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ARC ONE arcone.mechbuilders@gmail.com Fire Introduction & Basic Design of AFSS Protection System https://www.facebook.com/ArcOneEngineeringServices 0966-5388922 / 0938-3534138 Presented By: Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Services
Training Rules Please be considerate, take control of your own noise. Sit in a quiet area Speak clearly, don’t be afraid to ask if people can hear you well. Raise your hand, questions are entertained anytime Feel free to contribute your experience
Terminology and References Refresher 01 02 03 Training Course Topics Day 2 Occupancy Hazard Fire Control Approach Storage Design Approach Special Occupancy Design Approach Design Approach Determining the Design Area Using the Density Area Curve Number of Sprinklers to Calculate Protection Area of Coverage Walkthrough of Hydraulic Calculations Fire Pump Selection Tank Sizing Hydraulic Calculation Types of Hazards or Occupancies and Commodities
1.Refresher
Terminology Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Approved The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) Equipment,materials , or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services. Listed Indicates a mandatory requirement. Shall
Terminology Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. Should A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements Standard Operation without human intervention. This operation includes, but is not limited to, heat, rate of heat rise, smoke, or pressure change. Automatic Operation. Operation of a system or its components through human action. Manual Operation.
The design, equipment specification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
The design, equipment specification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
The design, equipment specification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
Types of Hazards Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected. Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Animal shelters 2. Churches 3. Prisons 4. Clubs 5. Eaves and overhangs 6. Educational 7. Museums 8. Residential 9. Restaurant seating areas 10. Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums Light Hazard
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard under Group 1 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected. Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Hospitals and Hotels 2. Libraries (excluding book stores) 3. Restaurants 4. Schools and Offices 5. Data processing center (computer room excluding tape storage) 6. Laboratories (physical) 7. Laundries 8. Car parks 9. Leather good factories 10. Meat factories, Dairy products manufacturing and processing 11. Bakeries and Canneries 12. Biscuit and chocolate factories 13. Beverage manufacturing 14. Sheet metal product factories 15. Cement works Ordinary Hazard Group 1
Ordinary Hazard 1
Ordinary Hazard under Group 2 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected. Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Broadcasting and TV studios 2. Railway stations 3. Exhibition halls 4. Clothing factories, Weaving mills and Textile manufacturing 5. Furniture showrooms and upholstery shops with no plastic foams 6. Archives, Storage rooms, File rooms 7. Department stores and Shopping center 8. Corn mills, Dehydrated vegetable factory and Sugar factory 9. Glass factory, Tobacco products manufacturing 10. Radio equipment factory 11. Refrigerator and washing machine factory 12. Machine shops, Metal working, Wood products assembly 13. Paper and pulp mills, Plastic fabrication 14. Post offices, Printing and publishing 15. Automotive repair shops 16. Tire manufacturing Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Ordinary Hazard 2
Extra Hazard Group 1 Extra Hazard under Group 1 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids. Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409) 2. Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas 3. Die casting 4. Metal extruding 5. Plywood and particleboard manufacturing 6. Printing using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C) 7. Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing 8. Saw mills 9. Textile picking, opening, blending, combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap 10. Upholstering with plastic foams
Extra Hazard 1
Extra Hazard Group 2 Extra Hazard under Group 2 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive. Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Asphalt saturating 2. Flammable liquids spraying 3. Manufactured home or modular building assemblies (where finished enclosure is present and has combustible interiors) 4. Open oil quenching 5. Plastics manufacturing 6. Solvent cleaning 7. Varnish and paint dipping
Extra Hazard 2
2. Design Approaches
Sprinkler System Failures There are THREE principal causes of unsatisfactory sprinkler performance: 1. A closed valve in the water supply 2. Inadequate water supply delivery 3.Occupancy changes negating the system design
Sprinkler System Failures NCC Mall Fire at Davao City
Sprinkler System Failures • At least 38 persons were trapped and died during the incident. • The probable cause of the fire was faulty electrical wiring due to malpractice of the renovation of the mall's third floor. • The IAATF later discovered that the mall's automatic fire suppression system did not function in the third and fourth floors as the valves of the fire sprinkler system were closed.
How do we avoid these problems?
 Pre- planning  Accurate design  Proper identification of hazards  Proper maintenance  Proper testing Solutions
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined OCCUPANCY HAZARD CONTROL APPROACH This is the most common design approach used in Automatic Fire Sprinkler System. There are two ways to design a sprinkler system: Pipe Schedule Method •Pipe is sized according to system pressure, required flow and number of sprinkler heads a certain pipe size is tested to accommodate. •Sprinkler discharge density and estimated area of coverage determine pipe size.
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined OCCUPANCY HAZARD CONTROL APPROACH This is the most common design approach used in Automatic Fire Sprinkler System. There are two ways to design a sprinkler system: Hydraulic Calculation Method •An engineered approach to match the fire hazard with the calculated potential water supply pressure and volume required •The design is primarily based on density/area curve and it is commonly use in light and ordinary hazards occupancies •The minimum duration of water supply should last by at least 60-90 minutes
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD OR HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD?
