FLIF is a new lossless image file format that outperforms all other formats in compression, transmission, storage and editing. For more visit: www.flif.info
Vector images contain shapes and curves of different colors, while bitmap images map images into a grid of pixels holding color values. Vector files like EPS and AI are better for illustrations while bitmap files like JPG and PNG work better for photos. GIF is for images with few colors while JPEG compresses photos losing some quality. Embedded images are copied into documents at full resolution, making files larger, while linked images remain independent but smaller. Color palettes determine the number of colors in an image, with smaller palettes in GIFs and larger in JPEGs. Lossless compression stores images using less memory without quality loss, unlike the lossy JPEG format. PNG was created as an improved GIF format and can be used for
Vector images use geometrical primitives to represent images while bitmap images map pixels spatially. JPEG files compress images using lossy compression that doesn't allow exact reconstruction, while GIF uses indexing to select colors from a limited palette. Embedded graphics are contained in documents, while linked graphics reference external files. Color palettes assign numbers to a subset of display colors for pixels. Lossless compression reconstructs original data exactly unlike lossy methods. PNG files overcome GIF and JPEG limitations but don't support animation. BMP files are large and bad for sharing unlike compressed formats. Flickr is a photo sharing site used by bloggers as a photo repository with tagging and browsing tools.
The document discusses various file formats for images, including GIF, JPEG, PNG, SVG, EPS, AI, PDF, PSD, RAW, TIFF, BMP, vector graphics, and raster graphics. It provides details on the appropriate uses and key pros and cons of each format. GIF is best for images with flat colors while JPEG is best for photographic images. PNG is a good replacement for many GIFs but JPEG may be more efficient for photos. SVG and EPS can contain vector data but have limitations. PDF is good for protecting intellectual property but is meant for print. PSD contains the most image data but is Photoshop-specific. RAW files contain full sensor data while TIFF is a reliable cross-platform
The document discusses the differences between vector and bitmap images, including that vector images use mathematical formulas while bitmaps use pixels, and covers common file formats like JPEG, GIF and PNG. It also explains concepts such as lossless compression, embedded versus linked graphics, and resources for images like Flickr. The document advises against using BMP formats for web content due to browser limitations.
This document is a project report for a campus connect web application created by PCS Global PVT Ltd. It includes an abstract describing the application, acknowledgements, tables of contents, chapters on the application features and screenshots, and a future scope section. The application aims to connect students and companies by allowing students to update profiles, companies to post projects for bidding, and includes features like questions, polls and videos. It was created using MySQL, Java, JSP and deployed on a web server for users to access through a browser.
Vector images contain shapes and curves of different colors, while bitmap images map images into a grid of pixels holding color values. Vector files like EPS and AI are better for illustrations while bitmap files like JPG and PNG work better for photos. GIF is for images with few colors while JPEG compresses photos losing some quality. Embedded images are copied into documents at full resolution, making files larger, while linked images remain independent but smaller. Color palettes determine the number of colors in an image, with smaller palettes in GIFs and larger in JPEGs. Lossless compression stores images using less memory without quality loss, unlike the lossy JPEG format. PNG was created as an improved GIF format and can be used for
Vector images use geometrical primitives to represent images while bitmap images map pixels spatially. JPEG files compress images using lossy compression that doesn't allow exact reconstruction, while GIF uses indexing to select colors from a limited palette. Embedded graphics are contained in documents, while linked graphics reference external files. Color palettes assign numbers to a subset of display colors for pixels. Lossless compression reconstructs original data exactly unlike lossy methods. PNG files overcome GIF and JPEG limitations but don't support animation. BMP files are large and bad for sharing unlike compressed formats. Flickr is a photo sharing site used by bloggers as a photo repository with tagging and browsing tools.
The document discusses various file formats for images, including GIF, JPEG, PNG, SVG, EPS, AI, PDF, PSD, RAW, TIFF, BMP, vector graphics, and raster graphics. It provides details on the appropriate uses and key pros and cons of each format. GIF is best for images with flat colors while JPEG is best for photographic images. PNG is a good replacement for many GIFs but JPEG may be more efficient for photos. SVG and EPS can contain vector data but have limitations. PDF is good for protecting intellectual property but is meant for print. PSD contains the most image data but is Photoshop-specific. RAW files contain full sensor data while TIFF is a reliable cross-platform
The document discusses the differences between vector and bitmap images, including that vector images use mathematical formulas while bitmaps use pixels, and covers common file formats like JPEG, GIF and PNG. It also explains concepts such as lossless compression, embedded versus linked graphics, and resources for images like Flickr. The document advises against using BMP formats for web content due to browser limitations.
