The document provides an overview of India's Five Year Plans from the First Plan in 1951 to the Eighth Plan in the 1990s. It discusses the origins and history of planning in India prior to independence. Each Five Year Plan is summarized, including key targets, approaches, and outcomes. The plans shifted focus over time from agriculture and industrialization to addressing poverty, employment, and self-sufficiency. Overall the plans aimed to rapidly develop the Indian economy but faced challenges from drought, conflicts, and economic crises.
The document discusses the evolution of planning in India from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It outlines the history of five-year plans in India from 1951-2017, highlighting key initiatives and targets in health, poverty reduction, and other sectors. It also compares the structure and roles of the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog. Finally, it summarizes the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan cleanliness campaign and its goals to make India open defecation free by 2019.
An approach to 12th five year plan(2012 17).pptxlknklAnuj Malhotra
The document provides an overview of India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) and its objectives of achieving faster, more sustainable and inclusive growth. It discusses key challenges and priorities for different sectors including agriculture, water, industry, education, health, energy and transport infrastructure. The Planning Commission aims to reduce the average economic growth target to between 8-8.5% from the previous target of 9% due to global economic deterioration. Poverty reduction remains a key goal.
The Eighth Five-Year Plan of India aimed to modernize industries, control population growth, reduce poverty, generate employment, strengthen infrastructure, and decentralize power. It was led by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh and marked the beginning of economic liberalization reforms in India. The plan achieved average GDP growth of 6.8% and growth in the agricultural, industrial, and employment sectors, showing positive results for its goals.
The document summarizes the key aspects of India's Ninth and Tenth Five Year Plans as they relate to health. The Ninth Plan (1997-2002) aimed to tackle communicable and non-communicable diseases, improve health infrastructure and services, and reduce population growth. The Tenth Plan (2002-2007) sought to meet Millennium Development Goals by reducing poverty, gender gaps, and infant/maternal mortality while increasing literacy rates. Both plans focused on improving access, quality and efficiency of health services through strengthening primary care, human resources, and community involvement.
India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru establishes the Planning Commission in 1950 to formulate five-year plans for economic development. The plans aimed to develop agriculture and industry, increase employment and incomes, and reduce socioeconomic disparities. The first three plans prioritized agriculture but later plans focused more on industrialization. The plans sought to develop India's economy through public investment in infrastructure and social welfare programs.
The 12th Five Year Plan aims to promote faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth in India after high growth but increasing inequities in the 11th Plan. It sets a core target of 8.2% economic growth along with manufacturing growth of 10% and poverty reduction. Key priorities include improving access to education, health and infrastructure while ensuring balanced regional development and closing gender and social gaps. The plan proposes three scenarios for growth and inclusiveness depending on the level of implementation but is limited in metrics to properly measure inclusive growth.
This document discusses census methods used in Nepal. It explains that a census is a complete count of a population that provides data on characteristics like age, sex, occupation, etc. Nepal conducts a national census every 10 years, with the most recent in 2011. Censuses can be conducted using the de facto, de jure, or modified de jure methods. The modified de jure method, which counts people at their usual place of residence for 6 months or more, has been used in Nepal since 1952. Censuses provide important national-level demographic and socioeconomic data used for planning.
The document summarizes the role and history of India's Planning Commission. It defines the Planning Commission as the institution that formulates India's five-year plans and is chaired by the Prime Minister. It outlines the need for planning after partition and independence to address economic, social and technological challenges. Key details provided include the objectives and targets of the initial plans from 1951-1956 to 2002-2007 and the roles and functions of the Planning Commission in resource allocation, priority setting, and appraising progress.
The document discusses the evolution of planning in India from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It outlines the history of five-year plans in India from 1951-2017, highlighting key initiatives and targets in health, poverty reduction, and other sectors. It also compares the structure and roles of the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog. Finally, it summarizes the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan cleanliness campaign and its goals to make India open defecation free by 2019.
An approach to 12th five year plan(2012 17).pptxlknklAnuj Malhotra
The document provides an overview of India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) and its objectives of achieving faster, more sustainable and inclusive growth. It discusses key challenges and priorities for different sectors including agriculture, water, industry, education, health, energy and transport infrastructure. The Planning Commission aims to reduce the average economic growth target to between 8-8.5% from the previous target of 9% due to global economic deterioration. Poverty reduction remains a key goal.
The Eighth Five-Year Plan of India aimed to modernize industries, control population growth, reduce poverty, generate employment, strengthen infrastructure, and decentralize power. It was led by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh and marked the beginning of economic liberalization reforms in India. The plan achieved average GDP growth of 6.8% and growth in the agricultural, industrial, and employment sectors, showing positive results for its goals.
The document summarizes the key aspects of India's Ninth and Tenth Five Year Plans as they relate to health. The Ninth Plan (1997-2002) aimed to tackle communicable and non-communicable diseases, improve health infrastructure and services, and reduce population growth. The Tenth Plan (2002-2007) sought to meet Millennium Development Goals by reducing poverty, gender gaps, and infant/maternal mortality while increasing literacy rates. Both plans focused on improving access, quality and efficiency of health services through strengthening primary care, human resources, and community involvement.
India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru establishes the Planning Commission in 1950 to formulate five-year plans for economic development. The plans aimed to develop agriculture and industry, increase employment and incomes, and reduce socioeconomic disparities. The first three plans prioritized agriculture but later plans focused more on industrialization. The plans sought to develop India's economy through public investment in infrastructure and social welfare programs.
The 12th Five Year Plan aims to promote faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth in India after high growth but increasing inequities in the 11th Plan. It sets a core target of 8.2% economic growth along with manufacturing growth of 10% and poverty reduction. Key priorities include improving access to education, health and infrastructure while ensuring balanced regional development and closing gender and social gaps. The plan proposes three scenarios for growth and inclusiveness depending on the level of implementation but is limited in metrics to properly measure inclusive growth.
This document discusses census methods used in Nepal. It explains that a census is a complete count of a population that provides data on characteristics like age, sex, occupation, etc. Nepal conducts a national census every 10 years, with the most recent in 2011. Censuses can be conducted using the de facto, de jure, or modified de jure methods. The modified de jure method, which counts people at their usual place of residence for 6 months or more, has been used in Nepal since 1952. Censuses provide important national-level demographic and socioeconomic data used for planning.
The document summarizes the role and history of India's Planning Commission. It defines the Planning Commission as the institution that formulates India's five-year plans and is chaired by the Prime Minister. It outlines the need for planning after partition and independence to address economic, social and technological challenges. Key details provided include the objectives and targets of the initial plans from 1951-1956 to 2002-2007 and the roles and functions of the Planning Commission in resource allocation, priority setting, and appraising progress.
The document outlines India's 14 Five Year Plans from 1951 to 2022. It discusses the objectives and key achievements of each plan. The plans aimed to develop India's economy through industrialization, agriculture, education and poverty reduction. Major achievements included establishing steel mills, power plants, banks, roads, increasing food grain and energy production. The plans were overseen and implemented by the Planning Commission of India.
The document provides an overview of India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951-2012. It discusses the objectives, achievements and challenges of each plan. The key points are:
- The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and make judicious use of resources with a total outlay of Rs. 2069 Cr. Major dams and industries were started.
- Subsequent plans focused on increasing GDP growth, agricultural production, employment, education and healthcare. Plans also aimed to reduce poverty, regional disparities and reliance on imports.
