Body fluids are regulated through complex mechanisms to maintain balance. Fluids are found intracellularly and extracellularly, with the main electrolytes being potassium and sodium respectively. Fluid movement occurs through hydrostatic pressure, osmosis, and oncotic pressure. The kidneys and lungs work to regulate pH and electrolyte levels through excretion and gas exchange. Imbalances can cause issues like edema, organ dysfunction, and shock if unaddressed.
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life.
The interactions of various aqueous solutions, solutions in which water is the solvent, are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in our body.
Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers key topics like the components of body fluids, fluid compartments, electrolytes, fluid movement through diffusion, osmosis and active transport, causes of fluid shifts, effects of fluid imbalances, edema, and fluid resuscitation approaches.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even as external factors vary. Key aspects of homeostasis include controlling temperature, blood pressure, blood pH, and glucose levels. The hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas all play roles in homeostasis. Fluids and electrolytes constantly shift between intracellular and extracellular compartments to facilitate processes like oxygen transport, acid-base balance, and urine formation. Movement occurs via osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and carrier-mediated transport.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Approximately 60% of the adult body weight is made up of fluid and electrolytes.
- Fluids are regulated through processes like osmosis, diffusion, and filtration. Key organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs, and endocrine glands help maintain fluid homeostasis.
- Electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are discussed in detail, including their causes, signs/symptoms, and treatment approaches.
- Proper fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for life and is tightly regulated through various physiological mechanisms.
The document provides an overview of body fluids and electrolytes. It discusses the different fluid compartments, including intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids. It describes the composition of each fluid compartment and the factors that influence fluid balance, such as age, sex, dehydration, and fluid infusion. The document also covers fluid exchange across capillary walls, the development of edema, and the mechanisms involved in maintaining water homeostasis and normal fluid balance.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It discusses the regulation of body fluid compartments through mechanisms like osmosis, diffusion, and the sodium-potassium pump. Gains and losses of fluids occur through drinking, eating, urination, sweating, breathing, and digestion. Homeostatic organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs, and endocrine glands help regulate fluid volume and composition. Imbalances can cause fluid volume deficits or excesses, leading to conditions like dehydration or edema. Diagnostic tests and nursing care aim to restore normal fluid status.
The document discusses homeostasis of body fluids. It describes how the body maintains fluid balance through balancing fluid intake and output. Key body fluid compartments include intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid such as interstitial fluid and plasma. Homeostasis relies on mechanisms like osmosis, diffusion and active transport of fluids between compartments. The kidneys play an important role in regulating fluid balance and electrolyte levels through urine output. Imbalances can lead to conditions like edema, with dehydration classified as isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic based on electrolyte disturbances.
3. Renal Block-Water and Electrolyte Balance-MBBS-2024.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Water is the most ubiquitous substance in the chemical reactions of life.
The interactions of various aqueous solutions, solutions in which water is the solvent, are continuously monitored and adjusted by a large suite of interconnected feedback systems in our body.
Understanding the ways in which the body maintains these critical balances is key to understanding good health.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers key topics like the components of body fluids, fluid compartments, electrolytes, fluid movement through diffusion, osmosis and active transport, causes of fluid shifts, effects of fluid imbalances, edema, and fluid resuscitation approaches.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions even as external factors vary. Key aspects of homeostasis include controlling temperature, blood pressure, blood pH, and glucose levels. The hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas all play roles in homeostasis. Fluids and electrolytes constantly shift between intracellular and extracellular compartments to facilitate processes like oxygen transport, acid-base balance, and urine formation. Movement occurs via osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and carrier-mediated transport.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
- Approximately 60% of the adult body weight is made up of fluid and electrolytes.
- Fluids are regulated through processes like osmosis, diffusion, and filtration. Key organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs, and endocrine glands help maintain fluid homeostasis.
- Electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are discussed in detail, including their causes, signs/symptoms, and treatment approaches.
- Proper fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for life and is tightly regulated through various physiological mechanisms.
The document provides an overview of body fluids and electrolytes. It discusses the different fluid compartments, including intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids. It describes the composition of each fluid compartment and the factors that influence fluid balance, such as age, sex, dehydration, and fluid infusion. The document also covers fluid exchange across capillary walls, the development of edema, and the mechanisms involved in maintaining water homeostasis and normal fluid balance.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It discusses the regulation of body fluid compartments through mechanisms like osmosis, diffusion, and the sodium-potassium pump. Gains and losses of fluids occur through drinking, eating, urination, sweating, breathing, and digestion. Homeostatic organs like the kidneys, heart, lungs, and endocrine glands help regulate fluid volume and composition. Imbalances can cause fluid volume deficits or excesses, leading to conditions like dehydration or edema. Diagnostic tests and nursing care aim to restore normal fluid status.