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Pipe schedule method –uses tables that indicate that steel pipe of certain size will supply a certain number of heads. In pipe schedules, only a limited number of sprinklers may be supplied by a given pipe size. In a hydraulically calculated system, there is no limit to the number of sprinklers that can be supplied by any size pipe, the size is solely dictated by the rate of flow. However, the total square footage covered by a single fire riser is restricted, normally to 52,000 ft2, except 40,000 ft2in storage occupancies. The calculations simply must prove that the pipe size and configuration will be adequate to deliver the required densities from the available water supply. Therefore, pipe is sized to deliver the required flow and pressure each head in the area of operation and size the pipe back to the system water supply in order to deliver the demand for the area of operation.
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the minimum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard occupancies protected by systems with pipe sized according to pipe schedules of Section 23.7
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the minimum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard occupancies protected by systems with pipe sized according to pipe schedules of Section 23.7
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD The pipe schedule method shall be permitted as follows: 1. Additions or modifications to existing pipe schedule systems sized according to pipe schedule of Section 23.7. 2. Additions or modifications to extra hazard pipe schedule systems. 3. New systems of 5000 ft² (465 m²) or less. 4. New systems exceeding 5000 ft² (465 m²) where the flows required in Table 11.2.2.1 are available at minimum residual pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bar) at the highest elevation of sprinkler.
PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD For hydraulic calculation method, water demand shall be determined only from one of the following, at the discretion of the designer: 1. Density/ area curves of Figure 11.2.3.1.1 in accordance with the density area method of 11.2.3.2. 2. The room that creates the greatest demand in accordance with the room design method of 11.2.3.3 3. Special design areas in accordance with 11.2.3.4
Area of operation (area of application) –maximum square footage a fire in that type of occupancy has the potential to cover. This figure establishes the quantity of sprinklers required open to contain and extinguish the fire within the area of operation. It also establishes the number of heads to be hydraulically calculated. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD
The flow required from a sprinkler is determined by the area “covered by the sprinkler multiplied by the desired density. 0.07 Example: We choose the area of operation of sprinkler system to be 3000 ft² .Based on the area density curve from NFPA 13, we will get a density 0.07 gpm/ft². Flow = Area of Sprinkler Operation x Density Flow = 3000 ft² x 0.07 gpm/ft² Flow = 210 gpm The product obtained means that all sprinklers in the design area must discharge at least this amount of water flow calculated. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chapter 12 defines that Storage Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of Storage arrangements and commodities. This design approach shall be applied for the protection of the following: a.Plastic commodities b.Commodities that are stored in Wooden or Plastic Pallets, Solid Piled, Bin Boxes, Shelf and Multiple Racks storage c.Plastic, Rubber Tires and Rolled Paper and related hazard commodities (Class 1 to Class 4 commodities)
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 mandatory requirements: a.This design approach requires the use of Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) and Large Drop Sprinklers. b.Aside from Automatic Sprinklers, NFPA 13 requires the installation of Automatic Medium and High-Expansion Foam System in accordance with NFPA 11A. c.In the Density/Area Curve, storage design should start with Ordinary Hazard 2 curve. d.The minimum duration of water supply should last by at least 120-180 minutes.
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH STORAGE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN-RACK SPRINKLER SYSTEM
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chap. 13 defines that Special Occupancy Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of arrangements and commodities that includes: a. Flammable and Combustible Liquids b. Aerosol Products c. Solvent Extraction Plants d. Nitrate Film e. Storage or vaults containing Pyroxylin Plastics f. Laboratories Using Chemicals g. Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chap. 13 defines that Special Occupancy Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of arrangements and commodities that includes: h. Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants i. Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas j. Electronic Computer Systems and Data Centers k. Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations l. Piers, Terminals and Wharves m. Aircraft Hangars n. Storage of Organic Peroxides
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH KITCHEN FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM AIRCRAFT HANGAR HIGH EXPANSION FOAM GENERATOR
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH FM 200 FIRE SUPPRESION SYSTEM TRUCK LOADING TERMINALS FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
In the design of wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH The use of Wet Type Automatic Sprinklers has to be carefully studied since the use of water in some of the above occupancies is not advisable. The fire protection design for this should meet the requirement of separate NFPA standards.
3. Hydraulic Calculation
DETERMINING THE DESIGN AREA UNDERESTIMATING THE HAZARD POSES A HIGH RISK OF FIRE TO OVERPOWER THE FIRE SPRINKLERS – THIS WILL RESULT TO LOSS OF PROPERTY OR LIFE
DETERMINING THE DESIGN AREA Once the sprinkler spacing and piping layout has been proposed in conformance with the requirements of NFPA 13, the design engineer should: a. Demonstrate that the delivery of the prescribed rate of water application will be accomplished for the sprinklers in the design area that might be reasonably expected to operate. b. Demonstrate that the shape of the design area and location of the sprinklers, regardless of the location of the fire within the building, will be adequately supplied with water in the event of fire. c. The DESIGN AREA SHOULD BE THE MOST CHALLENGING AND FARTHEST LOCATION of sprinkler in order to ensure that enough water is supplied if it opens in the event of fire. OCCUPANCY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION is one the most critical steps in the design of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System.