- The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targeted 9% GDP growth and included priorities like agriculture, irrigation, education, health, and
This document provides an overview of India's National Population Policy from 2000. It discusses the need for a population policy in India given its large population size. It outlines the objectives of the 2000 policy, which include reducing the total fertility rate to replacement level by 2010 and achieving population stabilization by 2045. The policy aims to address issues like access to healthcare, education, and contraception to influence demographic variables and slow population growth. It lists specific goals for 2010 related to reducing infant/maternal mortality, increasing institutional deliveries, and promoting family planning programs.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME (RNTCP)Vivek Varat
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses that over 6000 people develop TB and 600 die from it daily in India. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve 85% cure rate of infectious cases and detect 70% of estimated cases. It operates using the WHO recommended DOTS strategy involving diagnosis, standardized treatment, drug supply management, and monitoring/evaluation. New initiatives include expanding use of CBNAAT and establishing an online case reporting system. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment.
Poverty allivation programme by governmentmadan kumar
The document discusses several anti-poverty programmes adopted by the Indian government, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per rural household; the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) and its successor the National Rural Livelihoods Mission which aim to promote self-employment; and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana which aims to provide connectivity to rural areas. It also mentions other programmes related to rural housing, irrigation, drinking water, electrification, social security, food security, and financial inclusion.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and the replacement of the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog. It provides background on Five Year Plans and their objectives in health and development. It outlines the failures of the 11th Plan and objectives of the 12th Plan including faster, more inclusive, and sustainable growth. It then describes the formation of NITI Aayog in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission and foster state government involvement in economic policymaking. The functions of NITI Aayog are listed as providing strategic advice, developing credible plans, focusing on disadvantaged sections, and monitoring/evaluating program implementation.
The document discusses water and waterborne diseases. It defines key terms, describes the water cycle and classification of waterborne diseases. Waterborne diseases are spread through contaminated water and include diarrhea-causing and non-diarrhea causing illnesses. Common diarrhea-causing pathogens discussed are rotavirus, E. coli, and cryptosporidium. Typhoid fever and hepatitis are covered as non-diarrheal diseases. The document also addresses water purification methods including boiling, filtration and disinfection on small and large scales.
The document summarizes key aspects of Bangladesh's 7th Five Year Plan (FY2016-FY2020) as it relates to children and youth. It defines children and youth according to different organizations. It outlines the plan's objectives to accelerate growth and empower citizens. It discusses strategies to improve children's education, health, and provide incentives to poorer children. It also outlines strategies for youth including ensuring secondary education, vocational training, stipends for poor youth, and incorporating IT and science. The plan aims to reduce poverty, inequality, and improve lagging regions of the country.
This document discusses measures of unemployment in India. It provides background on unemployment levels in India and some of the key reasons for unemployment, such as a rising population, lack of skilled candidates, and advanced technology reducing available jobs. It then outlines several policies and programs established by the Indian government to address unemployment, including MGNREGA, PMEGP, SGSY, and SJSRY. These programs aim to generate employment opportunities in rural and urban areas through self-employment initiatives and public works programs.
International healthcare agencies play an important role in public health globally. There are several types of these agencies, including multilateral agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), which work to improve health and development. Bilateral agencies provide technical and financial support to individual countries. NGOs also make significant contributions and work on issues like disaster relief. These various international healthcare agencies help strengthen public health systems, provide guidance on health problems, and support efforts to achieve goals like universal health coverage and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
This document discusses unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and methods for measuring unemployment rates. There are two main types of unemployment: voluntary and involuntary. Involuntary unemployment includes structural unemployment due to changes in technology, cyclical unemployment during recessions, frictional unemployment between jobs, seasonal unemployment, underemployment of educated workers, and chronic long-term unemployment. The document also outlines government policies and programs in India aimed at reducing unemployment, such as MGNREGA, PMEGP, and Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu.
The 7th Five Year Plan in India aimed to accelerate food grain production, increase employment, and raise productivity with a focus on food, work, and productivity. Key objectives included decentralizing planning, reducing poverty and income disparities, generating employment, achieving self-sufficiency in food, improving social services, promoting self-reliance, improving industrial capacity and productivity, and integrating science and technology. The plan focused on agriculture development, anti-poverty programs, universal access to food, clothing, shelter, and increasing small and large farmer productivity and independence. The economy grew at 6% against a target of 5% during this successful plan period.
In September 2000, 189 UN member states met in New York and agreed to a series of goals called the Millennium Development Goals to address extreme poverty and human rights issues by 2015. The eight goals included eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; achieving universal primary education; promoting gender equality; reducing child and maternal mortality; combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria; ensuring environmental sustainability; and developing a global partnership for development.
The document discusses two theories of consumption:
1. Permanent Income Hypothesis by Milton Friedman which argues that consumers base their consumption on their permanent income rather than temporary fluctuations in income. Consumption remains constant even if temporary income changes in the short run.
2. Life Cycle Hypothesis by Modigliani which proposes that long-term consumption is related to lifetime average income and depends on factors like wealth, future earnings, age, and rate of return on capital. It suggests consumption and savings patterns vary at different stages of life and are influenced by the age distribution of the population.
This document discusses stabilization policy and the ability of governments to reduce business fluctuations through fiscal and monetary policy. It covers topics such as:
- How monetary policy can be implemented through changing money supply or interest rates, and how fiscal policy can be implemented through changing government spending or taxes.
- Objections to the effectiveness of fiscal stabilization policy, including the automatic stabilizer effect, Ricardian equivalence principle, and crowding out effect.
- The inflation-output tradeoff described by the Phillips curve and how expansionary policies can increase inflation in the long run.
- How inflation expectations impact the Phillips curve and the ability of governments to permanently affect unemployment through demand policies alone.
- The importance of
The document provides an overview of India's five year plans from the first plan in 1951 to the eleventh plan in 2007. It outlines the objectives, targets, achievements and failures of each plan. The key aspects covered include industrialization, agriculture growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, and increasing investments in infrastructure, education, and health. While the plans helped increase GDP growth and develop the economy, they failed to fully eliminate poverty and unemployment or reduce economic disparities as intended.
This presentation is all about the five years plans during the existence planning commission and having a little bit background of indian economy post independence.
Government Schemes in India are launched by the government to address the social and economic welfare of the citizens of this nation. These schemes play a crucial role in solving many health-related and socio-economic problems that beset Indian society, and thus their awareness is a must for any concerned citizen.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
This document discusses reasons for boycotting Israel, including that Israel is an apartheid and colonial state. It occupies Palestinian land and restricts Palestinian movement and rights. The Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement is described as urging punitive non-violent measures against Israel until it complies with international law by ending occupation, ensuring full equality for Arab citizens, and recognizing Palestinian refugees' right of return. Specific companies like L'Oreal, Nestle, Coca-Cola, Danone, and others are mentioned as targets due to their operations in Israeli settlements or profits from violations of Palestinian rights.
The document outlines India's 14 Five Year Plans from 1951 to 2022. It discusses the objectives and key achievements of each plan. The plans aimed to develop India's economy through industrialization, agriculture, education and poverty reduction. Major achievements included establishing steel mills, power plants, banks, roads, increasing food grain and energy production. The plans were overseen and implemented by the Planning Commission of India.
The document provides an overview of India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951-2012. It discusses the objectives, achievements and challenges of each plan. The key points are:
- The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and make judicious use of resources with a total outlay of Rs. 2069 Cr. Major dams and industries were started.
- Subsequent plans focused on increasing GDP growth, agricultural production, employment, education and healthcare. Plans also aimed to reduce poverty, regional disparities and reliance on imports.