This document is a project report for a campus connect web application created by PCS Global PVT Ltd. It includes an abstract describing the application, acknowledgements, tables of contents, chapters on the application features and screenshots, and a future scope section. The application aims to connect students and companies by allowing students to update profiles, companies to post projects for bidding, and includes features like questions, polls and videos. It was created using MySQL, Java, JSP and deployed on a web server for users to access through a browser.
Este documento describe los pasos que una persona siguió para realizar una investigación sobre los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de pacientes con colostomías e ileostomías. La persona buscó información en la base de datos Cuiden y encontró 19 resultados. Seleccionó dos artículos que no estaban disponibles a texto completo y usó el catálogo Fama para acceder a los textos completos de esos artículos a través de enlaces o descargas PDF.
Aligning Open Access with the Social Justice Mission of Public UniversityLeslie Chan
In this talk I provide an extended argument on why we need to shift the narrative about Open Access from one emphasizing the university's research prowess to Open Access as university's commitment to its public mission.
O documento resume o filme "A Turma", retratando as tensões entre um professor e seus alunos em uma sala de aula em Paris. O professor François Marin tem dificuldades em gerir as diferenças culturais e comportamentais entre os alunos, levando a confrontos verbais. O filme também mostra as dificuldades de comunicação devido às diferentes variantes de língua francesa faladas pelos alunos e professor.
The document discusses flight and accommodation package deals, including prices and inclusions. A first package for 1-2 people costs 16,000-22,000 Thai Baht and includes 6-12 meals, ground transportation and hotel rooms. A second package includes 5,000-10,000 Baht flights plus additional amenities depending on the number of people and nights.
The increasing use of digital video has put into perspective the storage requirements for a large number of video files. Different qualities of videos are available and each of these requires different storage areas. Different variety of devices having different pixel densities uses these files and accordingly has varying video processing capabilities. This paper presents a novel multimedia video encoding/decoding algorithm which is responsive to the device and responds to the device capabilities. This involves a light-weight, multi-layered approach whereby the video streams are divided into different layers and these are differentially loaded as per the quality requirements. This differential loading involves the progressive decoding algorithm for the video stream and henceforth a single file to be used vary the bit rate depending on several factors like the device processing capabilities, available memory, screen width and pixel density for different quality requirements. By in cooperating this method to WebRTC framework, the quality of video can be varied according to the network congestions. Our analysis reveals that this method is far more efficient than transcoding-on-air method which is used by multimedia servers which require special hardware support. For normal servers which use HTML5 for playback of video, this method reduces the total bandwidth required and saves a lot of storage space which results in smooth streaming over the web. This new approach makes the video files adaptive to the different devices on which they are running.
This document discusses and compares various digital image file formats including JPG, GIF, TIFF, PNG, BMP, and RAW. It explains the differences between lossy and lossless compression and how different formats support varying numbers of colors. Key points covered include the intended uses of formats for print versus web, how layers and transparency are supported, and recommendations for when to use specific formats for photographs, graphics, and other image types.
This document compares various audio file formats including RAW, MP3, AIFF, MPEG, WAV, ACT, and WMA. It discusses the characteristics of each format such as compression, file extensions, advantages like size and limitations like lack of compatibility. Key points covered include how MP3, MPEG, and WMA use lossy compression while WAV and AIFF are uncompressed, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in terms of quality, size, and features.
Lossy compression removes invisible information from audio and video files to reduce file sizes, resulting in some loss of quality but still retaining the essential aspects. Lossless compression reduces file sizes by removing redundant data but does not degrade quality as it allows exact reconstruction. Common lossy audio and video formats include MP3, JPEG, and MPEG-4, while lossless formats include FLAC, PNG, and ZIP.
The document discusses various image file formats including JPEG, JPEG 2000, Exif, TIFF, RAW, GIF, BMP, PNG, PPM/PGM/PBM, WEBP, HDR formats, and vector formats like CGM. It describes the key features and uses of each format, such as JPEG being a common format for photographs that uses lossy compression, while PNG supports lossless compression and transparency and is better for images with large uniform areas.
