The document discusses how artificial light, especially blue light from electronic devices, can suppress melatonin production and disrupt circadian rhythms. A study exposed participants to tablets or tablets with blue light-emitting diodes for 1-2 hours while measuring melatonin levels. After 1 hour, melatonin was suppressed by 7% for the tablet group and 48% for the blue light group. After 2 hours, suppression was 23% and 66% respectively, showing blue light significantly reduces melatonin. The findings suggest limiting device use, especially before bed, to reduce health risks from circadian disruption and sleep deprivation.
Objective and Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study purposed to observe the effects of led bulbs and artificial lights on human health and its physiological considerations on sleep.
Our study addressed two goals. Our first goal was to determine the extent to which light pollution was perceived as a problem by the people. Our second goal was to recommend
applicable lighting ordinances for reducing light pollution. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences hospital, Bhopal and Narayana medical college, Nellore during the period between May 2014 and August 2015. Three hundred human volunteers, 123 female and 177 male, ages of 18 and 55 were studied in a two-part experiment, which included one Sleep questionnaire regarding light pollution to study each individual's
normal body conditions, and an Assay of melatonin in saliva. Results: The results showed that many participants have a long history of sleeping problems. They usually take at least an hour to fall asleep and tend to wake up frequently throughout the night and feel poorly rested in the morning. The salivary melatonin levels also declined at night due to progressive exposure to artificial light. Conclusion: Through our research, we have obtained data that strongly suggest that light pollution is adversely affecting public health, causing them to experience sleep loss, visual fatigue, weariness, anxiety, and depression.
1) Neuromarketing uses brain scanning techniques like fMRI and EEG to study consumers' unconscious emotional responses to advertising in real-time, providing insights beyond traditional self-reported measures.
2) While fMRI provides detailed brain activity maps, its high costs, cumbersome equipment, and artificial lab conditions limit its usefulness for neuromarketing. EEG offers a more affordable and portable method for recording brain activity in natural settings.
3) Combining EEG data with other research methods has the potential to enhance advertising effectiveness by gaining a deeper understanding of how consumers think, feel, and make decisions below the level of conscious awareness. However, inexperienced practitioners risk drawing false conclusions.
Improved two-photon imaging of living neurons in brain tissue through tempora...julian choy
This document describes a study that optimized two-photon imaging of living neurons in brain tissue by temporally gating the incident laser to reduce photon flux while maximizing fluorescence signal. The study found that gating the laser at the sampling frequency compromised cell viability despite high fluorescence. An optimum gating frequency range was identified that maintained cell viability while preserving fluorescence levels in two-photon images. Cell viability was monitored by measuring changes in membrane input resistance during whole-cell patch recording of neurons.
This document discusses using audio-visual entrainment (AVE) to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD). It provides background on SAD, noting it affects 6-20% of northern populations and has similar symptoms in other regions/contexts. Traditional treatments are light therapy and antidepressants. The document outlines a study applying 20Hz AVE to 74 SAD patients over 4 weeks, finding it reduced depression and anxiety symptoms more than a placebo session. AVE is proposed as an effective alternative or addition to light therapy for treating SAD.
This document summarizes research on the effects of smartphone use on sleep. It discusses how the blue light emitted from smartphone screens can suppress melatonin production and disrupt circadian rhythms. Melatonin levels naturally increase at night and promote sleep, but blue light exposure from phones in the evening can delay melatonin release and make it harder to fall asleep. The document also provides some strategies to reduce blue light exposure, such as using night light filters, holding devices at an angle, and wearing computer glasses with yellow lenses. Overall, the research suggests that screen time before bed, especially on smartphones, can negatively impact sleep quality.
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
Genetic mutagenesis screen in mice to identify genes required for proper axon guidance in dopamine pathways:
1) Generate mutations via chemical mutagen or transposon insertion
2) Screen mutant mice for defects in dopamine axon projections
3) Map location of causal mutation and clone the gene
The screen would allow identification of novel genes critical for axon pathfinding in dopamine pathways. Subsequent analysis including complementation tests and linkage mapping would help characterize the genetic basis of any guidance defects found.
Objective and Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study purposed to observe the effects of led bulbs and artificial lights on human health and its physiological considerations on sleep.
