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Flow
Measurement
Basic Flow Measurement

 Many methods of flow measurement
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 – A statement of energy conservation

       1 2
    p + ρv + ρgy = constant
       2
Flow Pattern
Orifice Plate

             Orifice Plate




                 Flow
            Sharp Edge       Bevel




         High Pressure         Low Pressure
         Sensing Line          Sensing Line
Typical Orifice Plates
Beveled Edge on Orifice
Typical Transmitter Installation
Flange Taps
Vena Contracta Taps
Pro’s and Con’s

 High delta P       High pressure loss
 Lots of data       Erosion
 Low cost
 Easy replacement
Venturi Tube
Flow Nozzle
Elbow Taps
Pitot Tube
Annubar
Annubar
Annubar
Annubar
Annubar
Output of the Transmitter ∆P
Square Root Extractor
Flow Loop with Square Root
Extractor
Extractor at Low Inputs
Cutoff Relay
Effect of Process Conditions

 Flow measurements are inferential
 – Measure a pressure drop and infer a flow
 Affect by density of the fluid
 – Temperature
 – Pressure
 – Increasing density increases the indicated
   flow rate
Density Compensating

                   Flow




   High Pressure
   Sensing Line                                           RTD

                                           Low
                                           Pressure
                                           Sensing Line



                             DP Cell
    Pressure
       Cell



                              Logic



                          4-20 mA Output
Flow Measurement Errors

 Erosion
 Over ranging the D/P cell
 Vapour formation in the throat
 Clogging
 Plugged or leaking impulse lines
For you to do

 Read pp. 18-32
 Answer Questions pp. 82-85, #6-14

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Flow