This document describes a software that converts PNG and GIF image files to JPEG format. It discusses the hardware and software requirements needed to run the program. The problem was that PNG and GIF files are large in size and slow to upload, while JPEG files are smaller and faster to upload. The software provides a solution by allowing users to convert images to the JPEG format in order to reduce file size and upload time while maintaining image quality. Screenshots demonstrate the user interface and conversion process. Advantages include portability, platform independence, reduced file size and faster conversion time. Limitations are that it only runs on Java and uses older Swing components.
There are several common graphic file formats for images, with TIFF, JPEG, and GIF being the most widely used. The best format depends on factors like the image content, intended use, need for editing, and compatibility. TIFF is a versatile, lossless format best for master copies. JPEG uses lossy compression and is best for photos. GIF is limited to 256 colors but works well for logos and is widely compatible. The document provides details on the characteristics and use cases of various formats.
File formats are designed to store specific types of information like images. JPEG is a lossy compression format suitable for photos, while PNG is a lossless format that can compress solid colors and is more supported than GIFs, which can animate but have a limited color palette. PSD files are layered Photoshop documents, TIFFs are standard for scanning, and RAW files store unprocessed camera data for more editing control, though they are larger files. Vector formats like EPS contain paths rather than pixels and can scale smoothly.
Project presentation image compression by manish myst, ssgbcoetManish Myst
This document discusses different image compression formats including GIF, PNG, JPEG, and MNG. It provides details on each format such as the algorithms and applications used. GIF uses LZW lossless compression while JPEG uses lossy compression to reduce file sizes. PNG also uses lossless compression with DEFLATE and prediction algorithms. The objective of image compression is to reduce file sizes by eliminating redundant image data through either lossy or lossless compression methods.
Graphics can be any non-text elements on a page, ranging from simple lines to complex images. Common graphic file formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and RAW. JPEG uses lossy compression to produce small file sizes but degraded quality, while PNG, TIFF, and RAW can be lossless, maintaining exact quality but producing larger file sizes. GIF is limited to 256 colors making it suitable for simple images like diagrams, while BMP is uncompressed and large in size but widely supported on Windows.
The document outlines various file formats for images, including their purposes and characteristics. It discusses formats such as JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF, EPS, PDF, PSD and others. It explains that file conversion involves changing the encoding of data from one format to another, such as when upgrading software versions or changing programs or operating systems. Proper file conversion preserves the original file and logs any processing steps.
The document discusses various file formats for multimedia like PDF, TIFF, JPEG, MP3, MPEG and their compression methods. It explains lossless and lossy compression techniques for images, audio and video. For images, it describes monochrome, grayscale, GIF and JPEG compression. For audio, it discusses lossless formats like WAV and lossy formats like MP3. For video, it explains common formats like MOV, AVI and WMV.
File types photorestoration and panoramicsdaviddiener
The document discusses different file types used in digital photography, including JPEG, RAW, TIFF, and bit depth. JPEG files use lossy compression to reduce file size, while RAW files contain uncompressed sensor data. Higher bit depths like 16 or 24 bits can capture more color information than 8 bits. Metadata is also discussed, which provides information about the photo like camera details and copyright. Different standards help govern photographic metadata.
The document discusses various topics relating to digital images, file formats, and online image sharing platforms:
- It compares vector and bitmap images, and explains the advantages of each, such as resolution independence for vectors and realistic photos for bitmaps.
- It describes the differences between GIF, JPEG and PNG file formats, explaining their suitable purposes like animations for GIF and photos for JPEG.
- Embedded and linked graphics are defined, and it notes that embedded is the default since it doesn't update if the source changes.
- A colour palette and lossless compression are defined. JPEG uses lossy compression, while lossless is important when identical data is needed.
- PNG is recommended over
Este documento describe los pasos que una persona siguió para realizar una investigación sobre los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de pacientes con colostomías e ileostomías. La persona buscó información en la base de datos Cuiden y encontró 19 resultados. Seleccionó dos artículos que no estaban disponibles a texto completo y usó el catálogo Fama para acceder a los textos completos de esos artículos a través de enlaces o descargas PDF.
Aligning Open Access with the Social Justice Mission of Public UniversityLeslie Chan
In this talk I provide an extended argument on why we need to shift the narrative about Open Access from one emphasizing the university's research prowess to Open Access as university's commitment to its public mission.