Our study addressed two goals. Our first goal was to determine the extent to which light pollution was perceived as a problem by the people. Our second goal was to recommend
applicable lighting ordinances for reducing light pollution. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences hospital, Bhopal and Narayana medical college, Nellore during the period between May 2014 and August 2015. Three hundred human volunteers, 123 female and 177 male, ages of 18 and 55 were studied in a two-part experiment, which included one Sleep questionnaire regarding light pollution to study each individual's
normal body conditions, and an Assay of melatonin in saliva. Results: The results showed that many participants have a long history of sleeping problems. They usually take at least an hour to fall asleep and tend to wake up frequently throughout the night and feel poorly rested in the morning. The salivary melatonin levels also declined at night due to progressive exposure to artificial light. Conclusion: Through our research, we have obtained data that strongly suggest that light pollution is adversely affecting public health, causing them to experience sleep loss, visual fatigue, weariness, anxiety, and depression.
1) Neuromarketing uses brain scanning techniques like fMRI and EEG to study consumers' unconscious emotional responses to advertising in real-time, providing insights beyond traditional self-reported measures.
2) While fMRI provides detailed brain activity maps, its high costs, cumbersome equipment, and artificial lab conditions limit its usefulness for neuromarketing. EEG offers a more affordable and portable method for recording brain activity in natural settings.
3) Combining EEG data with other research methods has the potential to enhance advertising effectiveness by gaining a deeper understanding of how consumers think, feel, and make decisions below the level of conscious awareness. However, inexperienced practitioners risk drawing false conclusions.
Improved two-photon imaging of living neurons in brain tissue through tempora...julian choy
This document describes a study that optimized two-photon imaging of living neurons in brain tissue by temporally gating the incident laser to reduce photon flux while maximizing fluorescence signal. The study found that gating the laser at the sampling frequency compromised cell viability despite high fluorescence. An optimum gating frequency range was identified that maintained cell viability while preserving fluorescence levels in two-photon images. Cell viability was monitored by measuring changes in membrane input resistance during whole-cell patch recording of neurons.
This document discusses using audio-visual entrainment (AVE) to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD). It provides background on SAD, noting it affects 6-20% of northern populations and has similar symptoms in other regions/contexts. Traditional treatments are light therapy and antidepressants. The document outlines a study applying 20Hz AVE to 74 SAD patients over 4 weeks, finding it reduced depression and anxiety symptoms more than a placebo session. AVE is proposed as an effective alternative or addition to light therapy for treating SAD.
This document summarizes research on the effects of smartphone use on sleep. It discusses how the blue light emitted from smartphone screens can suppress melatonin production and disrupt circadian rhythms. Melatonin levels naturally increase at night and promote sleep, but blue light exposure from phones in the evening can delay melatonin release and make it harder to fall asleep. The document also provides some strategies to reduce blue light exposure, such as using night light filters, holding devices at an angle, and wearing computer glasses with yellow lenses. Overall, the research suggests that screen time before bed, especially on smartphones, can negatively impact sleep quality.
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
Genetic mutagenesis screen in mice to identify genes required for proper axon guidance in dopamine pathways:
1) Generate mutations via chemical mutagen or transposon insertion
2) Screen mutant mice for defects in dopamine axon projections
3) Map location of causal mutation and clone the gene
The screen would allow identification of novel genes critical for axon pathfinding in dopamine pathways. Subsequent analysis including complementation tests and linkage mapping would help characterize the genetic basis of any guidance defects found.
The document discusses EEG brain rhythms and circadian rhythms. It describes an experiment where EEG was used to record brain wavelengths including alpha, beta, delta, and theta rhythms from a subject with eyes open and closed. The means of the brain rhythm measurements are reported. Long-distance flights can disrupt circadian rhythms by interfering with melatonin production and release, throwing off the normal sleep-wake cycle and body temperature rhythms. It takes time for the body's internal clock to readjust after travel across time zones.
This document provides a proposal for a capstone research project investigating the relationship between bright screen emissions from technology and sleep quality. The proposal outlines the purpose, literature review, materials, and methodology for the study. The purpose is to determine if using blue light-emitting devices prior to bedtime affects sleep quality. A literature review found studies showing blue light can decrease melatonin production. The methodology describes constructing surveys about technology use and sleep habits, distributing them before and after an experiment with subjects using smartphones at different brightness levels before bed. The goal is to better understand how screen use impacts sleep.
Blue Light, Vision and the Eye White paper LZAL201016Dennis Loving
By developing an experimental framework to distinguish beneficial blue light rays from harmful ones, Essilor has effectively created a new field in photobiology research. Through a rigorous 4-year study conducted with the Paris Vision Institute using an in vitro cell model, Essilor identified for the first time the precise wavelength range within blue light - 415nm to 455nm centered at 435nm - that is most toxic to retinal pigment epithelium cells. This discovery paves the way for new protective lenses that can selectively filter this harmful light while allowing beneficial wavelengths to pass through, aiding in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases.