DETERMINING THE DESIGN AREA Example: An office building with a floor area of 100 ft x 50 ft with will be occupied a minimal amount of no/ low combustibility materials, is to be protected by an automatic sprinkler system. Assume building has 5 floors with ceiling height of 12 ft on each floor. Design the system, determine the fire pump specifications and calculate the water tank capacity for an efficient fire protection system.
DETERMINING THE DESIGN AREA As per NFPA 13 Section 8.6.3 The maximum distance from sprinkler to a wall shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers as indicated in Table 8.6.2.2 (a) through Table 8.6.2.2 (d). The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be measured perpendicular to the wall. Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 inches from a wall.
COVERAGE OF PROTECTION AREA
USING THE DENSITY/ AREA CURVE We classified the office building to be a LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCY, because it is stated that the materials to be stored is low in combustibility at a minimal amount. The designer selected the Area of Protection to be 1750 ft². 0.095 1750 By plotting the selected Area of Protection in the Density/ Area Curve, we would get a Density of 0.095 gpm/ ft². Flow = Area of Sprinkler Operation x Density Flow = 1750 ft² x 0.095 gpm/ft² Flow = 166.25 gpm (Minimum Design Flow of All Active Heads/ Nodes Combined)
NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS TO CALCULATE As stated on previous slides, the design area shall be the MOST CHALLENGING AND FARTHEST LOCATION of sprinkler in order to ensure that enough water is supplied if it opens in the event of fire. We must determine the number of active head during the event of fire by dividing the design area of protection by the maximum area of protection of each sprinkler head. We must also determine the maximum number of active sprinkles in a branch line through the formula stated in NFPA 13 Section 23.4.4.2.1
DETERMINING THE DESIGN AREA
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS NFPA 13 Section 23.4 states that pipe friction losses shall be determined on the basis of Hazen- Williams formula. (from NFPA 13 Table A.6.3.2 or Table A.6.3.5) (from NFPA 13 Table 23.4.4.8.1)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Though NPFA 13 Section 6.3 have different minimum requirements for welded or roll- grooved connections and threaded connections for steel pipes, mostly used in the industry is Schedule 40. Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS This is a sample blank form of hydraulic calculations. It is commonly attached along with signed and sealed plans during the permit applications of fire protection system of a building. It is also required to be signed and sealed by a PME.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Let us try to fill up the Hydraulic Calculations Form based on the example given on the previous slides. Gathering the data we have so far: • Office Building considered to be Light Hazard. • Sprinkler Distance in Same Branch Line is 15 ft. • Sprinkler Distance from Other Branch Line is 15 ft. • Sprinkler Area of Protection is 225 ft². • Design Area of Protection is 1750 ft². • Total Number of Active Sprinklers is 8 sprinkler heads/ nodes. • Total Number of Active Sprinklers per Branch line is 4 sprinkler heads/ nodes.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS We must get the minimum pressure requirement of the most remote sprinkler head as start of our calculation through the formula: Where: K- Factor or Sprinkler Discharge Characteristics Identification can be seen on NFPA 13 Table 6.2.3.1 P= )² or Q= K
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Designer may select the K-Factor of Sprinkler to be used from factor for different sprinkler heads may range from K = 5.6 (standard ½” orifice) to K =14.0 for ESFR sprinklers. But there are things that must be kept in mind. • An increase in the K- factor of a sprinkler yields a higher flow (gpm), but lower pressure. Conversely, a decrease in the K- factor of a sprinkler yields a lower flow but higher pressure requirement. • The pressure at the sprinkler head is critical for reasons other than the flow from the sprinkler. • The pressure at the sprinkler head affects the head discharge droplet size and spray pattern which are critical characteristics of the fire extinguishing performance of a sprinkler head • As stated in NFPA 13 Section 23.4.4.11.1, the MINIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE of any sprinkler shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Selecting the K-Factor: Sample of K-Factors of Different Sprinkler Manufacturers Getting the end sprinkler head pressure : P= )² = )² = 14.58 psi Q= 225 ft² x 0.095 gpm/ ft² = 21.38 gpm 14.58 psi > 7 psi Minimum
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Pressure Loss from Node 1 to Node 2: p= = 0.147 psi/ ft 0.147 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.20 psi 14.58 psi + 2.20 psi = 16.78 psi ( @ Node 2) ( @ Node 1)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 2: (@ Node 2) (@ Node 2) Q= K Q= 5.6 (16.78 psi) = 22.94 gpm Q=21.38 gpm + 22.94 gpm = 44.32 gpm