O documento resume o filme "A Turma", retratando as tensões entre um professor e seus alunos em uma sala de aula em Paris. O professor François Marin tem dificuldades em gerir as diferenças culturais e comportamentais entre os alunos, levando a confrontos verbais. O filme também mostra as dificuldades de comunicação devido às diferentes variantes de língua francesa faladas pelos alunos e professor.
The document discusses flight and accommodation package deals, including prices and inclusions. A first package for 1-2 people costs 16,000-22,000 Thai Baht and includes 6-12 meals, ground transportation and hotel rooms. A second package includes 5,000-10,000 Baht flights plus additional amenities depending on the number of people and nights.
The increasing use of digital video has put into perspective the storage requirements for a large number of video files. Different qualities of videos are available and each of these requires different storage areas. Different variety of devices having different pixel densities uses these files and accordingly has varying video processing capabilities. This paper presents a novel multimedia video encoding/decoding algorithm which is responsive to the device and responds to the device capabilities. This involves a light-weight, multi-layered approach whereby the video streams are divided into different layers and these are differentially loaded as per the quality requirements. This differential loading involves the progressive decoding algorithm for the video stream and henceforth a single file to be used vary the bit rate depending on several factors like the device processing capabilities, available memory, screen width and pixel density for different quality requirements. By in cooperating this method to WebRTC framework, the quality of video can be varied according to the network congestions. Our analysis reveals that this method is far more efficient than transcoding-on-air method which is used by multimedia servers which require special hardware support. For normal servers which use HTML5 for playback of video, this method reduces the total bandwidth required and saves a lot of storage space which results in smooth streaming over the web. This new approach makes the video files adaptive to the different devices on which they are running.
This document discusses and compares various digital image file formats including JPG, GIF, TIFF, PNG, BMP, and RAW. It explains the differences between lossy and lossless compression and how different formats support varying numbers of colors. Key points covered include the intended uses of formats for print versus web, how layers and transparency are supported, and recommendations for when to use specific formats for photographs, graphics, and other image types.
This document compares various audio file formats including RAW, MP3, AIFF, MPEG, WAV, ACT, and WMA. It discusses the characteristics of each format such as compression, file extensions, advantages like size and limitations like lack of compatibility. Key points covered include how MP3, MPEG, and WMA use lossy compression while WAV and AIFF are uncompressed, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in terms of quality, size, and features.
Lossy compression removes invisible information from audio and video files to reduce file sizes, resulting in some loss of quality but still retaining the essential aspects. Lossless compression reduces file sizes by removing redundant data but does not degrade quality as it allows exact reconstruction. Common lossy audio and video formats include MP3, JPEG, and MPEG-4, while lossless formats include FLAC, PNG, and ZIP.
The document discusses various image file formats including JPEG, JPEG 2000, Exif, TIFF, RAW, GIF, BMP, PNG, PPM/PGM/PBM, WEBP, HDR formats, and vector formats like CGM. It describes the key features and uses of each format, such as JPEG being a common format for photographs that uses lossy compression, while PNG supports lossless compression and transparency and is better for images with large uniform areas.
This document describes a software that converts PNG and GIF image files to JPEG format. It discusses the hardware and software requirements needed to run the program. The problem was that PNG and GIF files are large in size and slow to upload, while JPEG files are smaller and faster to upload. The software provides a solution by allowing users to convert images to the JPEG format in order to reduce file size and upload time while maintaining image quality. Screenshots demonstrate the user interface and conversion process. Advantages include portability, platform independence, reduced file size and faster conversion time. Limitations are that it only runs on Java and uses older Swing components.
There are several common graphic file formats for images, with TIFF, JPEG, and GIF being the most widely used. The best format depends on factors like the image content, intended use, need for editing, and compatibility. TIFF is a versatile, lossless format best for master copies. JPEG uses lossy compression and is best for photos. GIF is limited to 256 colors but works well for logos and is widely compatible. The document provides details on the characteristics and use cases of various formats.
File formats are designed to store specific types of information like images. JPEG is a lossy compression format suitable for photos, while PNG is a lossless format that can compress solid colors and is more supported than GIFs, which can animate but have a limited color palette. PSD files are layered Photoshop documents, TIFFs are standard for scanning, and RAW files store unprocessed camera data for more editing control, though they are larger files. Vector formats like EPS contain paths rather than pixels and can scale smoothly.