The document discusses homeostasis of body fluids. It describes how the body maintains fluid balance through balancing fluid intake and output. Key body fluid compartments include intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid such as interstitial fluid and plasma. Homeostasis relies on mechanisms like osmosis, diffusion and active transport of fluids between compartments. The kidneys play an important role in regulating fluid balance and electrolyte levels through urine output. Imbalances can lead to conditions like edema, with dehydration classified as isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic based on electrolyte disturbances.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It begins by explaining that about 60% of the adult human body is fluid, with most fluid being intracellular fluid inside cells and about a third being extracellular fluid outside cells. Key points covered include the roles of the kidneys in regulating fluid volume and composition, the various fluid compartments in the body, electrolytes such as sodium and potassium, and the mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and filtration. Daily fluid intake and losses are addressed, as well as hormonal regulation of fluid balance by factors like ADH and aldosterone. Causes and signs of dehydration and fluid volume deficit are also summarized.
The liver plays a key role in metabolism and homeostasis. It receives a dual blood supply and filters waste from the blood to produce urea, which is excreted. Excess alcohol is broken down but can overload the liver, causing fatty deposits. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine via nephrons and selective reabsorption maintains electrolyte balance. Kidney failure requires dialysis or transplant. Pregnancy and drug tests analyze samples for target hormones or compounds.
This document discusses the mechanism of maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It describes how total body water is distributed and the functions of water. It explains the factors that influence fluid and electrolyte balance like age, climate, diet, stress, medical treatments. It also discusses electrolytes, the mechanisms that control fluid and electrolyte movement like diffusion, osmosis, and the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract in regulating fluids and electrolytes.
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY BY KIDNEYmariyamsiddiqui25
The kidney regulates extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration through two primary systems:
1. The osmoreceptor-ADH system detects changes in osmolarity and causes the release of ADH from the pituitary gland which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to dilute extracellular fluids.
2. The thirst mechanism is stimulated by factors like increased osmolarity and angiotensin II to promote drinking and fluid intake which replaces fluid losses and balances sodium excretion.
Together these systems precisely control extracellular fluid volume and composition through feedback loops that activate water conservation or drinking behaviors in response to changes in osmolarity, sodium levels, blood pressure and volume.
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance is a serious condition that can occur when the body loses or gains too much fluid. The document discusses fluid balance, the body's fluid compartments of intracellular and extracellular fluid, and mechanisms that control fluid and electrolyte movement such as diffusion, osmosis, and hormone regulation. It then focuses on extracellular fluid volume deficit (dehydration) - its causes, signs, lab findings, and treatment involving oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Monitoring for complications during fluid restoration is also emphasized.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It explains that water makes up 60% of body weight and is distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Key electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are discussed. Methods of fluid and electrolyte movement include diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and filtration. Factors affecting fluid balance like thirst, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone are also summarized.
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosisAashish Parihar
This document provides an overview of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It discusses the distribution and composition of body fluids, the movement and regulation of fluids and electrolytes, types of acid-base imbalances, types of intravenous fluids, measuring fluid intake and output, and maintaining intake-output charts. It also covers initiating IV therapy, regulating IV flow rates, intravenous system maintenance, changing IV dressings, blood transfusions, and conditions requiring fluid restriction.
This document provides an overview of fluid compartments and electrolytes in the human body. It discusses the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, their composition and regulation. Key points covered include osmosis, diffusion, active transport, factors affecting fluid distribution, causes and signs of fluid volume deficits and excesses, and intravenous fluid replacement options.
Body maintains a balance between the amount of fluid taken in and amount excreted.
Fluid balance is the balance between water coming into the body, from drinks, food and water leaving the body, mainly in the form of urine.
The document discusses body fluids and electrolyte balance in the human body. It explains that the chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions inside and outside of cells. Water and solutes move between compartments through osmosis and filtration. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are important for nerve function, hormone secretion, and fluid balance. The kidneys play a key role in regulating water balance and electrolyte levels in the blood.