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Pressure Loss from Node 2 to Node 3: p= = 0.149 psi/ ft 0.149 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.24 psi 16.78psi + 2.24 psi = 19.02 psi ( @ Node 3) ( @ Node 2)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 2: (@ Node 3) (@ Node 3) Q= K Q= 5.6 (19.02 psi) = 24.42 gpm Q= 44.32 gpm + 24.42 gpm = 68.74 gpm
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Pressure Loss from Node 3 to Node 4: p= = 0.158 psi/ ft 0.158 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.37 psi 19.02 psi + 2.37 psi = 21.39 psi ( @ Node 4) ( @ Node 3)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 4: (@ Node 3) (@ Node 4) Q= K Q= 5.6 (21.39 psi) = 25.90 gpm Q= 68.74 gpm + 25.90 gpm = 94.64 gpm
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Pressure Loss from Node 4 to BL-A Cross Main: p= = 0.085 psi/ ft 0.085 psi/ ft x (47 ft + 10 ft) = 4.84 psi 21.39 psi + 4.84 psi = 26.23 psi ( @ BL-A CM) ( @ Node 4)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now we know the conditions experienced by BL-A in the event of fire. We must calculate the pressure loss from BL-A Cross Main to BL-B.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Since we already know the conditions of BL-A, we must also get the conditions experienced by BL-B. This K-Factor will be used also when determining the flow of the 2nd Branch line or BL-B. K- Factor = 18.48 gpm / To get this, first, we must compute for the K-Factor of BL-A with flow conditions of 94.64 gpm and pressure of 26.23 psi.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now we know the conditions experienced by BL-A in the event of fire. We must calculate the pressure loss from BL-A Cross Main to BL-B. p= = 0.003 psi/ ft 0.003 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 0.04 psi 26.23 psi + 0.04 psi = 26.27 psi ( @ BL-B CM to TOR/BOR) ( @ BL- A CM to BL-B)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now trying to compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node BL- B: (@ BL-B CM to TOR/ BOR) (@ BL- B) Q= K Q= 18.48 (26.27 psi) = 94.72 gpm Q= 94.64 gpm + 94.72 gpm = 189.36 gpm
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Knowing the total flow condition of the cross main. We can calculate the pressure loss from BL-B Cross Main to the Top of Riser (TOR) p= = 0.012 psi/ ft 0.012 psi/ ft x (33 ft + 22ft) = 0.66 psi 26.27 psi + 0.66 psi = 26.93 psi ( @ TOR/ BOR to Pump) ( @ BL- B CM to TOR/BOR)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Common Fire Pump Arrangement Nowadays.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS After getting the condition at the Top of Riser, we will compute the remaining pressure loss up to the Fire Pump Discharge. p= = 0.012 psi/ ft 0.012 psi/ ft x (60 ft + 64ft) = 1.49 psi 26.23 psi + 25.98 psi + 1.49 psi = 54.40 psi ( @ Pump) ( @ TOR/BOR to Pump)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data:
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS We already got the Flow and Pressure Requirements for the Sprinkler System of the Building. Since the common set up of Fire Protection System is a combined system wherein the fire pump is supplying the demand requirement of both the sprinkler systems and stand pipe / hose systems. We must add the Hose Stream Allowance in the Pump Capacity.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting the data: Choose 300 gpm Listed Fire Pump!
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS After Getting the Total Water Demand, we must conduct a Riser Pipe Analysis to ensure that water velocity inside pipe would not exceed the Maximum Velocity in the Discharge of Pipe as per NFPA 20. V= = = 7.56 ft/ sec V= = = 11.34 ft/ sec (at 150 %) Size of Riser is Acceptable!
FIRE PUMP SELECTION Based on the results of Hydraulic Calculation, Fire Pump Specification is 300 GPM and 54.40 psi say 55 psi. BHP= = = We will calculate the calculate the Pump Horse Power. Assume that the Motor Efficiency to be 85% and Pump Efficiency of 65%. 17. 42 hp Say 20 hp Use a Fire Pump 300 gpm, 55 psi, 20 hp, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz !
FIRE PUMP SELECTION
FIRE PUMP SELECTION 55 psi
SIZING THE FIRE TANK After determining the specifications of Fire Pump, you must design a Tank sized capable of holding enough water supply as per guidelines of NFPA 13. 300 gpm x 30 mins = 9000 gals Tank Dimensions: 3mL x 4mW x 3mH 9510 Gallons
THANK YOU!

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Fire-Protection-System-Introduction and Basic

  • 1.
    ARC ONE arcone.mechbuilders@gmail.com Fire Introduction &Basic Design of AFSS Protection System https://www.facebook.com/ArcOneEngineeringServices 0966-5388922 / 0938-3534138 Presented By: Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Services
  • 2.
    Training Rules Please beconsiderate, take control of your own noise. Sit in a quiet area Speak clearly, don’t be afraid to ask if people can hear you well. Raise your hand, questions are entertained anytime Feel free to contribute your experience
  • 3.