- The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targeted 9% GDP growth and included priorities like agriculture, irrigation, education, health, and
This document provides an overview of India's National Population Policy from 2000. It discusses the need for a population policy in India given its large population size. It outlines the objectives of the 2000 policy, which include reducing the total fertility rate to replacement level by 2010 and achieving population stabilization by 2045. The policy aims to address issues like access to healthcare, education, and contraception to influence demographic variables and slow population growth. It lists specific goals for 2010 related to reducing infant/maternal mortality, increasing institutional deliveries, and promoting family planning programs.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME (RNTCP)Vivek Varat
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses that over 6000 people develop TB and 600 die from it daily in India. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve 85% cure rate of infectious cases and detect 70% of estimated cases. It operates using the WHO recommended DOTS strategy involving diagnosis, standardized treatment, drug supply management, and monitoring/evaluation. New initiatives include expanding use of CBNAAT and establishing an online case reporting system. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment.
Poverty allivation programme by governmentmadan kumar
The document discusses several anti-poverty programmes adopted by the Indian government, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per rural household; the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) and its successor the National Rural Livelihoods Mission which aim to promote self-employment; and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana which aims to provide connectivity to rural areas. It also mentions other programmes related to rural housing, irrigation, drinking water, electrification, social security, food security, and financial inclusion.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and the replacement of the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog. It provides background on Five Year Plans and their objectives in health and development. It outlines the failures of the 11th Plan and objectives of the 12th Plan including faster, more inclusive, and sustainable growth. It then describes the formation of NITI Aayog in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission and foster state government involvement in economic policymaking. The functions of NITI Aayog are listed as providing strategic advice, developing credible plans, focusing on disadvantaged sections, and monitoring/evaluating program implementation.
The document discusses water and waterborne diseases. It defines key terms, describes the water cycle and classification of waterborne diseases. Waterborne diseases are spread through contaminated water and include diarrhea-causing and non-diarrhea causing illnesses. Common diarrhea-causing pathogens discussed are rotavirus, E. coli, and cryptosporidium. Typhoid fever and hepatitis are covered as non-diarrheal diseases. The document also addresses water purification methods including boiling, filtration and disinfection on small and large scales.
The document summarizes key aspects of Bangladesh's 7th Five Year Plan (FY2016-FY2020) as it relates to children and youth. It defines children and youth according to different organizations. It outlines the plan's objectives to accelerate growth and empower citizens. It discusses strategies to improve children's education, health, and provide incentives to poorer children. It also outlines strategies for youth including ensuring secondary education, vocational training, stipends for poor youth, and incorporating IT and science. The plan aims to reduce poverty, inequality, and improve lagging regions of the country.
This document discusses measures of unemployment in India. It provides background on unemployment levels in India and some of the key reasons for unemployment, such as a rising population, lack of skilled candidates, and advanced technology reducing available jobs. It then outlines several policies and programs established by the Indian government to address unemployment, including MGNREGA, PMEGP, SGSY, and SJSRY. These programs aim to generate employment opportunities in rural and urban areas through self-employment initiatives and public works programs.
International healthcare agencies play an important role in public health globally. There are several types of these agencies, including multilateral agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), which work to improve health and development. Bilateral agencies provide technical and financial support to individual countries. NGOs also make significant contributions and work on issues like disaster relief. These various international healthcare agencies help strengthen public health systems, provide guidance on health problems, and support efforts to achieve goals like universal health coverage and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
This document discusses unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and methods for measuring unemployment rates. There are two main types of unemployment: voluntary and involuntary. Involuntary unemployment includes structural unemployment due to changes in technology, cyclical unemployment during recessions, frictional unemployment between jobs, seasonal unemployment, underemployment of educated workers, and chronic long-term unemployment. The document also outlines government policies and programs in India aimed at reducing unemployment, such as MGNREGA, PMEGP, and Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu.
The 7th Five Year Plan in India aimed to accelerate food grain production, increase employment, and raise productivity with a focus on food, work, and productivity. Key objectives included decentralizing planning, reducing poverty and income disparities, generating employment, achieving self-sufficiency in food, improving social services, promoting self-reliance, improving industrial capacity and productivity, and integrating science and technology. The plan focused on agriculture development, anti-poverty programs, universal access to food, clothing, shelter, and increasing small and large farmer productivity and independence. The economy grew at 6% against a target of 5% during this successful plan period.
In September 2000, 189 UN member states met in New York and agreed to a series of goals called the Millennium Development Goals to address extreme poverty and human rights issues by 2015. The eight goals included eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; achieving universal primary education; promoting gender equality; reducing child and maternal mortality; combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria; ensuring environmental sustainability; and developing a global partnership for development.
The document discusses two theories of consumption:
1. Permanent Income Hypothesis by Milton Friedman which argues that consumers base their consumption on their permanent income rather than temporary fluctuations in income. Consumption remains constant even if temporary income changes in the short run.
2. Life Cycle Hypothesis by Modigliani which proposes that long-term consumption is related to lifetime average income and depends on factors like wealth, future earnings, age, and rate of return on capital. It suggests consumption and savings patterns vary at different stages of life and are influenced by the age distribution of the population.
This document discusses stabilization policy and the ability of governments to reduce business fluctuations through fiscal and monetary policy. It covers topics such as:
- How monetary policy can be implemented through changing money supply or interest rates, and how fiscal policy can be implemented through changing government spending or taxes.
- Objections to the effectiveness of fiscal stabilization policy, including the automatic stabilizer effect, Ricardian equivalence principle, and crowding out effect.
- The inflation-output tradeoff described by the Phillips curve and how expansionary policies can increase inflation in the long run.
- How inflation expectations impact the Phillips curve and the ability of governments to permanently affect unemployment through demand policies alone.
- The importance of
The document provides an overview of India's five year plans from the first plan in 1951 to the eleventh plan in 2007. It outlines the objectives, targets, achievements and failures of each plan. The key aspects covered include industrialization, agriculture growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, and increasing investments in infrastructure, education, and health. While the plans helped increase GDP growth and develop the economy, they failed to fully eliminate poverty and unemployment or reduce economic disparities as intended.
This presentation is all about the five years plans during the existence planning commission and having a little bit background of indian economy post independence.
Government Schemes in India are launched by the government to address the social and economic welfare of the citizens of this nation. These schemes play a crucial role in solving many health-related and socio-economic problems that beset Indian society, and thus their awareness is a must for any concerned citizen.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
This document discusses reasons for boycotting Israel, including that Israel is an apartheid and colonial state. It occupies Palestinian land and restricts Palestinian movement and rights. The Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement is described as urging punitive non-violent measures against Israel until it complies with international law by ending occupation, ensuring full equality for Arab citizens, and recognizing Palestinian refugees' right of return. Specific companies like L'Oreal, Nestle, Coca-Cola, Danone, and others are mentioned as targets due to their operations in Israeli settlements or profits from violations of Palestinian rights.
This document provides information about different types of economies. It begins by defining an economy and its key features. It then describes the main characteristics of three types of economies: capitalist economies, socialist economies, and mixed economies. Capitalist economies emphasize private property, free enterprise, profit motive, and competition. Socialist economies involve collective ownership, central planning, and prioritize social welfare over individual profit. Mixed economies combine elements of capitalism and socialism, with both public and private sectors coexisting. The document also distinguishes between developed and developing economies based on their level of economic development and standards of living.
Social attributes in yellow-bellied marmotstina_wey
A talk I presented at Behavior 2011: Joint Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society and International Ethological Conference (Bloomington, IN), summarizing my dissertation.