This document describes the development of an intelligent running alarm clock called BEDRUNN3R that uses artificial intelligence to address issues with conventional alarm clocks. Specifically, it aims to reduce oversleeping and excessive snoozing, which can negatively impact health and productivity. The alarm clock prototype is designed to run away when activated, requiring users to chase it to turn it off. Tests showed it was more effective than stationary alarms at preventing oversleeping and limiting snoozing. The document provides background on the problems with current alarm use and sleep habits, and discusses the potential health impacts of oversleeping and fragmented sleep from excessive snoozing.
Halbery Health Technology Allows quantifying the efficiency of a light filter to stimulate a non-visual physiological effect which is responsive to light entering a wearer's eyes. The efficiency factor is based on a spectral light transmittance of the filter over the wavelength visible range, on the spectral physiological sensitivity profile and on a spectral distribution of the light which enters the wearer's eyes. Such natural spectral element is useful for an optical device designed for stimulating a physiological effect which is based on melanopsin, (the substance for secretion of melatonin).
HOYA Recharge is a new lens treatment that reduces blue light transmission by 30% in the high energy visible light (HEVL) spectrum of 380-500 nm. It provides visual comfort by enhancing contrast and potential protection against retinal damage from accumulated blue light exposure over time. Recharge may be prescribed for individuals with lifestyles involving high digital device usage or other risk factors for eye disease to help reduce long-term blue light risks.
Human Evolution Revised April 2018 www.BioInteractive.org .docxsheronlewthwaite
Human Evolution Revised April 2018
www.BioInteractive.org Page 1 of 7
Activity
Student Handout
Human Skin Color: Evidence for Selection
INTRODUCTION
Our closest primate relatives have pale skin under dark fur, but human skin comes in a variety of shades from
pinkish white to dark brown. How did this variation arise? Many biological traits have been shaped by natural
selection. To determine whether the variation in human skin color is the result of evolution by natural selection,
scientists look for patterns revealing an association between different versions of the trait and the environment.
Then they look for selective pressures that can explain the association.
In this lesson, you will explore some of the evidence for selection by analyzing data and watching the film The
Biology of Skin Color (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin-color), featuring anthropologist Dr. Nina
Jablonski. In Part 1 of this lesson, you’ll discover the particular environmental factor correlated with the global
distribution of skin color variations. In Parts 2 and 3, you’ll come to understand the specific selective pressures
that have shaped the evolution of the trait. Finally, in Part 4, you’ll investigate how modern human migration is
causing a mismatch between biology and the environment.
PROCEDURE
Read the information in Parts 1–4 below, watching segments of the film and pausing as directed. Answer the
questions in each section before proceeding to the next.
PART 1: Is There a Connection Between UV Radiation and Skin Color?
Watch the film from the beginning to time stamp 5:49 minutes. Pause when Dr. Nina Jablonski asks the
question, “Is there a connection between the intensity of UV radiation and skin color?”
In this segment of the film, Dr. Jablonski explains that the sun emits energy over a broad spectrum of
wavelengths. In particular, she mentions visible light that you see and ultraviolet (UV) radiation that you can’t
see or feel. (Wavelengths you feel as heat are in a portion of the spectrum called infrared.) UV radiation has a
shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light. It has both positive and negative effects on human
health, as you will learn in this film. The level of UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface can vary depending on the
time of day, the time of year, latitude, altitude, and weather conditions.
The UV Index is a standardized scale that forecasts the intensity of UV radiation at any given time and location in
the globe; the higher the number, the greater the intensity. Examine Figure 1 on the next page and answer
Questions 1–6.
1. Describe the relationship between the UV Index (the colored bar in Figure 1) and latitude (y-axis).
2. How do you explain the relationship between the UV Index and latitude? (In other words, why does UV
intensity change with latitude?)
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin-color
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin- ...
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenAdonis Sfera, MD
1. New tools like two-photon microscopy, optogenetics, and white matter tractography are allowing researchers to visualize brain structures and activity in vivo with greater precision, providing insights into cognitive disorders like schizophrenia.