This document discusses fluid imbalances and their management. It defines fluid balance and types of fluid imbalances including fluid volume deficit and excess. Fluid volume deficit can result from loss of fluids and causes symptoms like weight loss and decreased skin turgor. Treatment involves replacing fluids intravenously with crystalloid or colloid fluids. Fluid volume excess, seen in conditions like heart failure, causes symptoms like respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on improving oxygenation through positioning and oxygen therapy, administering diuretic medications, and monitoring the patient's response.
The document discusses disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism. It covers:
- Water and electrolytes (ions like sodium, potassium, calcium) are important components of body fluids that help regulate cell function and metabolism.
- Homeostasis (balance) of water volume, electrolyte levels, and fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments is vital. Disorders can result from diseases that cause vomiting, diarrhea, or other fluid/electrolyte imbalances.
- Understanding the pathogenesis (cause) and changes in water and electrolyte disturbances is important for clinical work in treating disorders. Factors like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone help regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels in the body
The document discusses the composition and regulation of body fluids and electrolytes. It covers the following key points:
- Approximately 60% of body weight is fluid located in two main compartments - intracellular and extracellular space.
- Major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate which are critical for cellular function and fluid balance.
- The kidneys, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance through processes like filtration, sweating, and urine production.
- Laboratory tests like osmolality, creatinine, and hematocrit are used to evaluate fluid status and renal function in maintaining homeostasis.
Last year by end of the lecture Dr Medinna gave cases to solve for Fluid and electrolytes....
He had a seperate slide for the cases..
Lecture slides are taken from Schwartz Textbook of surgery....
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers various transport systems including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis and filtration. It also discusses active transport systems that require energy. Key concepts covered include fluid compartments, regulatory mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone. Various fluid imbalances such as dehydration, hypovolemia and hypervolemia are also summarized.
The human body is composed primarily of water (60% of body weight) and proteins (18% of body weight). Water constitutes a higher percentage of body weight in infants (82%) compared to elderly adults (52%). The total body water is divided into intracellular fluid (ICF, 2/3 of total) and extracellular fluid (ECF, 1/3 of total). ECF is further divided into intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular fluids. Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures regulate the exchange of fluids between blood vessels and tissues.
The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is short-lived, involving neutrophils and fluid/protein exudation to repair injured tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts months to years, associated with lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessel growth and fibrosis. Chronic inflammation occurs when an irritant persists and the acute response cannot resolve it, leading to long-term tissue damage and systemic effects like fever and anemia.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure condition caused by direct or indirect lung injury. It is characterized by fluid buildup and inflammation in the lungs, which makes the lungs stiff and decreases oxygen delivery. The document discusses the causes, pathophysiology, phases, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including mechanical ventilation and positioning, complications, and nursing considerations of ARDS.
More Related Content
Similar to Fluid, electrolyte and acid – base balances.pptx
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It begins by explaining that about 60% of the adult human body is fluid, with most fluid being intracellular fluid inside cells and about a third being extracellular fluid outside cells. Key points covered include the roles of the kidneys in regulating fluid volume and composition, the various fluid compartments in the body, electrolytes such as sodium and potassium, and the mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and filtration. Daily fluid intake and losses are addressed, as well as hormonal regulation of fluid balance by factors like ADH and aldosterone. Causes and signs of dehydration and fluid volume deficit are also summarized.
The liver plays a key role in metabolism and homeostasis. It receives a dual blood supply and filters waste from the blood to produce urea, which is excreted. Excess alcohol is broken down but can overload the liver, causing fatty deposits. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine via nephrons and selective reabsorption maintains electrolyte balance. Kidney failure requires dialysis or transplant. Pregnancy and drug tests analyze samples for target hormones or compounds.
This document discusses the mechanism of maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It describes how total body water is distributed and the functions of water. It explains the factors that influence fluid and electrolyte balance like age, climate, diet, stress, medical treatments. It also discusses electrolytes, the mechanisms that control fluid and electrolyte movement like diffusion, osmosis, and the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract in regulating fluids and electrolytes.
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY BY KIDNEYmariyamsiddiqui25
The kidney regulates extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration through two primary systems:
1. The osmoreceptor-ADH system detects changes in osmolarity and causes the release of ADH from the pituitary gland which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to dilute extracellular fluids.
2. The thirst mechanism is stimulated by factors like increased osmolarity and angiotensin II to promote drinking and fluid intake which replaces fluid losses and balances sodium excretion.
