling catheters involves cleaning the patient, maintaining fluid intake, recording intake/output, and monitoring for signs of infection.
This document discusses Foley catheters, which are flexible tubes inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It notes that Foley catheters are commonly used for comatose patients, before and after certain surgeries, for patients with enlarged prostates or acute urinary retention, or who are unable to control their bladder. However, it also states that a major problem is they can lead to urinary tract infections by allowing bacteria to travel up the catheter. The document goes on to list some other uses of Foley catheters, such as ripening the cervix during labor induction, treating severe nosebleeds, draining internal bleeding, and managing urinary incontinence with an
Urinary retention presents with a dull low abdominal discomfort and frequent urge to urinate without being able to do so for many hours. A distended bladder can be palpated on exam. To treat urinary retention, a Foley catheter should be inserted into the bladder to drain the urine after ensuring aseptic technique. The cause of obstruction should then be determined by examining the patient and checking renal and urinary function with tests. The catheter should not be removed from the ED if the bladder was significantly distended to prevent it from refilling.
Catheterization Procedure by Anushri Srivastav.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Catheterization of the bladder involves introducing a latex or plastic tube through the urethra and into the bladder. The catheter provides a continuous flow of urine in patients unable to control micturition or those with obstructions. It also provides a means of assessing urine output in hemodynamically unstable patients. Because bladder catheterization carries the risk of UTI, blockage, and trauma to the urethra, it is preferable to rely on other measures for either specimen collection or management of incontinence.
Types of Catheterization.
Intermittent and indwelling retention catheterizations are the two forms of catheter insertion
INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION
introduce a straight single-use catheter long enough to drain the bladder (5 to 10 minutes
When the bladder is empty, you immediately withdraw the catheter.
COMPLICATION- increases risk of trauma and infection.
INDICATION- It is common for people with spinal cord injury or other neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis to perform self– intermittent catheterization up to every 4 hours daily for months or years.
UTI rate is lower than for patients with long-term indwelling catheters.
INDWELLING CATHETERIZATION-
remains in place for a longer period, until a patient is able to void voluntarily or continuous accurate urine measurements are no longer needed
The straight single-use catheter has a single lumen with a small opening about 1.3 cm ( 1 2 inch) from the tip.
. Urine drains from the tip, through the lumen, and to a receptacle.
An indwelling Foley catheter has a small inflatable balloon that encircles the catheter just above the tip. When inflated the balloon rests against the bladder outlet to anchor the catheter in place.
The indwelling retention catheter often has two or three lumens within the body of the catheter . One lumen drains urine through the catheter to a collecting tube. A second lumen carries sterile water to and from the balloon when it is inflated or deflated. A third (optional) lumen is sometimes used to instill fluids or medications into the bladder. It is easy to determine the number of lumens by the number of drainage and injection ports at the end of the catheter
A second type of intermittent catheter has a curved tip
A Coudé catheter is used on male patients who may have enlarged prostates that partly obstruct the urethra. It is less traumatic during insertion because it is stiffer and easier to control than the straight-tip catheter
Plastic catheters are suitable only for intermittent use because of their inflexibility
Latex catheters are recommended for use up to 3 weeks. Be aware of allergies.
Pure silicon or Teflon catheters are best suited for long-term use (2 to 3 months) because of less encrustation at the urethral meatus
Balloon sizes range from 3 mL (pediatric) to large postoperative volumes (75 mL). In adults the 5-mL and 30-mL sizes are the most common: The 5-mL size allows for optimal drainage, whereas the 30-mL size is used after pros
This document provides information on surgical drains, including:
- Surgical drains are tubes used to remove fluids like pus, blood or serum from surgical sites or wounds.
- Drains are classified as open or closed systems and can be active, using suction, or passive, relying on gravity. Common types include Jackson-Pratt, chest, and nasogastric tubes.
- Drains must be properly inserted, secured, and monitored for drainage volume and signs of infection. They are usually removed once drainage decreases to less than 25ml/day to avoid complications like infection or blockage.
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
This document discusses urethral catheterization. It begins by defining urethral catheterization as putting a hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder for urine drainage or filling of the bladder. It then discusses the history of catheters and indications for their use. The document covers different types of catheters including Foley catheters, materials used, and procedures for insertion and removal. Complications of failed insertion and removal are addressed.
urinary SYSTEM catheterization PROCEDURE .pptxMosaHasen
This document provides information about urinary catheterization including:
- Definitions and indications for both therapeutic and diagnostic catheterization.
- Types of catheters including indwelling, condom, and suprapubic catheters.
- Steps for catheter insertion in males and females including necessary equipment and positioning.