You can find more information on the research presented here at: https://impactstory.org/TinaWey and https://sites.google.com/site/tweyresearch/home
Full thesis patrick onuorah - the role of small and medium sized enterprise...Jarchin Raj
This document summarizes a study on the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth in Nigeria. The study surveyed 200 SMEs in Matori, Lagos state to understand their profitability, impact on employment and infrastructure, and relationship with financial institutions and technology. The results found that while SMEs are profitable, issues like inconsistent policies and poor infrastructure undermine their potential. SMEs employ many people but need more support to hire more. Financial institutions are attracted to areas with SMEs but loans have high interest rates. The study confirms SMEs' role in economic growth and recommends the government provide more support through infrastructure, financing, policies and technology to help SMEs maximize their
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is responsible for leading the development and execution of the company's long term strategy to create shareholder value. The CEO oversees all day-to-day management decisions and the implementation of long and short term plans. Key duties include developing strategy with the Board, organizing staff to achieve the strategy, ensuring compliance and effective risk management and controls, acting as liaison between the Board and management, and communicating with stakeholders. The CEO is also responsible for keeping informed about company activities and ensuring proper information flow to the Board.
This document provides a concise summary of tennis techniques and strategies in Korean. It begins with an introduction by the author, Kevin Kim, and then outlines the contents which include forehands, backhands, serves, volleys, overheads, drills, and strategies. The document provides tips and illustrations for each element of tennis play broken down into basic, advanced, and expert levels.
El documento describe la taxonomía de Bloom, un sistema de clasificación de objetivos educativos desarrollado en 1956. La taxonomía categoriza los objetivos en dominios cognitivo, afectivo y psicomotor. El dominio cognitivo incluye seis niveles de objetivos - conocimiento, comprensión, aplicación, análisis, síntesis y evaluación - que van de lo más simple a lo más complejo. Los maestros deben considerar estos niveles al planificar actividades para ayudar a los estudiantes a avanzar en su aprendizaje
The Nordic countries have strong framework conditions for entrepreneurship and many startups. However, the report finds that Nordic countries struggle to scale up young growth firms into large companies. While Finland has more gazelle growth than other Nordic nations, the region overall lacks entrepreneurial capabilities and skills needed to accelerate firm growth and realize global potential. The report recommends developing entrepreneurial ecosystems to provide young companies with complementary skills, experience, and networks to stimulate growth.
The document summarizes the key details of India's successive Five Year Plans from the First Plan in 1951 to the Twelfth Plan in 2012-2017. It provides the target and actual growth rates achieved for each plan, along with the main focus areas and outcomes of each plan period. Planning in India has been carried out through these Five Year Plans developed and executed by the Planning Commission since 1947.
- India began implementing Five-Year Plans in 1951 under the influence of Nehru to promote centralized economic development and self-sufficiency. The early plans focused on developing infrastructure and primary industries while later plans emphasized agriculture, poverty alleviation, and increasing growth rates. Annual plans were introduced in 1990-1992 during a period of economic crisis before the Eighth Plan accelerated economic reforms and liberalization. Debate continues over whether Five-Year Plans are still relevant given India's federal structure and changing economic needs.
The document discusses economic planning and conditions in India. It provides details on:
1. The Planning Commission of India which was established in 1950 and formulated India's Five-Year Plans to promote economic development.
2. Key principles of effective economic planning including well-defined aims and objectives, conscious decision making, appropriate targets, flexibility, and an efficient administrative system.
3. An overview of India's major Five-Year Plans from 1951-1956 to 2012-2017, including goals, focus areas, and growth rates achieved.
4. Important economic indicators that provide information on a country's economic conditions such as GDP, inflation, employment, exports, imports, and interest rates.
The document provides an overview of India's economic planning process since independence in 1947. It discusses the objectives and achievements of each of India's first 12 Five-Year Plans from 1951-2017. The planning process was established to rebuild and develop India's economy following independence, with a focus on industrialization, agriculture, infrastructure, and social development. Key highlights included the establishment of large dams and steel mills, the Green Revolution, nationalization of banks, and recent economic reforms beginning in the early 1990s.
Healthcare system, Various Indian Healthcare system, Health policies, Health Programme, Five year Plan, Health Manpower.
A healthcare system can be defined as the method by which healthcare is financed, organized, and delivered to a population. It includes issues of access (for whom and to which services), expenditures, and resources (healthcare workers and facilities).
India has a mixed healthcare system, inclusive of public and private healthcare service providers.
Private HCPs are concentrated in urban India providing secondary and tertiary care healthcare services.
Public healthcare infrastructure in rural areas has been developed as a three tier system based on population norms.
Launched on 12th April, 2005.
Decentralization of village and district level health planning and management.
Appointing ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) for facilitating the access to healthcare services.
Strengthening public healthcare delivery services at primary and secondary level.
Mainstreaming AYUSH.
Improve management capacity to organize health systems and services.
Improve intersectoral coordination.
The document discusses the functions and objectives of India's Five Year Plans from the first plan in 1951 to the eleventh plan in 2012. Some key points:
- The first plan (1951-1956) focused on developing the agrarian sector and dams/irrigation and achieved 3.6% GDP growth.
- Subsequent plans emphasized industry, infrastructure, poverty reduction and self-sufficiency.
- Later plans incorporated reforms like privatization, liberalization, and reducing population growth.
- Plans set targets for GDP growth, employment, literacy, and decreasing gender/income inequalities.
The document discusses India's industrial policies and plans from 1951 to the present. Some key points:
- Early plans (First to Third Plans) focused on agriculture and basic industries with a goal of self-sufficiency. Later plans emphasized higher growth rates, poverty reduction, and making India more globally competitive.
- Major industrial policy resolutions were passed in 1948, 1956, 1977, 1980, and 1991. These classified industries, outlined public/private roles, and gradually reduced licensing and opened the economy.
- The 1991 policy virtually ended licensing, increased foreign investment limits, and reduced the public sector role to boost growth and efficiency.
- Privatization of public sector firms has occurred through various routes like strategic
Unit 4 provisions for education in five year plansAsima shahzadi
- The document discusses education and economic plans in Pakistan over several decades. It outlines the key targets and achievements of the various five-year plans from 1955-1983.
- The plans aimed to boost GDP growth, increase investments in industry and agriculture, and expand education. However, many plans faced challenges in implementation due to political instability and wars with India.
- While some plans saw economic growth exceed targets, others fell short of industrial and education goals due to factors like foreign conflicts and changes in government. The plans reflected Pakistan's efforts to develop its economy but also experienced difficulties in fully realizing their visions.
The document summarizes India's economic planning process through its eleven five-year plans from 1951 to 2012. It outlines the key objectives, focus areas, and growth targets and achievements of each five-year plan, highlighting developments in agriculture, industry, infrastructure, education, health, poverty alleviation, and other social and economic goals. Planning is overseen by the Planning Commission to promote growth, self-reliance, and modernization across sectors in a systematic manner.
The document provides an overview of India's economic planning process through Five-Year Plans since its independence in 1951. Key points:
- India adopted a Soviet-style system of centralized economic planning through Five-Year Plans to promote development goals like GDP growth and self-sufficiency.
- The first few plans focused on agriculture and food security while later plans emphasized industry and technology. Most plans saw growth exceed targets except 3rd and 12th plans.
- Economic liberalization began in the 8th Plan, replacing the planning system. The NITI Aayog now oversees development goals through cooperation with states rather than centrally-planned five year targets.
