Drivers for change in fish community structure
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This document discusses changes in fish community structure over time in Lake Mweru. Graphs show changes in the relative biomass and length of different fish families from the 1970s to the 1990s. There was a decrease in piscivorous and larger fish and an increase in smaller cyprinids and cichlids. This pattern change is believed to be driven by factors like fishing pressure, climate change, and eutrophication altering the balance of top-down and bottom-up forces regulating the fish populations. Understanding the relationship between taxonomic/functional groups and their resilience could help tease out the main drivers, whether environmental or predation/competition.
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The document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses how ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine species distributions and abundances. The document also outlines different levels of ecology, from organismal to global scales. It provides examples of factors like climate that influence species distributions. Population ecology concepts like survivorship curves are presented. Community ecology examines topics such as trophic structure, succession, competition, and predation. Ecosystem ecology analyzes nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
Extinction.ppt
Extinction occurs when a species dies out completely. It has multiple causes including habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, disease, and human activities like pollution and deforestation. Small population sizes also increase the risk of extinction due to reduced genetic diversity and inbreeding. Mass extinctions have occurred periodically throughout history, including one caused by an asteroid impact 65 million years ago. Today's extinction rates are estimated to be 100-1000 times higher than background rates, primarily due to human activities. Biodiversity hotspots experience especially high rates of species loss. International efforts like the Convention on Biological Diversity aim to reduce extinction risks.
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www.bluebridge-vres.eu
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Extinction occurs when a species dies out completely. The main causes of extinction are habitat loss and degradation, introduction of invasive species, overhunting, climate change, pollution and disease. When many species go extinct simultaneously over a short period, it is considered a mass extinction event. The five major mass extinctions in Earth's history were caused by events like asteroid impacts and climate shifts. Today, the main drivers of extinction are human activities like habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity in extinction hotspots and prevent further species losses.
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This document summarizes the future of biodiversity. It discusses that biodiversity includes genetic, species, ecosystem and biome diversity. Many species remain unknown, especially insects, fungi and deep sea species that are hard to discover. Biodiversity hotspots face increasing threats from habitat loss, and protected areas are vulnerable if surrounding areas are unprotected. If current threats continue, there will be massive species extinctions, loss of genetic diversity, ecological impacts and loss of invaluable ecosystem services that biodiversity provides. Ensuring a sustainable future for biodiversity is critical for human livability.
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Drivers for change in fish community structure
- 2. Changes in Fish Community example: Lake Mweru Relative biomass (gr/100 m net) Length (cm) Mollusc./Insect. Cyprinidae (5) Cichlidae (3) Mormyridae (5) Bagridae (2) Mochokidae (3) Tylochromis Oreochromis Clariidae (2) Serranochromis (2) Hydrocynus Schilbeidae (2) Alestes Others (50) Molluscivore Microphytovore Piscivore 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 1970 - 1972 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 1982 - 1985 to 350 gr/100m 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 1994 - 1997
- 4. Spatial and temporal differentiation
- 5. What is driving pattern changes? Piscivores Size of individual fish B i o m a s s Competition Predation Detrivores, Herbivores, Zooplanktivores etc. Fishing pressure (Human-induced) drivers: Fishery, Climate change, Eutrophication driving force
- 9. Modelling approach: hypothesize 1 main driver Field data / scenarios Empirical relationships Functional trophic groups
- 10. Modelling approach: hypothesize 1 main driver Field data / scenarios Empirical relationships Functional trophic groups Modeled shift due to productivity True shift due to productivity