Together these systems precisely control extracellular fluid volume and composition through feedback loops that activate water conservation or drinking behaviors in response to changes in osmolarity, sodium levels, blood pressure and volume.
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance is a serious condition that can occur when the body loses or gains too much fluid. The document discusses fluid balance, the body's fluid compartments of intracellular and extracellular fluid, and mechanisms that control fluid and electrolyte movement such as diffusion, osmosis, and hormone regulation. It then focuses on extracellular fluid volume deficit (dehydration) - its causes, signs, lab findings, and treatment involving oral or IV fluid replacement depending on severity. Monitoring for complications during fluid restoration is also emphasized.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It explains that water makes up 60% of body weight and is distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Key electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are discussed. Methods of fluid and electrolyte movement include diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and filtration. Factors affecting fluid balance like thirst, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone are also summarized.
fluid and electrolytes and acidosis and alkalosisAashish Parihar
This document provides an overview of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It discusses the distribution and composition of body fluids, the movement and regulation of fluids and electrolytes, types of acid-base imbalances, types of intravenous fluids, measuring fluid intake and output, and maintaining intake-output charts. It also covers initiating IV therapy, regulating IV flow rates, intravenous system maintenance, changing IV dressings, blood transfusions, and conditions requiring fluid restriction.
This document provides an overview of fluid compartments and electrolytes in the human body. It discusses the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, their composition and regulation. Key points covered include osmosis, diffusion, active transport, factors affecting fluid distribution, causes and signs of fluid volume deficits and excesses, and intravenous fluid replacement options.
Body maintains a balance between the amount of fluid taken in and amount excreted.
Fluid balance is the balance between water coming into the body, from drinks, food and water leaving the body, mainly in the form of urine.
The document discusses body fluids and electrolyte balance in the human body. It explains that the chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions inside and outside of cells. Water and solutes move between compartments through osmosis and filtration. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride are important for nerve function, hormone secretion, and fluid balance. The kidneys play a key role in regulating water balance and electrolyte levels in the blood.
This document discusses fluid imbalances and their management. It defines fluid balance and types of fluid imbalances including fluid volume deficit and excess. Fluid volume deficit can result from loss of fluids and causes symptoms like weight loss and decreased skin turgor. Treatment involves replacing fluids intravenously with crystalloid or colloid fluids. Fluid volume excess, seen in conditions like heart failure, causes symptoms like respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on improving oxygenation through positioning and oxygen therapy, administering diuretic medications, and monitoring the patient's response.
The document discusses disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism. It covers:
- Water and electrolytes (ions like sodium, potassium, calcium) are important components of body fluids that help regulate cell function and metabolism.
- Homeostasis (balance) of water volume, electrolyte levels, and fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments is vital. Disorders can result from diseases that cause vomiting, diarrhea, or other fluid/electrolyte imbalances.
- Understanding the pathogenesis (cause) and changes in water and electrolyte disturbances is important for clinical work in treating disorders. Factors like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone help regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels in the body
The document discusses the composition and regulation of body fluids and electrolytes. It covers the following key points:
- Approximately 60% of body weight is fluid located in two main compartments - intracellular and extracellular space.
- Major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate which are critical for cellular function and fluid balance.
- The kidneys, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract are responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance through processes like filtration, sweating, and urine production.
- Laboratory tests like osmolality, creatinine, and hematocrit are used to evaluate fluid status and renal function in maintaining homeostasis.
Last year by end of the lecture Dr Medinna gave cases to solve for Fluid and electrolytes....
He had a seperate slide for the cases..
Lecture slides are taken from Schwartz Textbook of surgery....
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers various transport systems including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis and filtration. It also discusses active transport systems that require energy. Key concepts covered include fluid compartments, regulatory mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone. Various fluid imbalances such as dehydration, hypovolemia and hypervolemia are also summarized.
The human body is composed primarily of water (60% of body weight) and proteins (18% of body weight). Water constitutes a higher percentage of body weight in infants (82%) compared to elderly adults (52%). The total body water is divided into intracellular fluid (ICF, 2/3 of total) and extracellular fluid (ECF, 1/3 of total). ECF is further divided into intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular fluids. Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures regulate the exchange of fluids between blood vessels and tissues.