2. Studies using these tools suggest abnormalities in dendritic spines, disrupted connectivity between brain regions, and altered glial cell activity may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
3. Emerging areas of research like the human microbiome, epigenetics, and de novo mutations may also provide clues about schizophrenia etiology and potential new treatment targets.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It describes the major parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It explains how the brain is divided into lobes and nuclei that control different functions like movement, senses, and cognition. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, and how neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals throughout the nervous system to control bodily functions and behavior.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It describes the major parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It explains how the brain is divided into lobes and nuclei that control different functions like movement, senses, and cognition. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, and how neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals throughout the nervous system to control bodily functions and behavior.
The document provides an overview of epilepsy, including its definition, history, causes, and treatments. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures from excessive electrical activity in the brain. Some key points include:
- Epilepsy has been recognized throughout history and was once thought to be caused by demons or contagious.
- It affects approximately 1% of the population and can develop at any age, though often begins in childhood.
- Seizures occur when brain nerve cells misfire, causing a surge of electrical activity. This can be caused by imbalances in inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters or ion channels in the brain.
- Causes include genetic factors, prenatal injuries, brain
Unit2essay-Australian Animal AdaptationDaniela Lin
Native Australian species such as marsupials and monotremes flourished due to Australia's geographic isolation which allowed them to evolve without competition from other land animals. Marsupials like kangaroos and wombats thrive through easy to access diets and protection in pouches, while monotremes such as echidnas and platypuses lay their eggs in protective aquatic or burrow environments. However, introduced species like rabbits and foxes have driven the decline of native species by outcompeting them for resources as they lacked natural predators in Australia. Both native and introduced species have adapted to the Australian environment through traits like herbivorous diets, burrowing, camouflage or defense mechanisms.
Deep sea creatures like giant squid, zombie worms, jellyfish, and yeti crabs thrive in extreme environments that are too hot, cold, deep, and dark for most organisms. These environments include near hydrothermal vents with temperatures over 700 degrees Fahrenheit and depths over 7,200 feet below the ocean surface. Despite facing these challenging conditions, the creatures have unique adaptations that allow them to survive, such as specialized body structures, bioluminescence, and symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Their adaptations demonstrate how life can persist even in some of the most extreme ocean habitats on Earth.
This document provides an overview of frog anatomy by listing various structures, their functions, and locations within the frog's body. It includes internal organs like the liver, heart, lungs, as well as external structures like the tympanic membrane and vomerine teeth. The document also lists parts of the frog brain and their functions.
The document provides definitions for a variety of words describing states, concepts, and objects related to poverty, disorder, decay, and physical or mental hardship. Many of the words suggest environments or conditions that are harsh, unsafe, lacking resources, in a state of disrepair or decline, or producing feelings of sadness, confusion, or powerlessness. Examples include words like arid, sterile, chaotic, amorphous, grit, meager, shanty, barren, ramshackle, rickety, stupor, degradation, squalor.
This document discusses various drinks such as energy drinks, coffee, tea, and soft drinks that contain caffeine. While caffeine can provide temporary benefits when consumed in moderation, the document warns that consuming large amounts of caffeine counteracts any positive effects and exposes the body to one of the most addictive substances for humans, with more people worldwide suffering from caffeine addiction than nicotine addiction.
The document discusses EEG brain rhythms and circadian rhythms. It describes an experiment where EEG was used to record brain wavelengths including alpha, beta, delta, and theta rhythms from a subject with eyes open and closed. The means of the brain rhythm measurements are reported. Long-distance flights can disrupt circadian rhythms by interfering with melatonin production and release, throwing off the normal sleep-wake cycle and body temperature rhythms. It takes time for the body's internal clock to readjust after travel across time zones.
This document provides a proposal for a capstone research project investigating the relationship between bright screen emissions from technology and sleep quality. The proposal outlines the purpose, literature review, materials, and methodology for the study. The purpose is to determine if using blue light-emitting devices prior to bedtime affects sleep quality. A literature review found studies showing blue light can decrease melatonin production. The methodology describes constructing surveys about technology use and sleep habits, distributing them before and after an experiment with subjects using smartphones at different brightness levels before bed. The goal is to better understand how screen use impacts sleep.
Blue Light, Vision and the Eye White paper LZAL201016Dennis Loving
By developing an experimental framework to distinguish beneficial blue light rays from harmful ones, Essilor has effectively created a new field in photobiology research. Through a rigorous 4-year study conducted with the Paris Vision Institute using an in vitro cell model, Essilor identified for the first time the precise wavelength range within blue light - 415nm to 455nm centered at 435nm - that is most toxic to retinal pigment epithelium cells. This discovery paves the way for new protective lenses that can selectively filter this harmful light while allowing beneficial wavelengths to pass through, aiding in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other retinal diseases.