The Planning Commission was established in 1950 by the Government of India to foster economic development and social justice. It formulated five-year plans to promote balanced utilization of resources and monitor development programs and funds. Key objectives of early plans included increasing food production, reducing poverty and achieving self-sufficiency. Plans focused on agriculture, irrigation, industry and social development. The Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2014.
The document discusses India's First Five Year Plan from 1951-1956. The Plan had three main objectives: 1) Correct economic imbalances caused by partition, 2) Initiate balanced development to increase income and living standards, and 3) Progressively reform the socio-economic structure according to the constitution. Key achievements included increasing national income, exceeding food grain production targets, and prioritizing agriculture and community development. However, the Plan faced challenges in equitable distribution and meeting industrialization goals.
The document discusses the history and evolution of economic planning in India since independence. It summarizes the key objectives and focus areas of each of India's eleven five-year plans from 1951-2012. Some of the main points covered include: India adopted the concept of five-year plans from the Soviet Union to accelerate industrialization and development; the early plans focused on irrigation, energy and agriculture to address poverty and development needs; later plans emphasized industrialization, employment generation and reducing inequality; while planning helped development, deficiencies included issues with implementation, resource allocation, and neglect of social sectors at times. Overall the document analyzes the impact and role of planning in India's development journey over the decades.
The Five Year Plans are described by the PowerPoint Presentation with the details. It includes plan holidays, there sole reasons and some of the core objectives of planning also explained in the PowerPoint.
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951 to 2012. It discusses the key objectives, sectors of focus, and economic growth targets and achievements of each five year plan. The first five year plan (1951-1956) focused on agriculture and irrigation to boost the economy out of poverty. It achieved a growth rate of 3.6% compared to its target of 2.1%. Subsequent plans emphasized industry, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, employment generation, and increasing GDP growth rates to accelerate economic development. Later plans also aimed to improve social indicators like education, health, and empower women.
5 yearrrrrrrrrrrr by aswin thayyil snesaswinabcxyz
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951 to 2012. It discusses the key objectives, sectors of focus, and economic growth targets and achievements of each five year plan. The first five year plan (1951-1956) focused on agriculture and irrigation to boost the economy out of poverty. It achieved a growth rate of 3.6% compared to the target of 2.1%. Subsequent plans emphasized industry, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, and increasing growth rates to ultimately achieve developed nation status for India.
Pandit Nehru adopted a mixed economy model for India after independence to balance capitalism and socialism. This included public, private, and joint sectors. Five Year Plans were established to address poverty, unemployment, and economic development. The Plans focused on agriculture, industry, employment, and standards of living. Nationalization of banks in the 1960s and 1970s aimed to promote development. India liberalized its economy in 1991 under PM Narasimha Rao and FM Manmohan Singh in response to an economic crisis, adopting policies of privatization, liberalization, and globalization. This included opening to foreign investment and joining the World Trade Organization in 1995.
This document discusses India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951 to 2017. It outlines the key focuses and achievements of each plan, including agricultural development in the first plan, industrial development in the second, and increasing self-sufficiency in the third. Later plans emphasized reducing poverty, increasing employment, boosting the economy through reforms like liberalization, and ensuring inclusive growth. While planning helped increase incomes, infrastructure, and social development, it did not fully alleviate poverty or reduce inequalities as intended. Overall, Five Year Plans played an important role in shaping India's post-independence development policies and programs.
5 yr master plan final and its approachesnilofar saifi
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The document discusses economic growth in India from 1950-2006, dividing it into four phases. Phase I from 1950-1965 saw average growth of 3.8% annually. Phase II from 1965-1981 saw slower growth of 3.2% annually. Phase III from 1981-1988 witnessed an acceleration to 4.8% growth. Finally, Phase IV from 1988-2006 had the highest growth of 6.3% annually on average. There is debate around the causes of growth acceleration and role of economic reforms, with some arguing it was minor reforms in the 1980s and others crediting more substantial reforms from the 1990s onwards.
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1. CHAPTER 7
FIVE YEAR PLANS
7.1 Introduction : Indian planning is an open process. Much of the controversy and the
debates that accompany the preparation of the plans are public. The initial aggregate
calculations and assumptions are either explicitly stated or readily deducible, and the
makers of the plans are not only sensitive but responsive to criticism and suggestions
from a wide variety of national and international sources. From original formulation
through successive modifications to parliamentary presentation, plan making in India
has evolved as a responsive democratic political process and the culmination of the
same in the final document is an impressive manifestation of the workings of an open
society. But by its very nature it also generates many problems from the point of view of
mapping an optimal strategy for economic development.
7.2 History of Planning in India & Origin of Five Year Plans:
7.2.1 Though the planned economic development in India began in 1951 with the
inception of First Five Year Plan , theoretical efforts had begun much earlier , even prior
to the independence. Setting up of National Planning Committee by Indian National
Congress in 1938 , The Bombay Plan & Gandhian Plan in 1944, Peoples Plan in
1945 (by post war reconstruction Committee of Indian Trade Union), Sarvodaya Plan
in 1950 by Jaiprakash Narayan were steps in this direction.
7.2.2 Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic
programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first FYP in the Soviet Union in the late
1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have
adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its
Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to
signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development.
7.2.3 After independence, India launched its First FYP in 1951, under socialist
influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The process began with setting up of
Planning Commission in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the
Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient
exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering
opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community. The Planning
Commission was charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all resources
of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective
and balanced utilisation of resources and determining priorities.
7.2.4 The first Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 and two subsequent five-year plans
were formulated till 1965, when there was a break because of the Indo-Pakistan
Conflict. Two successive years of drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in
prices and erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three Annual
Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-year plan was started in 1969.
7.2.5 The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political
situation at the Centre and the years 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual
Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural
adjustment policies.
7.2.6 For the first eight Plans the emphasis was on a growing public sector with
massive investments in basic and heavy industries, but since the launch of the Ninth
Plan in 1997, the emphasis on the public sector has become less pronounced and the
current thinking on planning in the country, in general, is that it should increasingly be of
an indicative nature.
2. 7.3 Outline of Various Five year Plans:
Plan
First Plan
(1951 - 56)
Target Growth
: 2.1 %
Actual Growth
3.6 %
It was based on Harrod-Domar Model.
Influx of refugees, severe food shortage & mounting inflation
confronted the country at the onset of the first five year Plan.
The Plan Focussed on agriculture, price stability, power and
transport
It was a successful plan primarily because of good harvests in the
last two years of the plan. Objectives of rehabilitation of refugees,
food self sufficiency & control of prices were more or less achieved.
Second Plan
(1956 - 61)
Target Growth:
4.5% Actual
Growth: 4.3%
Simple aggregative Harrod Domar Growth Model was again used for
overall projections and the strategy of resource allocation to broad
sectors as agriculture & Industry was based on two & four sector
Model prepared by Prof. P C Mahalanobis. (Plan is also called
Mahalanobis Plan).
Second plan was conceived in an atmosphere of economic stability .
It was felt agriculture could be accorded lower priority.
The Plan Focussed on rapid industrialization- heavy & basic
industries . Advocated huge imports through foreign loans.
The Industrial Policy 1956 was based on establishment of a
socialistic pattern of society as the goal of economic policy.
Acute shortage of forex led to pruning of development targets , price
rise was also seen ( about 30%) vis a vis decline in the earlier Plan &
the 2nd
FYP was only moderately successful.
Third Plan
(1961 - 66)
|Target
Growth: 5.6%
Actual Growth:
2.8%
At its conception, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a “take-
off stage”. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and
'self-generating' economy.