The document discusses renal clearance and how it is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Renal clearance is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute, typically expressed in ml/min. It can be calculated using the urine and plasma concentrations and urine flow rate. Tests like inulin clearance are used to directly measure GFR. The kidneys concentrate urine using a countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle and vasa recta, which creates a hyperosmotic renal medulla. Antidiuretic hormone regulates water reabsorption to allow excretion of dilute or concentrated urine depending on the body's water needs.
Similar to Fluid, electrolyte and acid – base balances.pptx (20)
Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is short-lived, involving neutrophils and fluid/protein exudation to repair injured tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts months to years, associated with lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessel growth and fibrosis. Chronic inflammation occurs when an irritant persists and the acute response cannot resolve it, leading to long-term tissue damage and systemic effects like fever and anemia.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure condition caused by direct or indirect lung injury. It is characterized by fluid buildup and inflammation in the lungs, which makes the lungs stiff and decreases oxygen delivery. The document discusses the causes, pathophysiology, phases, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment including mechanical ventilation and positioning, complications, and nursing considerations of ARDS.
This document discusses the presentation, diagnosis, prognostic factors, and treatment approach for childhood acute leukemias. It covers common presentations of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Diagnosis involves morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and identifying genetic abnormalities. Prognostic factors for ALL include age, gender, white blood cell count, immunophenotype, and cytogenetics. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy, consolidation therapy, cranial irradiation or intrathecal chemotherapy for ALL, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be used for high-risk patients. Supportive care including managing infections, tumor lysis syndrome, and blood product transfusions is also discussed.
This document discusses the presentation, diagnosis, prognostic factors, and treatment approach for childhood acute leukemias. It covers common presentations of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Diagnosis involves morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and identifying genetic abnormalities. Prognostic factors for ALL include age, gender, white blood cell count, immunophenotype, and cytogenetics. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy, consolidation therapy, cranial irradiation or intrathecal chemotherapy for ALL, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be used for high risk patients. Supportive care including managing infections, tumor lysis syndrome, and blood product transfusions is also discussed.
Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is short-lived, involving neutrophils and fluid/protein exudation to repair injured tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts months to years, associated with lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessel growth and fibrosis. It results from persistent stimuli that acute inflammation cannot resolve, like certain infections, autoimmune responses, or repeated acute insults.
Obstructive lung diseases such as COPD involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways which causes difficulty breathing. COPD refers specifically to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, where the airways and lungs are damaged over time from exposure to noxious particles or gases. The main symptoms of COPD are cough, sputum production and shortness of breath which worsen over time. A diagnosis is made through lung function tests showing limited airflow. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, medications to open airways, pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen for advanced cases.
This document discusses the care of dying patients and the signs of impending death. It defines death as the irreversible stoppage of heart, respiratory, and brain functions. Types of death include brain death, circulatory death, natural death, accidental death, suicide, homicide, and undetermined causes. Signs of impending death include difficulty swallowing, nausea, incontinence, loss of senses and movement, irregular breathing and pulse, and cool skin. After death, the body undergoes physiological changes like rigor mortis, algor mortis, livor mortis, and decomposition. When caring for the deceased, the nurse prepares the body for the family by cleaning, dressing, and identifying the body.
A nursing information system (NIS) is defined as integrating nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate patient data, information, and knowledge to support nursing practice. The purpose of a NIS is to create usable patient data, process information to support management functions, assist in patient care decisions, and formulate nursing care plans. A NIS has advantages like easy access to data, time savings, and quality checks, but also disadvantages like threats to data security and overdependence on technology.
A nursing information system (NIS) integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate patient data to support nursing care. The purpose of a NIS is to create usable patient data, process information to support management functions, assist in decision making, provide a framework for patient care decisions, and formulate nursing care plans. A NIS has advantages like easy access to data and time savings, but also disadvantages like threats to data security and needing special skills.
This document discusses ethico legal issues related to patient privacy and data confidentiality. It outlines ethical concerns around patient privacy, confidentiality of data, sharing of information, and other issues related to technology, unaware staff, and sharing data with academic institutions. Additionally, it lists legal issues such as acts around access to health records, privacy protection, and data protection.
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
More@: https://tinyurl.com/2shrryhx
More@: https://tinyurl.com/5n8h3wp8
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near YouNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the level of carbon dioxide that is released at the end of an exhaled breath. ETCO2 levels reflect the adequacy with which carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in the blood back to the lungs and exhaled.
Non-invasive methods for ETCO2 measurement include capnometry and capnography. Capnometry provides a numerical value for ETCO2. In contrast, capnography delivers a more comprehensive measurement that is displayed in both graphical (waveform) and numerical form.
