IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologyIJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of flow analysis of a sudden and gradual change of pipe diameter u...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes an analytical approach to describe the areas where Pipes (used for flow of fluids) are mostly susceptible to damage and tries to visualize the flow behaviour in various geometric conditions of a pipe. Fluent software was used to plot the characteristics of the flow and gambit software was used to design the 2D model. Two phase Computational fluid dynamics calculations, using K-epsilon model were employed. This simulation gives the values of pressure and velocity contours at various sections of the pipe in which water as a media. A comparison was made with the sudden and gradual change of pipe diameter (i.e., expansion and contraction of the pipe). The numerical results were validated against experimental data from the literature and were found to be in good agreement. Index Terms: gambit, fluent software.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologyIJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of flow analysis of a sudden and gradual change of pipe diameter u...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes an analytical approach to describe the areas where Pipes (used for flow of fluids) are mostly susceptible to damage and tries to visualize the flow behaviour in various geometric conditions of a pipe. Fluent software was used to plot the characteristics of the flow and gambit software was used to design the 2D model. Two phase Computational fluid dynamics calculations, using K-epsilon model were employed. This simulation gives the values of pressure and velocity contours at various sections of the pipe in which water as a media. A comparison was made with the sudden and gradual change of pipe diameter (i.e., expansion and contraction of the pipe). The numerical results were validated against experimental data from the literature and were found to be in good agreement. Index Terms: gambit, fluent software.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. Flow In Circular Pipes
Objective
To measure the pressure drop in the straight section of
smooth, rough, and packed pipes as a function of flow
rate.
To correlate this in terms of the friction factor and
Reynolds number.
To compare results with available theories and
correlations.
To determine the influence of pipe fittings on pressure
drop
To show the relation between flow area, pressure drop
and loss as a function of flow rate for Venturi meter and
Orifice meter.
3. Theoretical Discussion
Fluid flow in pipes is of considerable importance in process.
•Animals and Plants circulation systems.
•In our homes.
•City water.
•Irrigation system.
•Sewer water system
Fluid could be a single phase: liquid or gases
Mixtures of gases, liquids and solids
NonNewtonian fluids such as polymer melts, mayonnaise
Newtonian fluids like in your experiment (water)
4. Theoretical Discussion
Laminar flow
To describe any of these flows, conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum equations are the most general forms
could be used to describe the dynamic system. Where the key
issue is the relation between flow rate and pressure drop.
If the flow fluid is:
a. Newtonian
b. Isothermal
c. Incompressible (dose not depend on the pressure)
d. Steady flow (independent on time).
e. Laminar flow (the velocity has only one single component)
5. Laminar flow
Navier-Stokes equations is govern the flow field (a set of equations
containing only velocity components and pressure) and can be solved
exactly to obtain the Hagen-Poiseuille relation
.
Vz(r)
In
Pz
r+dr r
Body force due to gravity
Flow If the principle of conservation
of momentum is applied to a
fixed volume element through
which fluid is flowing and on
which forces are acting, then
the forces must be balanced
(Newton second law)
Pz+dz
Pz+dz
6. Laminar flow
Continue
Forces balance
dFz r
2rzr r
dz
dFz r dr
2(r dr)zr r dr
dz 1…Shear forces
p z
2rdr
p z dz
2rdr
2….Pressure
g2rdrdz 3…..Body force
Sum of forces
in the z - direction
Rate of change of momentum
in the z - direction
Vz(r)
Pz
r+dr r
Pz+dz
7. Laminar flow
Continue
Momentum is
Mass*velocity (m*v)
Momentum per unit volume is
*vz
Rate of flow of momentum is
*vz*dQ
dQ=vz2πrdr
but
vz = constant at a fixed value of r
vz (v2rdr) z
vz (v2rdr) z dz
0
Laminar flow
8. Laminar flow
Continue
2rzr r
dz 2(r dr)zr r dr
dzp z
2rdr p z dz
2rdr g2rdrdz 0
dvz
dr
Q 2vz dr
0
R
R4
8
p
L
p pz0 pzL gL
Hagen-Poiseuille
9. Turbulent flow
When fluid flow at higher flowrates,
the streamlines are not steady and
straight and the flow is not laminar.
Generally, the flow field will vary in
both space and time with fluctuations
that comprise "turbulence
For this case almost all terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations are important
and there is no simple solution
P = P (D, , , L, U,)
uz
úz
Uz
average
ur
úr
Ur
average
p
P’
p
average
Time
10. Turbulent flow
All previous parameters involved three fundamental dimensions,
Mass, length, and time
From these parameters, three dimensionless groups can be build
P
U 2 f (Re,
L
D
)
Re
UD
inertia
Viscous forces
11. Friction Factor for Laminar
Turbulent flows
From forces balance and the definition of Friction Factor
P Ac S L
Ac
S
rh
1
4
D
P
2L
R
f
1/2U2
For Laminar flow
(Hagen - Poiseuill eq)
Q
r4
8
P
L
P
L
8U
R2
f
PR
U
2
L
f
P
L
R
U 2
8
UR
16
Re
For Turbulent Flow f
P
L
D
2U 2 0.079Re0.25
Ac: cross section area of the pip
S: Perimeter on which T acts (wetted
perimeter)
Rh hydraulic radius
12. Turbulence: Flow Instability
In turbulent flow (high Reynolds number) the force leading
to stability (viscosity) is small relative to the force leading
to instability (inertia).