Based on the experience of first two plans (agricultural production
was seen as limiting factor in India’s economic development) ,
agriculture was given top priority to support the exports and industry.
The Plan was thorough failure in reaching the targets due to
unforeseen events - Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war
(1965), severe drought 1965-66. Due to conflicts the approach during
the later phase was shifted from development to defence &
development.
Three Annual
Plans (1966-
69)
euphemistically
described as
Plan holiday.
Failure of Third Plan that of the devaluation of rupee( to boost
exports) along with inflationary recession led to postponement of
Fourth FYP. Three Annual Plans were introduced instead. Prevailing
crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the
emphasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans.
During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy was
implemented. It involving wide-spread distribution of high-yielding
varieties of seeds, extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation
potential and soil conservation.
During the Annual Plans, the economy absorbed the shocks
generated during the Third Plan
It paved the path for the planned growth ahead.
3. Fourth Plan
(1969 - 74)
Target Growth:
5.7% Actual
Growth: 3.3%
Refusal of supply of essential equipments and raw materials from the
allies during Indo Pak war resulted in twin objectives of “ growth with
stability “ and “progressive achievement of self reliance “ for the
Fourth Plan.
Main emphasis was on growth rate of agriculture to enable other
sectors to move forward . First two years of the plan saw record
production. The last three years did not measure up due to poor
monsoon. Implementation of Family Planning Programmes were
amongst major targets of the Plan.
Influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war
was an important issue along with price situation deteriorating to
crisis proportions and the plan is considered as big failure.
Fifth Plan
(1974-79)
Target Growth:
4.4% Actual
Growth: 4.8%
The final Draft of fifth plan was prepared and launched by D.P. Dhar
in the backdrop of economic crisis arising out of run-away inflation
fuelled by hike in oil prices and failure of the Govt. takeover of the
wholesale trade in wheat.
It proposed to achieve two main objectives: 'removal of poverty'
(Garibi Hatao) and 'attainment of self reliance'
Promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and
significant growth in the domestic rate of savings were seen as key
instruments
Due to high inflation, cost calculations for the Plan proved to be
completely wrong and the original public sector outlay had to be
revised upwards. After promulgation of emergency in 1975, the
emphasis shifted to the implementation of Prime Ministers 20 Point
Programme. FYP was relegated to the background and when Janta
Party came to power in 1978, the Plan was terminated.
Rolling Plan
(1978 - 80)
There were 2 Sixth Plans. Janta Govt. put forward a plan for 1978-
1983 emphasising on employment, in contrast to Nehru Model
which the Govt criticised for concentration of power, widening
inequality & for mounting poverty . However, the government lasted
for only 2 years. Congress Govt. returned to power in 1980 and
launched a different plan aimed at directly attacking on the problem
of poverty by creating conditions of an expanding economy.
Sixth Plan
(1980 - 85)
Target Growth:
5.2% Actual
Growth: 5.7%
The Plan focussed on Increase in national income, modernization of
technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and
unemployment through schemes for transferring skills(TRYSEM) and
seets(IRDP) and providing slack season employment (NREP),
controlling population explosion etc. Broadly , the sixth Plan could be
taken as a success as most of the target were realised even though
during the last year (1984-85) many parts of the country faced severe
famine conditions and agricultural output was less than the record
output of previous year.
Seventh Plan
(1985 - 90)
Target Growth:
5.0% Actual
Growth: 6.0%
The Plan aimed at accelerating food grain production, increasing
employment opportunities & raising productivity with focus on ‘food,
work & productivity’.
The plan was very successful as the economy recorded 6% growth
rate against the targeted 5% with the decade of 80’s struggling out of
the’ Hindu Rate of Growth’.
Eighth Plan
The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political
uncertainty at the Centre
4. (1992 - 97)
Target Growth
5.6 %
Actual Growth
6.8%
Worsening Balance of Payment position, rising debt burden ,
widening budget deficits, recession in industry and inflation were the
key issues during the launch of the plan.
The plan undertook drastic policy measures to combat the bad
economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of
5.6% through introduction of fiscal & economic reforms including
liberalisation under the Prime Minister ship of Shri P V Narasimha
Rao.
Some of the main economic outcomes during eighth plan period were
rapid economic growth (highest annual growth rate so far – 6.8 %),
high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing
sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and
current account deficit. High growth rate was achieved even though
the share of public sector in total investment had declined
considerably to about 34 %.
Ninth Plan
(1997- 2002)
Target Growth:
6.5% Actual
Growth: 5.4%
The Plan prepared under United Front Government focussed on
“Growth With Social Justice & Equality “ Ninth Plan aimed to
depend predominantly on the private sector – Indian as well as
foreign (FDI) & State was envisaged to increasingly play the role of
facilitator & increasingly involve itself with social sector viz education
, health etc and infrastructure where private sector participation was
likely to be limited. It assigned priority to agriculture & rural
development with a view to generate adequate productive
employment and eradicate poverty
Tenth Plan
(2002 - 2007)
Target Growth
8 %
Actual Growth
7.6 %
Recognising that economic growth cant be the only objective of
national plan, Tenth Plan had set ‘monitorable targets’ for few key
indicators (11) of development besides 8 % growth target. The
targets included reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rate,
reduction in Infant & maternal mortality rates, improvement in
literacy, access to potable drinking water cleaning of major polluted
rivers, etc. Governance was considered as factor of development &
agriculture was declared as prime moving force of the economy.
States role in planning was to be increased with greater involvement
of Panchayati Raj Institutions. State wise break up of targets for
growth and social development sought to achieve balanced
development of all states.
Eleventh Plan
(2007 - 2012)
Target Growth
9 %
Actual Growth
8%
Eleventh Plan was aimed “Towards Faster & More Inclusive
Growth “after UPA rode back to power on the plank of helping Aam
Aadmi (common man).
India had emerged as one of the fastest growing economy by the
end of the Tenth Plan. The savings and investment rates had
increased , industrial sector had responded well to face competition
in the global economy and foreign investors were keen to invest in
India. But the growth was not perceived as sufficiently inclusive for
many groups , specially SCs , STs & minorities as borne out by data
on several dimensions like poverty, malnutrition, mortality, current
daily employment etc .
5. The broad vision for 11th
Plan included several inter related
components like rapid growth reducing poverty & creating
employment opportunities , access to essential services in health &
education, specially for the poor, extension if employment
opportunities using National Rural Employment Guarantee
Programme , environmental sustainability , reduction of gender
inequality etc. Accordingly various targets were laid down like
reduction in unemployment( to less than 5 % among educated youth
) & headcount ratio of poverty ( by 10 %), reduction in drop out rates
, gender gap in literacy , infant mortality , total fertility , malnutrition in
age group of 0-3 ( to half its present level), improvement in sex ratio,
forest & tree cover, air quality in major cities, , ensuring electricity
connection to all villages & BPL households (by 2009) & reliable
power by end of 11th
Plan , all weather road connection to habitations
with population 1000& above (500 in hilly areas) by 2009, connecting
every village by telephone & providing broad band connectivity to all
villages by 2012
The Eleventh Plan started well with the first year achieving a growth
rate of 9.3 per cent, however the growth decelerated to 6.7 per cent
rate in 2008-09 following the global financial crisis. The economy
recovered substantially to register growth rates of 8.6 per cent and
9.3 per cent in 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively. However, the
second bout of global slowdown in 2011 due to the sovereign debt
crisis in Europe coupled with domestic factors such as tight monetary
policy and supply side bottlenecks, resulted in deceleration of growth
to 6.2 per cent in 2011-12. Consequently, the average annual growth
rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) achieved during the Eleventh
Plan was 8 per cent, which was lower than the target but better than
the Tenth Plan achievement. Since the period saw two global crises -
one in 2008 and another in 2011 – the 8 per cent growth may be
termed as satisfactory. The realised GDP growth rate for the
agriculture, industry and services sector during the 11th Plan period
is estimated at 3.7 per cent, 7.2 per cent and 9.7 per cent against the
growth target of 4 per cent, 10-11 per cent and 9-11 per cent
respectively.