Sidestream devices can monitor both intubated and non-intubated patients, while mainstream devices are most often limited to intubated patients.
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, Full Service includes individualized care for every client. We specifically design each massage session for the individual needs of the client. Our therapists are always willing to adjust the treatments based on the client's instruction and feedback. This guarantees that every client receives the treatment they expect.
By offering a variety of massage services, our Ajman Spa Massage Center can tackle physical, mental, and emotional illnesses. In addition, efficient identification of specific health conditions and designing treatment plans accordingly can significantly enhance the quality of massaging.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, we firmly believe that everyone should have the option to experience top-quality massage services regularly. To achieve that goal we offer cheap massage services in Ajman.
If you are interested in experiencing transformative massage treatment at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, you can use our Ajman Massage Center WhatsApp Number to schedule your next massage session.
Contact @ +971 529818279
Visit @ https://malayalikeralaspaajman.com/
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
2. Introduction
• Body fluids consist of water, electrolytes,
blood plasma, proteins, and other soluble
particles called solutes.
• A new born infants body weight is approximately
75% water.
• Body fluids are found in two main areas of
areas of the body called intracellular and
intracellular and extracellular compartments
5. Composition of body fluids
• Intracellular fluids (ICF) are found inside cells and are
made up of protein, water, electrolytes, and solutes. The
most abundant electrolyte in intracellular fluid is
potassium. Intracellular fluids are crucial to the body’s
functioning.
• Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids found outside of cells.
The most abundant electrolyte in extracellular fluid is
sodium. The body regulates sodium levels to control the
movement of water into and out of the extracellular space due
to osmosis.
Extracellular fluid is classified into:-
a. Intravascular fluid: intravascular fluid that is found in the
vascular system that consists of arteries, veins, and
capillary networks. Intravascular fluid is whole blood volume
and also includes red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma,
and platelets. Intravascular fluid is the most important
component of the body’s overall fluid balance.
6. Loss of intravascular fluids causes the nursing
diagnosis Deficient Fluid Volume, also referred to
as hypovolemia. Intravascular fluid loss can be caused by
several factors, such as excessive diuretic use, severe
bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, and inadequate oral fluid
intake. If intravascular fluid loss is severe, the body
cannot maintain adequate blood pressure and perfusion of
vital organs. This can result in hypovolemic shock and
cellular death when critical organs do not receive an
oxygen-rich blood supply needed to perform cellular
function.
b. interstitial fluid: it refers to fluid outside of
blood vessels and between the cells. For example, a
patient with heart failure may have increased swelling in
the feet and ankles, an example of excess interstitial
fluid referred to as edema.
c. transcellular fluid: it refers to fluid in areas such
as cerebrospinal, synovial, intrapleural, and
gastrointestinal system
7. Blood Plasma pumped from the heart to tissues leaks through the thin walls of the
capillaries into the interstitial space of the skin. This leaked blood plasma is then called
interstitial or extracellular fluid that carries with it nutrients for the tissue cells. Most of
this fluid seeps immediately back into the bloodstream but a percentage is taken up by a
network of lymph capillaries. The interstitial fluid along with debris enters the lymph
vessels; it is then referred to as ‘lymph fluid’.
8. Fluid Movement
• Fluid movement occurs inside the body due to osmotic
pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and osmosis. Proper fluid
movement depends on intact and properly functioning
vascular tissue lining, normal levels of protein content
within the blood, and adequate hydrostatic pressures inside
the blood vessels. Intact vascular tissue lining prevents
fluid from leaking out of the blood vessels.
• Protein content of the blood (in the form of albumin)
causes oncotic pressure that holds water inside the
vascular compartment. For example, patients with decreased
protein levels (i.e., low serum albumin) experience edema
due to the leakage of intravascular fluid into interstitial
areas because of decreased oncotic pressure.
• Hydrostatic pressure : In the intravascular fluid
compartment, hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted
by blood against the capillaries. Hydrostatic pressure
opposes oncotic pressure at the arterial end of
capillaries, where it pushes fluid and solutes out into the
interstitial compartment. On the venous end of the
capillary, hydrostatic pressure is reduced, which allows
9.
10. • Filtration occurs when hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids and
solutes through a permeable membrane so they can be excreted.
An example of this process is fluid and waste filtration
through the glomerular capillaries in the kidneys. This
filtration process within the kidneys allows excess fluid and
waste products to be excreted from the body in the form of
urine.