- Potential complications from short and long-term catheter use like urinary tract infections.
- Ways to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections like hand washing.
This document provides information on various types of stoma diversions including urinary and fecal diversions. It describes the reasons for diversions, types of urinary diversions including incontinent diversions like ileal conduits and continent diversions like Kock pouches. It also describes types of fecal diversions including incontinent diversions like colostomies and continent diversions like ileoanal reservoirs. Postoperative nursing care focuses on assessing the stoma, protecting the skin, and helping the patient adapt psychologically.
This document summarizes the catheterization procedure. It describes the different types of catheters used including Foley's catheters. The procedure involves inserting a sterile catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It outlines the necessary equipment, positioning of the patient, cleaning of the area, lubricating the catheter, inserting it into the bladder for males and females, inflating the balloon, and measuring output. Aftercare involves documentation and making the patient comfortable.
A urinary catheter is a plastic tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. There are different types of catheters used for various reasons like inability to urinate or after surgery. Chronic renal failure is the gradual loss of kidney function that may require dialysis or transplant if left untreated and causes symptoms like fatigue. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones so they can pass more easily than one large stone and may require a stent.
The document discusses urinary catheters, including their history, types, uses, insertion process, and care. It notes that urinary catheters were originally open systems but later evolved to closed systems with bags. It provides details on Foley catheters, including their structure and sizing. The document emphasizes the importance of asepsis during catheter insertion and care to prevent infections. It outlines the supplies, steps, and skills needed for proper catheterization and ongoing care.
Drains are surgical tubes used to remove fluids from surgical sites or wounds. There are several types of drains including closed drains like Jackson-Pratt drains and open drains like Penrose drains. Drains can be either active with suction or passive relying on gravity. It is important to monitor drain function and output, watch for signs of infection, and remove the drain once drainage decreases. Complications include infection, blockage, and premature removal. Proper drain care and removal is essential for postoperative recovery.
Section 5 assisting with urinary elimination-2baxtermom
The document discusses various aspects of assisting with urinary elimination, including:
1) The normal urinary system and urination process.
2) Common devices used like bedpans, urinals, and commodes and how to use them properly.
3) Types of urinary incontinence and risk factors.
4) Use of catheters and drainage systems to manage incontinence and how to care for them properly.
5) Bladder training as a potential treatment for some cases of incontinence.
This document discusses urinary catheters and their use. It describes different types of catheters including indwelling catheters, condom catheters, and straight catheters. It explains that catheters are used when a person cannot urinate normally, for accurate output measurement, or before and after surgeries. The document provides details on inserting and caring for indwelling catheters, including securing tubing, emptying drainage bags, and monitoring for infections.
The document provides information on urinary catheter care and asepsis. It discusses the history and development of the urinary catheter by Dr. Frederick Foley in the 1920s. It covers topics like types of catheters, proper catheter size, insertion technique, documentation, potential complications, and care of indwelling catheters to prevent infections. Skills for healthcare workers in catheter insertion and maintenance are emphasized.
Urethral catheterization is used to collect urine samples, empty the bladder, administer contrast media, and monitor urine output. It involves inserting a catheter into the urethra. Potential complications include trauma and urinary tract infection. Techniques vary between species but generally involve cleaning the area, lubricating the catheter, and gently advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out.
1. Urethral catheterization has a long history dating back to ancient India but the modern catheter was designed in the 1930s by Frederick Foley.
2. Catheterization is used to drain the bladder for various indications like urinary retention but should always be done sensitively with patient consent and dignity in mind.
3. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, applying lidocaine gel, inserting the catheter while maintaining sterility, inflating the balloon, and attaching the drainage bag below the patient's pelvis. Complications can include infection, trauma, or blockage so careful technique and monitoring are important.
Urinary retention presents with a dull low abdominal discomfort and frequent urge to urinate without being able to do so for many hours. A distended bladder can be palpated on exam. To treat urinary retention, a Foley catheter should be inserted into the bladder to drain the urine after ensuring aseptic technique. The cause of obstruction should then be determined by examining the patient and checking renal and urinary function with tests. The catheter should not be removed from the ED if the bladder was significantly distended to prevent it from refilling.
Catheterization Procedure by Anushri Srivastav.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Catheterization of the bladder involves introducing a latex or plastic tube through the urethra and into the bladder. The catheter provides a continuous flow of urine in patients unable to control micturition or those with obstructions. It also provides a means of assessing urine output in hemodynamically unstable patients. Because bladder catheterization carries the risk of UTI, blockage, and trauma to the urethra, it is preferable to rely on other measures for either specimen collection or management of incontinence.
Types of Catheterization.