Any disturbance in the flow results in large scale motions
superimposed on the mean flow.
Some of the kinetic energy of the flow is transferred to
these large scale motions (eddies).
Large scale instabilities gradually lose kinetic energy to
smaller scale motions.
The kinetic energy of the smallest eddies is dissipated by
viscous resistance and turned into heat. (=head loss)
13. Velocity Distributions
Turbulence causes transfer of momentum
from center of pipe to fluid closer to the pipe
wall.
Mixing of fluid (transfer of momentum)
causes the central region of the pipe to have
relatively constant velocity (compared to
laminar flow)
Close to the pipe wall eddies are smaller (size
proportional to distance to the boundary)
14. Surface Roughness
Additional dimensionless group /D need
to be characterize
Thus more than one curve on friction factor-
Reynolds number plot
Fanning diagram or Moody diagram
Depending on the laminar region.
If, at the lowest Reynolds numbers, the laminar portion
corresponds to f =16/Re Fanning Chart
or f = 64/Re Moody chart
15. Friction Factor for Smooth, Transition,
and Rough Turbulent flow
1
f
4.0 * log Re* f
0.4
Smooth pipe, Re>3000
1
f
4.0 * log
D
2.28
Rough pipe, [ (D/)/(Re√ƒ) <0.01]
1
f
4.0*log
D
2.28 4.0*log 4.67
D/
Re f
1
Transition function
for both smooth and
rough pipe
f
P
L
D
2U2
f 0.079Re0.25
16. Fanning Diagram
f =16/Re
f 0.079Re0.25
1
f
4.0 * log
D
2.28 4.0 * log 4.67
D/
Re f
1
1
f
4.0 * log
D
2.28
17. Pipe roughness
pipe material pipe roughness (mm)
glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12
galvanized iron 0.15
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC 0.12
Must be
dimensionless!
D
18. Flow in a Packed pipe
The equations for empty pipe flow do not work with out considerable
modification
Ergun Equation
75
.
1
)
1
(
150
)
1
(
2
3
p
o
o
p
D
U
U
L
PD
f
Reynolds number for a packed bed flow as Re
UoDp
(1)
Dp is the particle diameter,
is the volume fraction that is not occupied by particles
This equation contains the interesting behavior that the
pressure drop varies as the first power of Uo for small Re
and as Uo
2 for higher Re.
Flow
Dp
A
19. Energy Loss in Valves
Function of valve type and valve position
The complex flow path through valves can
result in high head loss (of course, one of
the purposes of a valve is to create head
loss when it is not fully open)
Ev are the loss in terms of velocity heads
Ev K
U2
2
hv
p
Kv
U2
2g
2 f
Leq
D
U2
g
20. Friction Loss Factors for valves
Valve K Leq/D
Gate valve, wide open 0.15 7
Gate valve, 3/4 open 0.85 40
Gate valve, 1/2 open 4.4 200
Gate valve, 1/4 open 20 900
Globe valve, wide open 7.5 350
21. Energy Loss due to Gradual
Expansion
angle ()
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 20 40 60 80
KE
A2
A1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
A
A
U
K
E
U
U
K
E
E
E
E
E
22. Sudden Contraction
(Orifice Flowmeter)
Orifice flowmeters are used to determine a
liquid or gas flowrate by measuring the
differential pressure P1-P2 across the orifice
plate
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
102 105 106 107
Re
Cd
Reynolds number based on orifice diameter Red
P1 P2
d
D
Flow
103 104
Q Cd A2
2(p1 p2)
(12
)
1/2
23. Venturi Flowmeter
The classical Venturi tube (also known as the Herschel Venturi
tube) is used to determine flowrate through a pipe. Differential
pressure is the pressure difference between the pressure
measured at D and at d
D d Flow
24. Boundary layer buildup in a pipe
Pipe
Entrance
v v
v
Because of the share force near the pipe wall, a boundary layer
forms on the inside surface and occupies a large portion of the
flow area as the distance downstream from the pipe entrance
increase. At some value of this distance the boundary layer fills the
flow area. The velocity profile becomes independent of the axis in
the direction of flow, and the flow is said to be fully developed.
25. Pipe Flow Head Loss
(constant density fluid flows)
Pipe flow head loss is
proportional to the length of the pipe
proportional to the square of the velocity
(high Reynolds number)
Proportional inversely with the diameter
of the pipe
increasing with surface roughness
independent of pressure
Total losses in the pipe system is
obtained by summing individual head
losses of roughness, fittings, valves ..itc
26. Pipe Flow Summary
The statement of conservation of mass, momentum and energy becomes
the Bernoulli equation for steady state constant density of flows.
Dimensional analysis gives the relation between flow rate and pressure
drop.
Laminar flow losses and velocity distributions can be derived based on
momentum and mass conservation to obtain exact solution named of
Hagen - Poisuille
Turbulent flow losses and velocity distributions require experimental
results.
Experiments give the relationship between the fraction factor and the
Reynolds number.
Head loss becomes minor when fluid flows at high flow rate (fraction
factor is constant at high Reynolds numbers).
27. Images - Laminar/Turbulent Flows
Laser - induced florescence image of an
incompressible turbulent boundary layer
Simulation of turbulent flow coming out of a
tailpipe
Laminar flow (Blood Flow)
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~cfd/gallery/lim-turb.html