• Fluid movement is also controlled through osmosis. Osmosis is
water movement through a semipermeable membrane, from an area
of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute
concentration, in an attempt to equalize the solute
concentrations on either side of the membrane. Only fluids and
some particles dissolved in the fluid are able to pass through
a semipermeable membrane; larger particles are blocked from
getting through.
• Osmosis causes fluid movement between the intravascular,
interstitial, and intracellular fluid compartments based on
solute concentration. For example, recall a time when you have
eaten a large amount of salty foods. The sodium concentration
of the blood becomes elevated. Due to the elevated solute
concentration within the bloodstream, osmosis causes fluid to
be pulled into the intravascular compartment from the
interstitial and intracellular compartments to try to equalize
the solute concentration. As fluid leaves the cells, they
shrink in size. The shrinkage of cells is what causes many
symptoms of dehydration, such as dry, sticky mucous membranes.
11.
12. • Solute Movement
• Solute movement is controlled by diffusion, active
transport, and filtration. Diffusion is the movement of
molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration to equalize the concentration of
solutes throughout an area. (Note that diffusion is
different from osmosis because osmosis is the movement of
fluid whereas diffusion is the movement of solutes.) See
Figure 15.4[9] for an image of diffusion. Because diffusion
travels down a concentration gradient, the solutes move
freely without energy expenditure. An example of diffusion
is the movement of inhaled oxygen molecules from alveoli
to the capillaries in the lungs so that they can be
distributed throughout the body.
13.
14. • Active transport, unlike diffusion, involves moving
solutes and ions across a cell membrane from an area of
lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Because active transport moves solutes against a
concentration gradient to prevent an overaccumulation of
solutes in an area, energy is required for this process
to take place.[10] An example of active transport is the
sodium-potassium pump, which uses energy to maintain
higher levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid and
higher levels of potassium in the intracellular fluid.
See Figure 15.5[11] for an image of diffusion and the
sodium-potassium pump regulating sodium and potassium
levels in the extracellular and intracellular
compartments. Recall that sodium (Na+) is the primary
electrolyte in the extracellular space and potassium
(K+) is the primary electrolyte in the intracellular
space.
15.
16. • Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation
• The body must carefully regulate intravascular fluid accumulation and
excretion to prevent fluid volume excesses or deficits and maintain
adequate blood pressure. Water balance is regulated by several
mechanisms including ADH, thirst, and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System (RAAS).
• Fluid intake is regulated by thirst. As fluid is lost and the sodium
level increases in the intravascular space, serum osmolality increases.
Serum osmolality is a measure of the concentration of dissolved solutes
in the blood. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense increased serum
osmolarity levels and trigger the release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
in the kidneys to retain fluid. The osmoreceptors also produce the
feeling of thirst to stimulate increased fluid intake. However,
individuals must be able to mentally and physically respond to thirst
signals to increase their oral intake. They must be alert, fluids must
be accessible, and the person must be strong enough to reach for fluids.
When a person is unable to respond to thirst signals, dehydration
occurs. Older individuals are at increased risk of dehydration due to
age-related impairment in thirst perception. The average adult intake of
fluids is about 2,500 mL per day from both food and drink. An increased
amount of fluids is needed if the patient has other medical conditions
causing excessive fluid loss, such as sweating, fever, vomiting,
diarrhea, and bleeding.
17. • The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) plays an
important role in regulating fluid output and blood
pressure. See Figure 15.6[12] for an illustration of the
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). When there is
decreased blood pressure (which can be caused by fluid
loss), specialized kidney cells make and secrete renin into
the bloodstream. Renin acts on angiotensinogen released by
the liver and converts it to angiotensin I, which is then
converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II does a few
important things. First, angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction to increase blood flow to vital organs. It
also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that triggers increased
sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and subsequent increased
serum osmolality in the bloodstream. As you recall,
increased serum osmolality causes osmosis to move fluid
into the intravascular compartment in an effort to equalize
solute particles. The increased fluids in the intravascular
compartment increase circulating blood volume and help
raise the person’s blood pressure. An easy way to remember
this physiological process is “aldosterone saves salt” and
“water follows salt.”[13]
18.
19. • Fluid output occurs mostly through the kidneys in the form
of urine. Fluid is also lost through the skin as
perspiration, through the gastrointestinal tract in the
form of stool, and through the lungs during respiration.