    Terminology and References Refresher 01 02 03 Training Course Topics Day2 Occupancy Hazard Fire Control Approach Storage Design Approach Special Occupancy Design Approach Design Approach Determining the Design Area Using the Density Area Curve Number of Sprinklers to Calculate Protection Area of Coverage Walkthrough of Hydraulic Calculations Fire Pump Selection Tank Sizing Hydraulic Calculation Types of Hazards or Occupancies and Commodities
  • 4.
  • 5.
    Terminology Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Approved Theorganization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure. Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) Equipment,materials , or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services. Listed Indicates a mandatory requirement. Shall
  • 6.
    Terminology Indicates a recommendation or thatwhich is advised but not required. Should A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements Standard Operation without human intervention. This operation includes, but is not limited to, heat, rate of heat rise, smoke, or pressure change. Automatic Operation. Operation of a system or its components through human action. Manual Operation.
  • 7.
    The design, equipmentspecification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
  • 8.
    The design, equipmentspecification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
  • 9.
    The design, equipmentspecification and installation of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System should be in accordance with the applicable minimum design requirements set forth by the following codes and standards Design Major References
  • 10.
    Types of Hazards Lighthazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected. Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Animal shelters 2. Churches 3. Prisons 4. Clubs 5. Eaves and overhangs 6. Educational 7. Museums 8. Residential 9. Restaurant seating areas 10. Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums Light Hazard
  • 11.
  • 12.
    Ordinary Hazard underGroup 1 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected. Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Hospitals and Hotels 2. Libraries (excluding book stores) 3. Restaurants 4. Schools and Offices 5. Data processing center (computer room excluding tape storage) 6. Laboratories (physical) 7. Laundries 8. Car parks 9. Leather good factories 10. Meat factories, Dairy products manufacturing and processing 11. Bakeries and Canneries 12. Biscuit and chocolate factories 13. Beverage manufacturing 14. Sheet metal product factories 15. Cement works Ordinary Hazard Group 1
  • 13.
  • 14.
    Ordinary Hazard underGroup 2 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected. Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Broadcasting and TV studios 2. Railway stations 3. Exhibition halls 4. Clothing factories, Weaving mills and Textile manufacturing 5. Furniture showrooms and upholstery shops with no plastic foams 6. Archives, Storage rooms, File rooms 7. Department stores and Shopping center 8. Corn mills, Dehydrated vegetable factory and Sugar factory 9. Glass factory, Tobacco products manufacturing 10. Radio equipment factory 11. Refrigerator and washing machine factory 12. Machine shops, Metal working, Wood products assembly 13. Paper and pulp mills, Plastic fabrication 14. Post offices, Printing and publishing 15. Automotive repair shops 16. Tire manufacturing Ordinary Hazard Group 2
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Extra Hazard Group1 Extra Hazard under Group 1 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids. Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409) 2. Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas 3. Die casting 4. Metal extruding 5. Plywood and particleboard manufacturing 6. Printing using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C) 7. Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing 8. Saw mills 9. Textile picking, opening, blending, combining of cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy, or burlap 10. Upholstering with plastic foams
  • 17.
  • 18.
    Extra Hazard Group2 Extra Hazard under Group 2 occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive. Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: 1. Asphalt saturating 2. Flammable liquids spraying 3. Manufactured home or modular building assemblies (where finished enclosure is present and has combustible interiors) 4. Open oil quenching 5. Plastics manufacturing 6. Solvent cleaning 7. Varnish and paint dipping
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Sprinkler System Failures Thereare THREE principal causes of unsatisfactory sprinkler performance: 1. A closed valve in the water supply 2. Inadequate water supply delivery 3.Occupancy changes negating the system design
  • 22.
    Sprinkler System Failures NCCMall Fire at Davao City
  • 23.
    Sprinkler System Failures •At least 38 persons were trapped and died during the incident. • The probable cause of the fire was faulty electrical wiring due to malpractice of the renovation of the mall's third floor. • The IAATF later discovered that the mall's automatic fire suppression system did not function in the third and fourth floors as the valves of the fire sprinkler system were closed.
  • 24.
    How do weavoid these problems?
  • 25.
     Pre- planning Accurate design  Proper identification of hazards  Proper maintenance  Proper testing Solutions
  • 26.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined OCCUPANCY HAZARD CONTROL APPROACH This is the most common design approach used in Automatic Fire Sprinkler System. There are two ways to design a sprinkler system: Pipe Schedule Method •Pipe is sized according to system pressure, required flow and number of sprinkler heads a certain pipe size is tested to accommodate. •Sprinkler discharge density and estimated area of coverage determine pipe size.
  • 27.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined OCCUPANCY HAZARD CONTROL APPROACH This is the most common design approach used in Automatic Fire Sprinkler System. There are two ways to design a sprinkler system: Hydraulic Calculation Method •An engineered approach to match the fire hazard with the calculated potential water supply pressure and volume required •The design is primarily based on density/area curve and it is commonly use in light and ordinary hazards occupancies •The minimum duration of water supply should last by at least 60-90 minutes
  • 28.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD ORHYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD?