This document describes the development of an intelligent running alarm clock called BEDRUNN3R that uses artificial intelligence to address issues with conventional alarm clocks. Specifically, it aims to reduce oversleeping and excessive snoozing, which can negatively impact health and productivity. The alarm clock prototype is designed to run away when activated, requiring users to chase it to turn it off. Tests showed it was more effective than stationary alarms at preventing oversleeping and limiting snoozing. The document provides background on the problems with current alarm use and sleep habits, and discusses the potential health impacts of oversleeping and fragmented sleep from excessive snoozing.
Halbery Health Technology Allows quantifying the efficiency of a light filter to stimulate a non-visual physiological effect which is responsive to light entering a wearer's eyes. The efficiency factor is based on a spectral light transmittance of the filter over the wavelength visible range, on the spectral physiological sensitivity profile and on a spectral distribution of the light which enters the wearer's eyes. Such natural spectral element is useful for an optical device designed for stimulating a physiological effect which is based on melanopsin, (the substance for secretion of melatonin).
HOYA Recharge is a new lens treatment that reduces blue light transmission by 30% in the high energy visible light (HEVL) spectrum of 380-500 nm. It provides visual comfort by enhancing contrast and potential protection against retinal damage from accumulated blue light exposure over time. Recharge may be prescribed for individuals with lifestyles involving high digital device usage or other risk factors for eye disease to help reduce long-term blue light risks.
Human Evolution Revised April 2018 www.BioInteractive.org .docxsheronlewthwaite
Human Evolution Revised April 2018
www.BioInteractive.org Page 1 of 7
Activity
Student Handout
Human Skin Color: Evidence for Selection
INTRODUCTION
Our closest primate relatives have pale skin under dark fur, but human skin comes in a variety of shades from
pinkish white to dark brown. How did this variation arise? Many biological traits have been shaped by natural
selection. To determine whether the variation in human skin color is the result of evolution by natural selection,
scientists look for patterns revealing an association between different versions of the trait and the environment.
Then they look for selective pressures that can explain the association.
In this lesson, you will explore some of the evidence for selection by analyzing data and watching the film The
Biology of Skin Color (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin-color), featuring anthropologist Dr. Nina
Jablonski. In Part 1 of this lesson, you’ll discover the particular environmental factor correlated with the global
distribution of skin color variations. In Parts 2 and 3, you’ll come to understand the specific selective pressures
that have shaped the evolution of the trait. Finally, in Part 4, you’ll investigate how modern human migration is
causing a mismatch between biology and the environment.
PROCEDURE
Read the information in Parts 1–4 below, watching segments of the film and pausing as directed. Answer the
questions in each section before proceeding to the next.
PART 1: Is There a Connection Between UV Radiation and Skin Color?
Watch the film from the beginning to time stamp 5:49 minutes. Pause when Dr. Nina Jablonski asks the
question, “Is there a connection between the intensity of UV radiation and skin color?”
In this segment of the film, Dr. Jablonski explains that the sun emits energy over a broad spectrum of
wavelengths. In particular, she mentions visible light that you see and ultraviolet (UV) radiation that you can’t
see or feel. (Wavelengths you feel as heat are in a portion of the spectrum called infrared.) UV radiation has a
shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light. It has both positive and negative effects on human
health, as you will learn in this film. The level of UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface can vary depending on the
time of day, the time of year, latitude, altitude, and weather conditions.
The UV Index is a standardized scale that forecasts the intensity of UV radiation at any given time and location in
the globe; the higher the number, the greater the intensity. Examine Figure 1 on the next page and answer
Questions 1–6.
1. Describe the relationship between the UV Index (the colored bar in Figure 1) and latitude (y-axis).
2. How do you explain the relationship between the UV Index and latitude? (In other words, why does UV
intensity change with latitude?)
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin-color
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biology-skin- ...
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenAdonis Sfera, MD
1. New tools like two-photon microscopy, optogenetics, and white matter tractography are allowing researchers to visualize brain structures and activity in vivo with greater precision, providing insights into cognitive disorders like schizophrenia.