Forty percent of daily fluid output occurs due to these
“insensible losses” through the skin, gastrointestinal
tract, and lungs and cannot be measured. The remaining 60%
of daily fluid output is in the form of urine. Normally,
the kidneys produce about 1,500 mL of urine per day when
fluid intake is adequate. Decreased urine production is an
early sign of dehydration or kidney dysfunction. It is
important for nurses to assess urine output in patients at
risk. If a patient demonstrates less than 30 mL/hour (or
0.5 mL/kg/hour) of urine output over eight hours, the
provider should be notified for prompt intervention. See
Figure 15.7[14] for an illustration of an average adult’s
daily water balance of 2,500 mL fluid intake balanced with
2,500 mL fluid output.
20.
21. Review of acid base balance regulation
pH
pH is a scale from 0-14 used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a
substance. A neutral pH is 7, which is the same pH as water. Normally, the
blood has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45. A blood pH of less than 7.35 is
considered acidic, and a blood pH of more than 7.45 is considered alkaline.
• The pH of blood is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. Hydrogen ions
are by-products of the metabolism of substances such as proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates.
• The body has several mechanisms for maintaining blood pH. The lungs are
essential for maintaining pH and the kidneys also play a role. For
example, when the pH is too low (i.e., during acidosis), the respiratory
rate quickly increases to eliminate acid in the form of carbon dioxide
(CO2). The kidneys excrete additional hydrogen ions (acid) in the urine
and retain bicarbonate (base). Conversely, when the pH is too high (i.e.,
during alkalosis), the respiratory rate decreases to retain acid in the
form of CO2. The kidneys excrete bicarbonate (base) in the urine and
retain hydrogen ions (acid).
• For example, if an anxious patient is hyperventilating, they may be asked
to breathe into a paper bag to rebreathe some of the CO2 they are blowing
off. Conversely, a postoperative patient who is experiencing
hypoventilation due to the sedative effects of receiving morphine is asked
22.
23. • HCO3
• HCO3 is the bicarbonate level of the blood and the
normal range is 22-26. HCO3 is a base managed by the
kidneys and helps to make the blood more alkaline. The
kidneys take longer than the lungs to adjust the acidity
or alkalinity of the blood, and the response is not
visible upon assessment. As the kidneys sense an
alteration in pH, they begin to retain or excrete HCO3,
depending on what is needed. If the pH becomes acidic,
the kidneys retain HCO3 to increase the amount of bases
present in the blood to increase the pH. Conversely, if
the pH becomes alkalotic, the kidneys excrete more HCO3,
causing the pH to decrease.
24. ABG
Compone
nt
Description Adult Normal Value Critical Value
pH
Acidity (<7.35) or alkalinity (>7.45) of blood.
Measure of H+ ions (acids).
Affected by the lungs via hypo- or hyperventilation or the kidneys
through bicarbonate retention.
7.35-7.45
<7.25
>7.60
PaO2 Pressure of oxygen in the blood. 80-100 mmHg <60 mmHg
PaCO2
Pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
CO2 is an acid managed by the lungs.
As PaCO2 increases, the blood becomes more acidic and the pH
decreases.
As PaCO2 decreases, the blood becomes less acidic and the pH
increases.
35-45 mmHg
<25 mmHg
>60 mmHg
HCO3
Bicarbonate level in the blood.
HCO3 is a base managed by the kidneys.
As HCO3 increases, the blood becomes more alkaline and the pH
increases.
As HCO3 decreases, the blood becomes more acidic and the pH
decreases.
22-26 mEq/L
<10 mEq/L
>40 mEq/L
SaO2 Oxygen saturation in the blood. 95-100% <88%
25.
26.
27.
28. Fluid Imbalance
• Two types of fluid imbalances are excessive fluid volume (also
referred to as hypervolemia) and deficient fluid volume (also
referred to as hypovolemia).
Excessive Fluid Volume
• Excessive fluid volume (also referred to as hypervolemia) occurs
when there is increased fluid retained in the intravascular
compartment. Patients at risk for developing excessive fluid volume
are those with the following conditions:
Heart Failure
Kidney Failure
Cirrhosis
Pregnancy[15]
• Symptoms of fluid overload include pitting edema, ascites, and
dyspnea and crackles from fluid in the lungs. Edema is swelling in
dependent tissues due to fluid accumulation in the interstitial
spaces. Ascites is fluid retained in the abdomen.