  • 29.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHODVS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Pipe schedule method –uses tables that indicate that steel pipe of certain size will supply a certain number of heads. In pipe schedules, only a limited number of sprinklers may be supplied by a given pipe size. In a hydraulically calculated system, there is no limit to the number of sprinklers that can be supplied by any size pipe, the size is solely dictated by the rate of flow. However, the total square footage covered by a single fire riser is restricted, normally to 52,000 ft2, except 40,000 ft2in storage occupancies. The calculations simply must prove that the pipe size and configuration will be adequate to deliver the required densities from the available water supply. Therefore, pipe is sized to deliver the required flow and pressure each head in the area of operation and size the pipe back to the system water supply in order to deliver the demand for the area of operation.
  • 30.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHODVS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the minimum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard occupancies protected by systems with pipe sized according to pipe schedules of Section 23.7
  • 31.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHODVS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD Table 11.2.2.1 shall be used in determining the minimum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard occupancies protected by systems with pipe sized according to pipe schedules of Section 23.7
  • 32.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHODVS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD The pipe schedule method shall be permitted as follows: 1. Additions or modifications to existing pipe schedule systems sized according to pipe schedule of Section 23.7. 2. Additions or modifications to extra hazard pipe schedule systems. 3. New systems of 5000 ft² (465 m²) or less. 4. New systems exceeding 5000 ft² (465 m²) where the flows required in Table 11.2.2.1 are available at minimum residual pressure of 50 psi (3.4 bar) at the highest elevation of sprinkler.
  • 33.
    PIPE SCHEDULE METHODVS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD For hydraulic calculation method, water demand shall be determined only from one of the following, at the discretion of the designer: 1. Density/ area curves of Figure 11.2.3.1.1 in accordance with the density area method of 11.2.3.2. 2. The room that creates the greatest demand in accordance with the room design method of 11.2.3.3 3. Special design areas in accordance with 11.2.3.4
  • 34.
    Area of operation(area of application) –maximum square footage a fire in that type of occupancy has the potential to cover. This figure establishes the quantity of sprinklers required open to contain and extinguish the fire within the area of operation. It also establishes the number of heads to be hydraulically calculated. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD
  • 35.
    The flow requiredfrom a sprinkler is determined by the area “covered by the sprinkler multiplied by the desired density. 0.07 Example: We choose the area of operation of sprinkler system to be 3000 ft² .Based on the area density curve from NFPA 13, we will get a density 0.07 gpm/ft². Flow = Area of Sprinkler Operation x Density Flow = 3000 ft² x 0.07 gpm/ft² Flow = 210 gpm The product obtained means that all sprinklers in the design area must discharge at least this amount of water flow calculated. PIPE SCHEDULE METHOD VS HYDRAULIC CALCULATION METHOD
  • 36.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chapter 12 defines that Storage Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of Storage arrangements and commodities. This design approach shall be applied for the protection of the following: a.Plastic commodities b.Commodities that are stored in Wooden or Plastic Pallets, Solid Piled, Bin Boxes, Shelf and Multiple Racks storage c.Plastic, Rubber Tires and Rolled Paper and related hazard commodities (Class 1 to Class 4 commodities)
  • 37.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 mandatory requirements: a.This design approach requires the use of Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) and Large Drop Sprinklers. b.Aside from Automatic Sprinklers, NFPA 13 requires the installation of Automatic Medium and High-Expansion Foam System in accordance with NFPA 11A. c.In the Density/Area Curve, storage design should start with Ordinary Hazard 2 curve. d.The minimum duration of water supply should last by at least 120-180 minutes.
  • 38.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined STORAGE DESIGN APPROACH STORAGE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN-RACK SPRINKLER SYSTEM
  • 39.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chap. 13 defines that Special Occupancy Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of arrangements and commodities that includes: a. Flammable and Combustible Liquids b. Aerosol Products c. Solvent Extraction Plants d. Nitrate Film e. Storage or vaults containing Pyroxylin Plastics f. Laboratories Using Chemicals g. Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes
  • 40.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH NFPA 13 Chap. 13 defines that Special Occupancy Design Approach shall only be apply to meet the requirements of arrangements and commodities that includes: h. Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants i. Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas j. Electronic Computer Systems and Data Centers k. Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations l. Piers, Terminals and Wharves m. Aircraft Hangars n. Storage of Organic Peroxides
  • 41.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH KITCHEN FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM AIRCRAFT HANGAR HIGH EXPANSION FOAM GENERATOR
  • 42.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH FM 200 FIRE SUPPRESION SYSTEM TRUCK LOADING TERMINALS FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
  • 43.
    In the designof wet type Automatic Fire Sprinkler System, NFPA13 identifies three(3) design approaches where water demand requirement shall be determined SPECIAL OCCUPANCY DESIGN APPROACH The use of Wet Type Automatic Sprinklers has to be carefully studied since the use of water in some of the above occupancies is not advisable. The fire protection design for this should meet the requirement of separate NFPA standards.