Intermittent and indwelling retention catheterizations are the two forms of catheter insertion
INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION
introduce a straight single-use catheter long enough to drain the bladder (5 to 10 minutes
When the bladder is empty, you immediately withdraw the catheter.
COMPLICATION- increases risk of trauma and infection.
INDICATION- It is common for people with spinal cord injury or other neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis to perform self– intermittent catheterization up to every 4 hours daily for months or years.
UTI rate is lower than for patients with long-term indwelling catheters.
INDWELLING CATHETERIZATION-
remains in place for a longer period, until a patient is able to void voluntarily or continuous accurate urine measurements are no longer needed
The straight single-use catheter has a single lumen with a small opening about 1.3 cm ( 1 2 inch) from the tip.
. Urine drains from the tip, through the lumen, and to a receptacle.
An indwelling Foley catheter has a small inflatable balloon that encircles the catheter just above the tip. When inflated the balloon rests against the bladder outlet to anchor the catheter in place.
The indwelling retention catheter often has two or three lumens within the body of the catheter . One lumen drains urine through the catheter to a collecting tube. A second lumen carries sterile water to and from the balloon when it is inflated or deflated. A third (optional) lumen is sometimes used to instill fluids or medications into the bladder. It is easy to determine the number of lumens by the number of drainage and injection ports at the end of the catheter
A second type of intermittent catheter has a curved tip
A Coudé catheter is used on male patients who may have enlarged prostates that partly obstruct the urethra. It is less traumatic during insertion because it is stiffer and easier to control than the straight-tip catheter
Plastic catheters are suitable only for intermittent use because of their inflexibility
Latex catheters are recommended for use up to 3 weeks. Be aware of allergies.
Pure silicon or Teflon catheters are best suited for long-term use (2 to 3 months) because of less encrustation at the urethral meatus
Balloon sizes range from 3 mL (pediatric) to large postoperative volumes (75 mL). In adults the 5-mL and 30-mL sizes are the most common: The 5-mL size allows for optimal drainage, whereas the 30-mL size is used after pros
This document provides information on surgical drains, including:
- Surgical drains are tubes used to remove fluids like pus, blood or serum from surgical sites or wounds.
- Drains are classified as open or closed systems and can be active, using suction, or passive, relying on gravity. Common types include Jackson-Pratt, chest, and nasogastric tubes.
- Drains must be properly inserted, secured, and monitored for drainage volume and signs of infection. They are usually removed once drainage decreases to less than 25ml/day to avoid complications like infection or blockage.
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
This document discusses urethral catheterization. It begins by defining urethral catheterization as putting a hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder for urine drainage or filling of the bladder. It then discusses the history of catheters and indications for their use. The document covers different types of catheters including Foley catheters, materials used, and procedures for insertion and removal. Complications of failed insertion and removal are addressed.
urinary SYSTEM catheterization PROCEDURE .pptxMosaHasen
This document provides information about urinary catheterization including:
- Definitions and indications for both therapeutic and diagnostic catheterization.
- Types of catheters including indwelling, condom, and suprapubic catheters.
- Steps for catheter insertion in males and females including necessary equipment and positioning.
- Potential complications from short and long-term catheter use like urinary tract infections.
- Ways to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections like hand washing.
This document provides information on various types of stoma diversions including urinary and fecal diversions. It describes the reasons for diversions, types of urinary diversions including incontinent diversions like ileal conduits and continent diversions like Kock pouches. It also describes types of fecal diversions including incontinent diversions like colostomies and continent diversions like ileoanal reservoirs. Postoperative nursing care focuses on assessing the stoma, protecting the skin, and helping the patient adapt psychologically.
This document summarizes the catheterization procedure. It describes the different types of catheters used including Foley's catheters. The procedure involves inserting a sterile catheter into the bladder via the urethra to drain urine. It outlines the necessary equipment, positioning of the patient, cleaning of the area, lubricating the catheter, inserting it into the bladder for males and females, inflating the balloon, and measuring output. Aftercare involves documentation and making the patient comfortable.
A urinary catheter is a plastic tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. There are different types of catheters used for various reasons like inability to urinate or after surgery. Chronic renal failure is the gradual loss of kidney function that may require dialysis or transplant if left untreated and causes symptoms like fatigue. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones so they can pass more easily than one large stone and may require a stent.
The document discusses urinary catheters, including their history, types, uses, insertion process, and care. It notes that urinary catheters were originally open systems but later evolved to closed systems with bags. It provides details on Foley catheters, including their structure and sizing. The document emphasizes the importance of asepsis during catheter insertion and care to prevent infections. It outlines the supplies, steps, and skills needed for proper catheterization and ongoing care.