2. Studies using these tools suggest abnormalities in dendritic spines, disrupted connectivity between brain regions, and altered glial cell activity may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
3. Emerging areas of research like the human microbiome, epigenetics, and de novo mutations may also provide clues about schizophrenia etiology and potential new treatment targets.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It describes the major parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It explains how the brain is divided into lobes and nuclei that control different functions like movement, senses, and cognition. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, and how neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals throughout the nervous system to control bodily functions and behavior.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It describes the major parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. It explains how the brain is divided into lobes and nuclei that control different functions like movement, senses, and cognition. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, and how neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals throughout the nervous system to control bodily functions and behavior.
The document provides an overview of epilepsy, including its definition, history, causes, and treatments. It defines epilepsy as a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures from excessive electrical activity in the brain. Some key points include:
- Epilepsy has been recognized throughout history and was once thought to be caused by demons or contagious.
- It affects approximately 1% of the population and can develop at any age, though often begins in childhood.
- Seizures occur when brain nerve cells misfire, causing a surge of electrical activity. This can be caused by imbalances in inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters or ion channels in the brain.
- Causes include genetic factors, prenatal injuries, brain
Unit2essay-Australian Animal AdaptationDaniela Lin
Native Australian species such as marsupials and monotremes flourished due to Australia's geographic isolation which allowed them to evolve without competition from other land animals. Marsupials like kangaroos and wombats thrive through easy to access diets and protection in pouches, while monotremes such as echidnas and platypuses lay their eggs in protective aquatic or burrow environments. However, introduced species like rabbits and foxes have driven the decline of native species by outcompeting them for resources as they lacked natural predators in Australia. Both native and introduced species have adapted to the Australian environment through traits like herbivorous diets, burrowing, camouflage or defense mechanisms.
Deep sea creatures like giant squid, zombie worms, jellyfish, and yeti crabs thrive in extreme environments that are too hot, cold, deep, and dark for most organisms. These environments include near hydrothermal vents with temperatures over 700 degrees Fahrenheit and depths over 7,200 feet below the ocean surface. Despite facing these challenging conditions, the creatures have unique adaptations that allow them to survive, such as specialized body structures, bioluminescence, and symbiotic relationships with bacteria. Their adaptations demonstrate how life can persist even in some of the most extreme ocean habitats on Earth.
This document provides an overview of frog anatomy by listing various structures, their functions, and locations within the frog's body. It includes internal organs like the liver, heart, lungs, as well as external structures like the tympanic membrane and vomerine teeth. The document also lists parts of the frog brain and their functions.
The document provides definitions for a variety of words describing states, concepts, and objects related to poverty, disorder, decay, and physical or mental hardship. Many of the words suggest environments or conditions that are harsh, unsafe, lacking resources, in a state of disrepair or decline, or producing feelings of sadness, confusion, or powerlessness. Examples include words like arid, sterile, chaotic, amorphous, grit, meager, shanty, barren, ramshackle, rickety, stupor, degradation, squalor.
This document discusses various drinks such as energy drinks, coffee, tea, and soft drinks that contain caffeine. While caffeine can provide temporary benefits when consumed in moderation, the document warns that consuming large amounts of caffeine counteracts any positive effects and exposes the body to one of the most addictive substances for humans, with more people worldwide suffering from caffeine addiction than nicotine addiction.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
First draftresearchpaperorfinal
1. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN
Understanding the Effects of Light Regarding Melatonin
Daniela I. Lin
Everglades High School
2. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 2
Table of Contents
Title Page (pg 1)
Table of Contents (pg 2)
Abstract (pg 3)
Introduction (pg 4-5)
Method (includes participants, materials, apparatus, and procedure) (pg6-7)
Results (pg 7)
Discussion (pg 8)
References (pg 9-11)
Tables/Figures (pg 12-15)
3. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 3
Abstract
Melatonin is a sleep-inducing hormone that’s produced by the brain’s pineal gland it’s normally
suppressed only by daylight. Nowadays though, artificial daylight in our modern technology has been
found to mimic natural light confusing the brain into decreasing melatonin even at night too! Studies
conducted have shown that before (Fonken, L., & Nelson, R., 2011) artificial light present in devices had
been emitting mostly red wavelengths but now it has replaced with “bluish bulbs” to increase energy
efficiency. Through studies (utilizing precise dime-semeters and specialized googles) conducted by
Figueiro, M., Plitnick, B., Rea, M., & Wood, B. (2012), we can see that after 2 hours there is a significant
repression of melatonin.