  • 44.
  • 45.
    DETERMINING THE DESIGNAREA UNDERESTIMATING THE HAZARD POSES A HIGH RISK OF FIRE TO OVERPOWER THE FIRE SPRINKLERS – THIS WILL RESULT TO LOSS OF PROPERTY OR LIFE
  • 46.
    DETERMINING THE DESIGNAREA Once the sprinkler spacing and piping layout has been proposed in conformance with the requirements of NFPA 13, the design engineer should: a. Demonstrate that the delivery of the prescribed rate of water application will be accomplished for the sprinklers in the design area that might be reasonably expected to operate. b. Demonstrate that the shape of the design area and location of the sprinklers, regardless of the location of the fire within the building, will be adequately supplied with water in the event of fire. c. The DESIGN AREA SHOULD BE THE MOST CHALLENGING AND FARTHEST LOCATION of sprinkler in order to ensure that enough water is supplied if it opens in the event of fire. OCCUPANCY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION is one the most critical steps in the design of Automatic Fire Sprinkler System.
  • 47.
    DETERMINING THE DESIGNAREA Example: An office building with a floor area of 100 ft x 50 ft with will be occupied a minimal amount of no/ low combustibility materials, is to be protected by an automatic sprinkler system. Assume building has 5 floors with ceiling height of 12 ft on each floor. Design the system, determine the fire pump specifications and calculate the water tank capacity for an efficient fire protection system.
  • 48.
    DETERMINING THE DESIGNAREA As per NFPA 13 Section 8.6.3 The maximum distance from sprinkler to a wall shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance between sprinklers as indicated in Table 8.6.2.2 (a) through Table 8.6.2.2 (d). The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be measured perpendicular to the wall. Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 inches from a wall.
  • 49.
  • 50.
    USING THE DENSITY/AREA CURVE We classified the office building to be a LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCY, because it is stated that the materials to be stored is low in combustibility at a minimal amount. The designer selected the Area of Protection to be 1750 ft². 0.095 1750 By plotting the selected Area of Protection in the Density/ Area Curve, we would get a Density of 0.095 gpm/ ft². Flow = Area of Sprinkler Operation x Density Flow = 1750 ft² x 0.095 gpm/ft² Flow = 166.25 gpm (Minimum Design Flow of All Active Heads/ Nodes Combined)
  • 51.
    NUMBER OF SPRINKLERSTO CALCULATE As stated on previous slides, the design area shall be the MOST CHALLENGING AND FARTHEST LOCATION of sprinkler in order to ensure that enough water is supplied if it opens in the event of fire. We must determine the number of active head during the event of fire by dividing the design area of protection by the maximum area of protection of each sprinkler head. We must also determine the maximum number of active sprinkles in a branch line through the formula stated in NFPA 13 Section 23.4.4.2.1
  • 52.
  • 53.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS NFPA 13Section 23.4 states that pipe friction losses shall be determined on the basis of Hazen- Williams formula. (from NFPA 13 Table A.6.3.2 or Table A.6.3.5) (from NFPA 13 Table 23.4.4.8.1)
  • 54.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Though NPFA13 Section 6.3 have different minimum requirements for welded or roll- grooved connections and threaded connections for steel pipes, mostly used in the industry is Schedule 40. Commonly Used Tables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 55.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly UsedTables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 56.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly UsedTables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 57.
  • 58.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly UsedTables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 59.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS This isa sample blank form of hydraulic calculations. It is commonly attached along with signed and sealed plans during the permit applications of fire protection system of a building. It is also required to be signed and sealed by a PME.
  • 60.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Let ustry to fill up the Hydraulic Calculations Form based on the example given on the previous slides. Gathering the data we have so far: • Office Building considered to be Light Hazard. • Sprinkler Distance in Same Branch Line is 15 ft. • Sprinkler Distance from Other Branch Line is 15 ft. • Sprinkler Area of Protection is 225 ft². • Design Area of Protection is 1750 ft². • Total Number of Active Sprinklers is 8 sprinkler heads/ nodes. • Total Number of Active Sprinklers per Branch line is 4 sprinkler heads/ nodes.