Drains are surgical tubes used to remove fluids from surgical sites or wounds. There are several types of drains including closed drains like Jackson-Pratt drains and open drains like Penrose drains. Drains can be either active with suction or passive relying on gravity. It is important to monitor drain function and output, watch for signs of infection, and remove the drain once drainage decreases. Complications include infection, blockage, and premature removal. Proper drain care and removal is essential for postoperative recovery.
Section 5 assisting with urinary elimination-2baxtermom
The document discusses various aspects of assisting with urinary elimination, including:
1) The normal urinary system and urination process.
2) Common devices used like bedpans, urinals, and commodes and how to use them properly.
3) Types of urinary incontinence and risk factors.
4) Use of catheters and drainage systems to manage incontinence and how to care for them properly.
5) Bladder training as a potential treatment for some cases of incontinence.
This document discusses urinary catheters and their use. It describes different types of catheters including indwelling catheters, condom catheters, and straight catheters. It explains that catheters are used when a person cannot urinate normally, for accurate output measurement, or before and after surgeries. The document provides details on inserting and caring for indwelling catheters, including securing tubing, emptying drainage bags, and monitoring for infections.
The document provides information on urinary catheter care and asepsis. It discusses the history and development of the urinary catheter by Dr. Frederick Foley in the 1920s. It covers topics like types of catheters, proper catheter size, insertion technique, documentation, potential complications, and care of indwelling catheters to prevent infections. Skills for healthcare workers in catheter insertion and maintenance are emphasized.
Urethral catheterization is used to collect urine samples, empty the bladder, administer contrast media, and monitor urine output. It involves inserting a catheter into the urethra. Potential complications include trauma and urinary tract infection. Techniques vary between species but generally involve cleaning the area, lubricating the catheter, and gently advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out.
1. Urethral catheterization has a long history dating back to ancient India but the modern catheter was designed in the 1930s by Frederick Foley.
2. Catheterization is used to drain the bladder for various indications like urinary retention but should always be done sensitively with patient consent and dignity in mind.
3. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, applying lidocaine gel, inserting the catheter while maintaining sterility, inflating the balloon, and attaching the drainage bag below the patient's pelvis. Complications can include infection, trauma, or blockage so careful technique and monitoring are important.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Why would you use a Foley Catheter? Types and uses?
A tiny, sterile tube called a Foley balloon catheter is used to drain urine from the bladder. It
is also known as an indwelling catheter since it can be retained in the bladder for an extended
amount of time. A balloon at the end, which is filled with sterile water to keep the catheter
from being pulled out of the bladder, holds it in place. Through the catheter tubes, the urine
drains into a bag that is eventually emptied. Catheterization is the process of inserting a
catheter.
A sterile urinary catheter that remains in place for a long time is called a Foley catheter. A
balloon at the catheter's tip can be inflated inside the bladder to hold the Foley in place. The
bladder then releases urine through the catheter and into a collection bag. Another name for it
is an indwelling catheter.
When a patient is too ill, under aesthetic, or unable to urinate on their own due to a medical
condition, this type of catheter is used.
When is a Foley catheter used?
Where it is difficult for a person to urinate naturally, a Foley catheter is typically employed. It
can aid with several tests and to empty the bladder prior to or following surgery.
The following conditions call for the use of Foley catheters:
- To enable patients who cannot urinate because of bladder weakness or nerve injury.
-To allow a patient's urine to drain if the tube that removes urine from their bladder is
blocked (urethra). For instance, because of prostatic hypertrophy or scarring.
- If a patient is receiving an epidural anaesthesia during labour, the bladder will be drained.
- To drain a patient's bladder prior to, during, or following a surgical procedure.
-To administer medication directly into the bladder, as is done during bladder cancer
chemotherapy.
- As a last-resort treatment for urinary incontinence after all other options have failed.
How is a Foley catheter placed?
2. To avoid infection, the patient's vaginal area is cleaned. After that, the catheter is put into
their urethra. The balloon is filled to hold the catheter in place as soon as urine starts to flow
into the tubing. Then, a drainage bag is fastened to the open end.
What are the different Foley catheter sizes?
Similar to feeding tubes, the Foley catheter is measured in French units, each of which is
equivalent to 0.33 millimetres. There are many Foley catheter sizes available, ranging from
5fr to 26fr. The age of the person being catheterized will have an important impact on the
sizes of Foley catheters used in a certain setting. The doctor must be very careful to select the
appropriate Foley catheter sizes for you. An oversized catheter may cause discomfort and
make placement challenging. Kinking and urinary leakage might happen when the Foley
catheter diameters are too tiny.