Keywords: Melatonin, Blue Light, self-luminous devices, Circadian Rhythm, Artificial light
4. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 4
Introduction
For more than 120 years, artificial light has been emitting mostly red wavelengths (for example
incandescent light bulbs). The problem now states Fonken, L., & Nelson, R. (2011) is that the artificial
light sources we use today are increasingly “becoming blue” or utilizing short blue wavelengths. He
estimates that 1.6 billion new computers, phones, and cellphones were sold last year alone. These
newer technologies were replaced with even “bluer bulbs” for increase energy efficiency.
In 1958, Woodland Hastings and Beatrice Sweeney (2010, January 1) tested the ability of
different wavelengths. They found that “the greatest power to reset the organism’s daily meter lay in
the blues.” Now studies show that light acts on the body on two pathways (the primary optic tract and
the retinohypothalamic tract). The primary optic tract is known to control over visual effects and visual
reflexes. While the retinohypothalamic tract controls the circadian, endocrine, and neurobehavioral
functions. Thus making the retinohypothalamic tract more sensitive to blue light exposure(energy
wavelength of about 459-485 nm). Blue’s power to “reset” circadian rhythms is not because of the color
but because of the fact that it more easily penetrates into the surface of oceans and photoreceptors
than other visible wavelengths(such as red=incandescent bulbs). Scientists believe that the color balance
of the sky might have helped preserve blue light’s reset role throughout history.
Electronic devices with overly brightened blue emitting displays can cause great suppression of
the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is a sleep-inducing hormone that is produced by the brain’s pineal
gland. Normally, daylight activates light sensitive retinal proteins that control our biological clock by
triggering signals to the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). As a result, the SCN causes the pineal
gland to decrease its production of melatonin. However, as a result of artificial light in self-luminous
tablets mimicking the daylight the brain gets “confused” and decreases melatonin production during the
5. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 5
night too (instead of increasing it). Which explains why people nowadays are going to sleep later
(especially teenagers).
Suppression of melatonin at night (by light) results in circadian disruption (our human biological
clock) which can lead to higher chances of obtaining diabetes, obesity, breast cancer, and other diseases.
To produce white lights electronic devices must emit at short wavelengths which is especially disrupts
our circadian rhythm. The 2011 “Sleep in America” poll released by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF)
has found that 43% of Americans between the ages of 13-64 said that they rarely/never get a good
night’s sleep during school weeks. More than half state that they have experienced some sort of sleep
problem often/every night (like snoring, waking at night, and feeling unrefreshed in the morning).
Overall, 95% of Americans surveyed admitted to using devices that emitted short wavelengths before
bedtime. These following results show potential positive correlation of artificial light and melatonin
suppression (which leads to inability to sleep). According to Michael Gradisar, PhD, Flinders University
(2011, March 7), baby boomers (46-64 years old), generation X'ers (30-45 year olds), generation Y'ers
(19-29 year olds), and generation Z'ers (13-18 year olds) all report very different technological
preferences (hence very different sleep patterns/schedules). Roughly 55% of generation Z'ers and 47%
of generation Y'ers say that they surf the Internet every night/ almost every night within the hour before
their bedtime. About 18% of generation Z'ers and 20% of generation Y’ers state that they are awakened
by a text message, phone call, or email after having gone to sleep(they state that this happens a few
times a week). As a result, generation Z’ers and generation Y’ers report more of an average sleepiness
than the baby boomers and generation X’ers. Meaning that suppression of melatonin affects teenagers
the most and thus it’s of utmost importance to restrict usage of modern technology.
6. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 6
Method
The materials utilized were a dime-simeter which is a small and inexpensive “data logging device”
that can record light and activity levels over many days. It can be worn as a badge, collar, hat, near the
eye, or etc. the size is comparable to a dime (hence the name). Also special glasses that absorbed or
blocked artificial Light, compact fluorescent light bulbs with differing color frequencies, and self-luminous
devices (more specifically an IPAD Air) accompanied it.
To ensure valid test results the participants chosen were around average age of the 18.9.
Individuals that possessed major health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood
pressure or were taking over the counter medication were excluded from the experiment. “Atypical
people” that were predisposed to rising earlier or later were also filtered out of the experiment through
a questionnaire. All of this made sure that melatonin production was made at the relatively same time in
all subjects (they approximated from 11:00 pm-1:00 am).
In order to test their theories, they gathered 13 individuals who utilized self-luminous tablets to
perform daily tasks (read, play games, watch movies, and etc.) The 13 participants were divided into
three groups (control group, extra melatonin suppression group, and no melatonin suppression group).