The Eleventh Plan set a target of 34.8 per cent for domestic savings
and 36.7 per cent for investment after experiencing a rising level of
domestic savings as well as investment and especially after
emergence of structural break during the Tenth Plan period.
However, the domestic savings and investment averaged 33.5 per
cent and 36.1 per cent of GDP at market prices respectively in the
Eleventh Plan which is below the target but not very far.
Based on the latest estimates of poverty released by the Planning
Commission, poverty in the country has declined by 1.5 percentage
points per year between 2004-05 and 2009-10.The rate of decline
during the period 2004-05 to 2009-10 is twice the rate of decline
witnessed during the period 1993-94 to 2004-05. Though the new
poverty count based on Tendulkar Formula has been subject of
controversy , it is believed by the Committee that whether we use the
old method or the new , the decline in percentage of population
below poverty line is almost same.
On the fiscal front , the expansionary measures taken by the
government to counter the effect fo global slowdown led to increase
in key indicators through 2009-10 with some moderation thereafter.
6. The issue of Price Stability remained resonating for more than half
of the Plan period. Inability to pass on burden on costlier imported oil
prices might have constrained the supply of investible funds in the
government’s hand causing the 11th
Plan to perform at the levels
below its target.
The growth targets for the first three Plans were set with respect to National Income. In the
Fourth Plan it was Net Domestic Product. In all the Plans thereafter, Gross Domestic Product
has been used
7.4 Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17)
7.4.1 The Twelfth Plan commenced at a time when the global economy was going
through a second financial crisis, precipitated by the sovereign debt problems of the
Eurozone which erupted in the last year of the Eleventh Plan. The crisis affected all
countries including India. Our growth slowed down to 6.2 percent in 2011-12 and the
deceleration continued into the first year of the Twelfth Plan, when the economy is
estimated to have grown by only 5 percent . The Twelfth Plan therefore emphasizes
that our first priority must be to bring the economy back to rapid growth while ensuring
that the growth is both inclusive and sustainable. The broad vision and aspirations
which the Twelfth Plan seeks to fulfil are reflected in the subtitle: ‘Faster, Sustainable,
and More Inclusive Growth’. Inclusiveness is to be achieved through poverty
reduction, promoting group equality and regional balance, reducing inequality,
empowering people etc whereas sustainability includes ensuring environmental
sustainability ,development of human capital through improved health, education, skill
development, nutrition, information technology etc and development of institutional
capabilities , infrastructure like power telecommunication, roads, transport etc ,
7.4.2 Apart from the global slowdown, the domestic economy has also run up against
several internal constraints. Macro-economic imbalances have surfaced following the
fiscal expansion undertaken after 2008 to give a fiscal stimulus to the economy.
Inflationary pressures have built up. Major investment projects in energy and transport
have slowed down because of a variety of implementation problems. Some changes in
tax treatment in the 2012–13 have caused uncertainty among investors. These
developments have produced a reduction in the rate of investment, and a slowing down
of economic growth.
7.4.3 The policy challenge in the Twelfth Plan is, therefore, two-fold. The immediate
challenge is to reverse the observed deceleration in growth by reviving investment as
quickly as possible. This calls for urgent action to tackle implementation constraints in
infrastructure which are holding up large projects, combined with action to deal with tax
related issues which have created uncertainty in the investment climate. From a longer
term perspective, the Plan must put in place policies that can leverage the many
strengths of the economy to bring it back to its real Growth potential.
7.4.4 Immediate priority is to revive the investor sentiment along with next short term
action of removing the impediments to implementation of projects in infrastructure,
especially in the area of energy which would require addressing the issue of fuel supply
to power stations, financial problems of discoms and clarity in terms of New Exploration
Licensing Policy (NELP)
7.4.5 Although planning should cover both the activities of the government and those of
the private sector, a great deal of the public debate on planning in India takes place
around the size of the public sector plan. The Twelfth Plan lays out an ambitious set of
Government programmes, which will help to achieve the objective of rapid and inclusive
7. growth. In view of the scarcity of resources, it is essential to take bold steps to improve
the efficiency of public expenditure through plan programmes. Need for fiscal correction
viz tax reforms like GST , reduction of subsidies as per cent of GDP while still allowing
for targeted subsidies that advance the cause of inclusiveness etc . and managing the
current account deficit would be another chief concerns.
7.4.6 Achieving sustained growth would require long term increase in investment and
savings rate . Bringing the economy back to 9 per cent growth by the end of the Twelfth
Plan requires fixed investment rate to rise to 35 per cent of GDP by the end of the Plan
period. This will require action to revive private investment, including private corporate
investment, and also action to stimulate public investment, especially in key areas of
infrastructure especially, energy, transport, water supply and water resource
management. Reversal of the combined deterioration in government and corporate
savings has to be a key element in the strategy.
7.4.7 Monitorable Targets of the Plan :
Twenty Five core indicators listed below reflect the vision of rapid, sustainable & more
inclusive growth of the twelfth Plan:
Economic Growth
1. Real GDP Growth Rate of 8.0 per cent.
2. Agriculture Growth Rate of 4.0 per cent.
3. Manufacturing Growth Rate of 10.0 per cent.
4. Every State must have an average growth rate in the Twelfth Plan preferably higher
than that achieved in the Eleventh Plan.
Poverty and Employment
5. Head-count ratio of consumption poverty to be reduced by 10 percentage points
over the preceding estimates by the end of Twelfth FYP.
6. Generate 50 million new work opportunities in the non-farm sector and provide skill
certification to equivalent numbers during the Twelfth FYP.
Education
7. Mean Years of Schooling to increase to seven years by the end of Twelfth FYP.
8. Enhance access to higher education by creating two million additional seats for each
age cohort aligned to the skill needs of the economy.
9. Eliminate gender and social gap in school enrolment (that is, between girls and
boys, and between SCs, STs, Muslims and the rest of the population) by the end of
Twelfth FYP.
Health
10. Reduce IMR to 25 and MMR to 1 per 1,000 live births, and improve Child Sex Ratio
(0–6 years) to 950 by the end of the Twelfth FYP.
11. Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 by the end of Twelfth FYP.
12. Reduce under-nutrition among children aged 0–3 years to half of the NFHS-3 levels
by the end of Twelfth FYP.
Infrastructure, Including Rural Infrastructure
13. Increase investment in infrastructure as a percentage of GDP to 9 per cent by the
end of Twelfth FYP.
14. Increase the Gross Irrigated Area from 90 million hectare to 103 million hectare by
the end of Twelfth FYP.
15. Provide electricity to all villages and reduce AT&C losses to 20 per cent by the end
of Twelfth FYP.
16. Connect all villages with all-weather roads by the end of Twelfth FYP.
17. Upgrade national and state highways to the minimum two-lane standard by the end
of Twelfth FYP.
18. Complete Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors by the end of Twelfth
FYP.