Project presentation image compression by manish myst, ssgbcoetManish Myst
This document discusses different image compression formats including GIF, PNG, JPEG, and MNG. It provides details on each format such as the algorithms and applications used. GIF uses LZW lossless compression while JPEG uses lossy compression to reduce file sizes. PNG also uses lossless compression with DEFLATE and prediction algorithms. The objective of image compression is to reduce file sizes by eliminating redundant image data through either lossy or lossless compression methods.
Graphics can be any non-text elements on a page, ranging from simple lines to complex images. Common graphic file formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and RAW. JPEG uses lossy compression to produce small file sizes but degraded quality, while PNG, TIFF, and RAW can be lossless, maintaining exact quality but producing larger file sizes. GIF is limited to 256 colors making it suitable for simple images like diagrams, while BMP is uncompressed and large in size but widely supported on Windows.
The document outlines various file formats for images, including their purposes and characteristics. It discusses formats such as JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF, EPS, PDF, PSD and others. It explains that file conversion involves changing the encoding of data from one format to another, such as when upgrading software versions or changing programs or operating systems. Proper file conversion preserves the original file and logs any processing steps.
The document discusses various file formats for multimedia like PDF, TIFF, JPEG, MP3, MPEG and their compression methods. It explains lossless and lossy compression techniques for images, audio and video. For images, it describes monochrome, grayscale, GIF and JPEG compression. For audio, it discusses lossless formats like WAV and lossy formats like MP3. For video, it explains common formats like MOV, AVI and WMV.
File types photorestoration and panoramicsdaviddiener
The document discusses different file types used in digital photography, including JPEG, RAW, TIFF, and bit depth. JPEG files use lossy compression to reduce file size, while RAW files contain uncompressed sensor data. Higher bit depths like 16 or 24 bits can capture more color information than 8 bits. Metadata is also discussed, which provides information about the photo like camera details and copyright. Different standards help govern photographic metadata.
The document discusses various topics relating to digital images, file formats, and online image sharing platforms:
- It compares vector and bitmap images, and explains the advantages of each, such as resolution independence for vectors and realistic photos for bitmaps.
- It describes the differences between GIF, JPEG and PNG file formats, explaining their suitable purposes like animations for GIF and photos for JPEG.
- Embedded and linked graphics are defined, and it notes that embedded is the default since it doesn't update if the source changes.
- A colour palette and lossless compression are defined. JPEG uses lossy compression, while lossless is important when identical data is needed.
- PNG is recommended over
Flickr is a photo sharing website where users can upload and view photos. It allows users to store photos online in a central repository that bloggers can then access for use in their blogs. While commonly used for recreational photo sharing, Flickr also has potential academic uses as it provides a way to store and access photos for educational or research purposes.
Graphic aids pictures A lecture By Allah Dad Khan VP The University Of Agr...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Mr. Allah Dad Khan gave a lecture on common image file formats. He discussed that JPG is the most commonly used format for digital photos and web images due to its ability to greatly reduce file sizes through lossy compression. TIFF files are larger than JPG but support lossless compression and higher bit depths, making them a standard for printing. GIF was designed for early online images but only supports indexed color, while PNG can replace GIF and also offers many options supported by TIFF such as indexed or RGB color and bit depths from 1 to 48 bits.
This document discusses various digital file formats for raster and vector graphics. Raster formats like JPEG, TIFF, GIF, BMP are described along with their uses and advantages/disadvantages. Vector formats like AI, FLA, WMF are also outlined. Compression and image capture methods like scanning and digital cameras are briefly covered. Key points include JPEG being widely supported but lossy, TIFF being lossless but large file sizes, and vector formats like AI scaling well but requiring proprietary software.
Digital video is, a sequence of images, called frames, displayed at a certain frame rate (so many frames per second, or fps) to create the illusion of animation.
This document summarizes image processing techniques in the Android environment. It discusses compressed, saturated, and cropped images created using mathematical operations and techniques like JPEG lossy compression. It also covers adding text to images and adjusting brightness/contrast. Key aspects of image processing like compression, techniques like JPEG, and performance metrics for evaluating Android apps like CPU usage, memory usage, and GPU are overviewed.