The first group was given a pair of clear goggles with blue light (470—nm). This was the group with
“extra melatonin suppression” because blue light is known to be a strong melatonin suppressor. The
second group used orange tinted glasses that filtered out short-wavelengths of radiation emitted by the
tablets (the “no melatonin suppression group”). The third and final group was the control group who
wore nothing and used the tablets like any other regular person. All three groups had their tablet set at
the brightest possible setting. A dime-simeter was worn close to the corners of the eye by each subject
to accurately record each person’s light exposure results. The research team hypothesized that the
amount of time exposed and the distance between the screen and the eye impacted how much
7. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 7
melatonin was inhibited. After a one hour exposure, the controlled group’s melatonin was repressed by
about 7%, the group with the blue goggles was about 48%, and the group with the tinted orange goggles
was not applicable (because it was used as a dark control in other words if measured it would be none
b/c their goggles were made to filter out all the light). Although melatonin levels were still rising they
rose lower than a normal person’s would if surrounded by pitch darkness. A two hour exposure showed
a significant amount of blockage (of the production of melatonin). The controlled group’s melatonin
was repressed by 23%, the blue goggles group was about 66%, and the orange tinted glasses group was
still not applicable.
Results
For the tablet with blue LEDs condition, suppression values were significantly different than zero
at 00:00 (t(10) ¼ 15.0, p < 0.001) and at 01:00 (t(11) ¼ 16.1,p < 0.001). For the tablet-only condition,
suppression was not significantly different than zero after 1 hour exposure (t(10) ¼ 1.80, p ¼ 0.103) to
the tablet, but was significantly greater than zero after 2 hour of exposure (t(11) ¼ 3.39,p ¼ 0.006).
According to the studies(shown below in figures pg 13)of Figueiro, M., Plitnick, B., Rea, M., & Wood, B.
(2012), the calculated mean SEM (standard error of the means) CS values after 1 hour exposures were
0.46 plus or minus 0.0013 for the tablet with blue LEDs condition and 0.03 plus or minus 0.0066 for the
tablet-only condition.
8. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 8
Discussion
Figueiro (2012) concluded that even if melatonin suppression is not significant (for example
after an hour) you are still susceptible to an increased risk of diseases such as obesity (lack of sleep
makes the brain irritable and seek comfort= food). She and her team also figured that the type of task
being performed also impacts how much light is delivered to the cornea. This was proven by the team’s
dimesimeter measurements, which showed that the brightness levels varied approximately 5 lux per
activity (diff brightness levels= diff levels of repression). The team concluded exposure to compact
fluorescent lamps at 6500k suppressed melatonin the most. As a result of blocking melatonin (hormone
that induces sleep) the most, people in the 6500k setting reacted with faster reaction times because
they were more alert than others.
They also concluded that commercially available fluorescent light bulbs with different color
temperatures not only increasingly affect the circadian rhythm (a human’s 24 hour biological clock) but
also cognition or cognitive performances (because of lack of sleep). She hopes that through these
studies corporations and institutions can develop more “circadian-friendly” electronic devices. These
devices would decrease and increase contrast levels based on the time of the day (able to “tell” the time
even through bad weather conditions). Until then, she states that the best thing for people to do is limit
the amount used/time spent using electronic devices, dimming the screen as much as you can, and not
utilizing them at all before bedtime to lessen melatonin suppression.
9. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 9
References
Bernstein, M., & Kallabis, R. (n.d.). Healthy Body Healthy Planet: Issues in Artificial Lighting. Retrieved
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Duffy, J., & Czeisler, C. (2010). Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology. Retrieved September 21,
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Figueiro, M., Plitnick, B., Rea, M., & Wood, B. (2012). Light level and duration of exposure determine the
impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. Applied Ergonomics, 44(2), 1-4. Retrieved
September 21, 2014, from http://www.gwern.net/docs/melatonin/2012-wood.pdf
Fonken, L., & Nelson, R. (2011). Illuminating the deleterious effects of light at night. <i>F1000 Medicine
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12. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 12
Tables
Figure i- Comparison between relative sleepiness/wellbeing in regards to frequency of light exposed to
13. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 13
Figure ii- Supports RESULTS section of experiment (shows overall values)
14. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 14
Figure iii-How the Circadian Rhythm Functions
15. RUNNING HEAD: UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGARDING MELATONIN 15
Figure iv-No glasses, blue melatonin supressing glasses, and orange light supressing glasses used in experiment