19. Increase rural tele-density to 70 per cent by the end of Twelfth FYP.
8. 20. Ensure 50 per cent of rural population has access to 40 lpcd piped drinking water
supply, and 50 per cent gram panchayats achieve Nirmal Gram Status by the end of
Twelfth FYP.
Environment and Sustainability
21. Increase green cover (as measured by satellite imagery) by 1 million hectare every
year during the Twelfth FYP.
22. Add 30,000 MW of renewable energy capacity in the Twelfth Plan
23. Reduce emission intensity of GDP in line with the target of 20 per cent to 25 per
cent reduction over 2005 levels by 2020.
Service Delivery
24. Provide access to banking services to 90 per cent Indian households by the end of
Twelfth FYP.
25. Major subsidies and welfare related beneficiary payments to be shifted to a direct
cash transfer by the end of the Twelfth Plan, using the Aadhar platform with linked bank
accounts.
7.4.8 Sectoral Pattern of Growth : The sectoral pattern of growth associated with the
8.0 per cent growth scenario is summarised in the table on following page. The
Agriculture Forestry and Fishing Sector is projected to grow at 4 per cent, an
improvement over the 3.7 per cent rate achieved in the Eleventh Plan. The Mining and
Quarrying Sector grew by only 3.2 per cent in the Eleventh Plan, the growth rate being
pushed down by negative growth of 0.6 per cent in 2011–12 reflecting problems in the
iron ore sector, gas production and also coal. The Twelfth Plan assumes a substantial
improvement with the growth rate averaging 5.7 per cent. The manufacturing sector
decelerated in the course of the Eleventh Plan with a growth rate of only 2.7 per cent in
2011–12. The average growth rate in the Twelfth Plan period is projected at over 7 per
cent which is a significant improvement over the situation in 2011–12 and 2012–13. city,
gas and water supply are projected to grow at 7.3 per cent on an average compared
with 6.1. per cent achieved in the Eleventh Plan. Construction, which grew at 7.7 per
cent in the Eleventh Plan, is projected to grow at an average rate of 9.1 per cent. The
other service sectors are projected to grow fairly robustly with Trade Hotels and
Restaurants at 7.4 per cent; Transport, Storage and Communication at 11.8 per cent;
Insurance and Business Service at 9.9 per cent, and, finally, Community and Personal
Services at 7.2 per cent.
7.4.9 Public Sector Resources in the Twelfth Plan: 7.4.9.1 There have been several
important developments during the Eleventh Plan that have implications for financing of
the Twelfth Plan. The Indian Economy resiliently faced the global financial crisis of
2008. However, slower growth adversely impacts growth in Centre’s resources,
particularly taxes. The Sixth Central Pay Commission award has been implemented.
The 13th FC award for 2011–15 is under implementation with some changes in the
fiscal responsibility and budget management framework targets. Service tax has
emerged as a very promising source of revenue. Efforts are being made to introduce
unified Goods and Service Tax (GST) in consultation with States. This will be a major
reform of the indirect tax system. The projection of fiscal deficits based on Medium
Term Fiscal Policy Statement 2012–13 indicates that debt resources for funding of GBS
for the Twelfth Plan will be higher initially but is projected to decline gradually. The
Centre’s net borrowing which was 5.9 per cent of GDP in 2011–12 (RE) is estimated to
decline to 5.1 per cent of GDP in 2012–13 (BE). The fiscal deficit as percent of GDP is
further projected to decline to 4.5 per cent in 2013–14, 3.9 per cent in 2014–15, 3.2 per
cent in 2015–16 and 3.0 per cent of GDP in the last year of the Twelfth Plan.
9.
10. 7.4.9.2 13th
Finance Commission increased the devolution to the states from 30.5 per
cent to 32 per cent of divisible pool and it covers the period up to 2014-15 , which
includes the first three years of the twelfth Plan. The projections of resources for the
Twelfth Plan have been made assuming 28.45 per cent of tax devolutions of the Gross
Tax revenue. This has been assumed by factoring in the surcharges being phased out
and keeping the same ratio beyond 13th FC period till the terminal year of the Twelfth
Plan. This might change later after the recommendations of 14th FC are available.
7.4.9.3 The Twelfth Plan assumptions on tax resources of the Centre and States
envisage revenue neutrality of GST although there might be positive spin-off effects of
GST mainly through better tax compliance. The projection of GBS of the Centre
indicates that it will grow from 5.13 per cent of GDP in 2012–13 to 5.22 per cent of GDP
in 2016–17. The average GBS for the Central Plan in the Twelfth Plan period stands at
5.23 per cent of GDP as against 4.69 per cent of GDP realised in the Eleventh Plan.
With the reforms being undertaken, the total subsidies, as a proportion of GDP, are
projected to decline to 1.5 per cent by 2016–17.
7.4.9.4 The balance from current revenue (BCR) as percent of GDP was projected at
2.31 per cent for the Eleventh Plan which turned negative by (–)0.61 per cent. However,
with good buoyancy in tax revenue and a decline in non-plan expenditure, BCR is
estimated to be 1.88 per cent of the GDP for the Twelfth Plan. The imposition of the
fiscal deficit ceiling ensures that borrowings, including net miscellaneous capital
receipts, decline from 5.06 per cent of GDP in Eleventh Plan to 3.35 per cent in the
Twelfth Plan.
7.4.10 States Resources : 7.4.10.1The fiscal deficit of the States as a whole remained
below 3 per cent of GDP during the Eleventh Plan period. While prescribing different
fiscal paths for individual States, the 13th FC has also set the fiscal deficits target of 3
per cent of GDP to be achieved by 2014–15 by all the States. Accordingly, the fiscal
deficit limit of all States which has been a little over 3 per cent of the GDP in 2012–13 is
projected to remain around 2.22 per cent during the Twelfth Plan period. This inevitably
limits the scope for mobilising debt resources of the States, therefore, have to look at
improving revenue realisation and controlling non-Plan expenditure.
7.4.10.2 The Aggregate Plan resources of the States and UTs including PSE resources
have been projected to be Rs 37,16,385 crore at current prices .This comprises of Rs
28,58,599 crore of own resources (including borrowings) and Rs 8,57,786 crore of CA.
UTs account for 3.88 per cent of the combined aggregate Plan resources of the States
and UTs.
7.4.10.3 As a proportion of GDP, aggregate Plan resources of the States and UTs are
projected at 5.45 per cent of GDP, registering an increase of 0.44 percentage points
over the Eleventh Plan realisation .The BCR, which was Rs 2,74,400 crore at 2006–07
prices in the Eleventh Plan, is projected to increase to Rs 9,59,979 crore at current
prices. This represents an increase of 0.39 percentage points of GDP over the Eleventh
Plan. However, projections of resources of PSEs show a growth of 0.06 percentage
points as compared with the Eleventh Plan. CA to the States remains almost at the
same level as percentage of GDP.
7.4.11 Sectoral Allocation of Resources : Energy, Transport & Social Services
account for about 70 % of the total outlay with the individual shares of 19% , 16 % &
35 % respectively and compared to 11th
Plan their outlay increased by 110,96 and 112
% respectively.
11.
12.
13. References :
• Annual Report 2012-13 of the Planning Commission of India .
• Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) – Faster, More Inclusive & Sustainable Growth
Vol I , Planning Commission of India & website of Planning Commission of India
• Planning in India, Richard S Eckaus , Massachusetts Institute Of Technology.
• Indian Economy , Ruddar Datt & KPM Sundharam.
• Eleventh Five Year Plan and Inclusive Growth – a review by Ruddar Datt.