Similar to FLIF, a new lossless image file format (20)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
FLIF, a new lossless image file format
1. A FRESH NEW LOSSLESS IMAGE FORMAT
Launch date: 3rd
October, 2015
Latest Release: 22nd
September, 2016
2. FLIF
Lossless FLIF
FLIF is a novel lossless image format which outperforms PNG, lossless
WebP, lossless BPG, lossless JPEG2000, and lossless JPEG XR in terms of
compression ratio.
Lossy FLIF
In developer’s opinion, at low qualities and for photographs,
dedicated lossy formats like WebP, JPEG or BPG still produce better
results. However, at very high-quality, we think lossy FLIF is a better
option.
3. WHY FLIF
JPEG most popular right now. However JPEG-
Is lossy
trade off between the file size and the loss of visual quality
no alpha channel support (doesn't support semi or fully transparent
pixels)
PNG can be used to overcome disadvantages of JPEG. But-
generated files are huge compared to lossy
bandwidth consumed is large
Finding a way to save images without compromising on quality while having the
smallest possible file, is definitely important for the modern web and mobile world
4. FLIF is the winner
According to the compression experiments, FLIF(lossless) files are on
average:
14% smaller than lossless WebP,
22% smaller than lossless BPG,
33% smaller than brute-force crushed PNG files (using ZopfliPNG),
43% smaller than typical PNG files,
46% smaller than optimized Adam7-interlaced PNG files,
53% smaller than lossless JPEG 2000 compression,
74% smaller than lossless JPEG XR compression.
5.
6. Works on any kind of image
FLIF does away with knowing what image format performs the best at any
given task.
PNG works well for line art, but not for photographs. For regular photographs
where some quality loss is acceptable, JPEG can be used, but for medical
images you may want to use lossless JPEG 2000. And so on. It can be tricky
for non-technical end-users.
More recent formats like WebP and BPG do not solve this problem, since they
still have their strengths and weaknesses.
FLIF works well on any kind of image, so the end-user does not need to try
different algorithms and parameters.
The conclusion? FLIF beats anything else in all categories.
7. Progressive and lossless
FLIF is lossless, but can still be used
in low-bandwidth situations, since
only the first part of a file is needed
for a reasonable preview of the
image.
Other lossless formats also support
progressive decoding (e.g. PNG
with Adam7 interlacing), but FLIF is
better at it. Here is a simple
demonstration video, which shows
an image as it is slowly being
downloaded:
Here’s a video example
(if the video does not play, you can
watch it here:
https://youtu.be/ByH7RMsMxBY)
8. Generation Loss
(For Lossy FLIF)
Generation loss is the loss of
quality between subsequent
copies or transcodes of data.
One advantage (of many) of
using a lossless format in a lossy
way (as opposed to using a
lossy format), is that
generation loss is not an issue.
Here’s a video example
(if the video does not play, you
can watch it here:
https://youtu.be/gJJachY651c
)
9. Technical Information
FLIF is based on MANIAC compression. MANIAC (Meta-Adaptive
Near-zero Integer Arithmetic Coding) is an algorithm for entropy
coding developed by Jon Sneyers and Pieter Wuille.
It is a variant of CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic
coding), where instead of using a multi-dimensional array of quantized
local image information, the contexts are nodes of decision trees
which are dynamically learned at encode time. This means a much
more image-specific context model can be used, resulting in better
compression.
10. Tech Info contd (MNIAC)
This entropy encoding method is called “meta-
adaptive near-zero integer arithmetic coding”
(MANIAC). It is meta-adaptive since the context model
itself is adapted to the data
Proposed is a dynamic data structure as a context
model. It is essentially a decision tree (actually one tree
per channel), grown during encoding. Figure shows an
example MANIAC tree. Every internal (non-leaf) node has
a test condition: an inequality comparing one of the
context properties to a value. The child nodes
correspond to the two test branches. During encoding,
every leaf node contains one actual context (array of
chances) and two virtual contexts per property. At
decode time only the actual contexts are used.
11. Technical Information
Moreover, FLIF supports a form of progressive interlacing (essentially
a generalization/improvement of PNG's Adam7 interlacing) which
means that any prefix (e.g. partial download) of a compressed file
can be used as a reasonable lossy encoding of the entire image. In
contrast to other interlacing image formats (e.g. PNG or GIF),
interlaced FLIF encoding takes the interlacing into account in the pixel
estimation and in the MANIAC context model. As a result, the
overhead of interlacing is small, and in some cases (e.g. photographs)
interlaced FLIF files are even smaller than non-interlaced ones.