  • 61.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS We mustget the minimum pressure requirement of the most remote sprinkler head as start of our calculation through the formula: Where: K- Factor or Sprinkler Discharge Characteristics Identification can be seen on NFPA 13 Table 6.2.3.1 P= )² or Q= K
  • 62.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Designer mayselect the K-Factor of Sprinkler to be used from factor for different sprinkler heads may range from K = 5.6 (standard ½” orifice) to K =14.0 for ESFR sprinklers. But there are things that must be kept in mind. • An increase in the K- factor of a sprinkler yields a higher flow (gpm), but lower pressure. Conversely, a decrease in the K- factor of a sprinkler yields a lower flow but higher pressure requirement. • The pressure at the sprinkler head is critical for reasons other than the flow from the sprinkler. • The pressure at the sprinkler head affects the head discharge droplet size and spray pattern which are critical characteristics of the fire extinguishing performance of a sprinkler head • As stated in NFPA 13 Section 23.4.4.11.1, the MINIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE of any sprinkler shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar)
  • 63.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Selecting theK-Factor: Sample of K-Factors of Different Sprinkler Manufacturers Getting the end sprinkler head pressure : P= )² = )² = 14.58 psi Q= 225 ft² x 0.095 gpm/ ft² = 21.38 gpm 14.58 psi > 7 psi Minimum
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Pressure Loss from Node 1 to Node 2: p= = 0.147 psi/ ft 0.147 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.20 psi 14.58 psi + 2.20 psi = 16.78 psi ( @ Node 2) ( @ Node 1)
  • 67.
  • 68.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 2: (@ Node 2) (@ Node 2) Q= K Q= 5.6 (16.78 psi) = 22.94 gpm Q=21.38 gpm + 22.94 gpm = 44.32 gpm
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Pressure Loss from Node 2 to Node 3: p= = 0.149 psi/ ft 0.149 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.24 psi 16.78psi + 2.24 psi = 19.02 psi ( @ Node 3) ( @ Node 2)
  • 72.
  • 73.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 2: (@ Node 3) (@ Node 3) Q= K Q= 5.6 (19.02 psi) = 24.42 gpm Q= 44.32 gpm + 24.42 gpm = 68.74 gpm
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 76.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Pressure Loss from Node 3 to Node 4: p= = 0.158 psi/ ft 0.158 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 2.37 psi 19.02 psi + 2.37 psi = 21.39 psi ( @ Node 4) ( @ Node 3)
  • 77.
  • 78.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node 4: (@ Node 3) (@ Node 4) Q= K Q= 5.6 (21.39 psi) = 25.90 gpm Q= 68.74 gpm + 25.90 gpm = 94.64 gpm
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Pressure Loss from Node 4 to BL-A Cross Main: p= = 0.085 psi/ ft 0.085 psi/ ft x (47 ft + 10 ft) = 4.84 psi 21.39 psi + 4.84 psi = 26.23 psi ( @ BL-A CM) ( @ Node 4)
  • 82.
  • 83.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now weknow the conditions experienced by BL-A in the event of fire. We must calculate the pressure loss from BL-A Cross Main to BL-B.
  • 84.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Since wealready know the conditions of BL-A, we must also get the conditions experienced by BL-B. This K-Factor will be used also when determining the flow of the 2nd Branch line or BL-B. K- Factor = 18.48 gpm / To get this, first, we must compute for the K-Factor of BL-A with flow conditions of 94.64 gpm and pressure of 26.23 psi.
  • 85.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now weknow the conditions experienced by BL-A in the event of fire. We must calculate the pressure loss from BL-A Cross Main to BL-B. p= = 0.003 psi/ ft 0.003 psi/ ft x 15 ft = 0.04 psi 26.23 psi + 0.04 psi = 26.27 psi ( @ BL-B CM to TOR/BOR) ( @ BL- A CM to BL-B)
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Now tryingto compute Flow required and Total Flow @ Node BL- B: (@ BL-B CM to TOR/ BOR) (@ BL- B) Q= K Q= 18.48 (26.27 psi) = 94.72 gpm Q= 94.64 gpm + 94.72 gpm = 189.36 gpm
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly UsedTables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 92.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Knowing thetotal flow condition of the cross main. We can calculate the pressure loss from BL-B Cross Main to the Top of Riser (TOR) p= = 0.012 psi/ ft 0.012 psi/ ft x (33 ft + 22ft) = 0.66 psi 26.27 psi + 0.66 psi = 26.93 psi ( @ TOR/ BOR to Pump) ( @ BL- B CM to TOR/BOR)
  • 93.
  • 94.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Common FirePump Arrangement Nowadays.
  • 95.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Commonly UsedTables in Hydraulic Calculations
  • 96.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS After gettingthe condition at the Top of Riser, we will compute the remaining pressure loss up to the Fire Pump Discharge. p= = 0.012 psi/ ft 0.012 psi/ ft x (60 ft + 64ft) = 1.49 psi 26.23 psi + 25.98 psi + 1.49 psi = 54.40 psi ( @ Pump) ( @ TOR/BOR to Pump)
  • 97.
  • 98.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS We alreadygot the Flow and Pressure Requirements for the Sprinkler System of the Building. Since the common set up of Fire Protection System is a combined system wherein the fire pump is supplying the demand requirement of both the sprinkler systems and stand pipe / hose systems. We must add the Hose Stream Allowance in the Pump Capacity.
  • 99.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS Putting thedata: Choose 300 gpm Listed Fire Pump!
  • 100.
    HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS After Gettingthe Total Water Demand, we must conduct a Riser Pipe Analysis to ensure that water velocity inside pipe would not exceed the Maximum Velocity in the Discharge of Pipe as per NFPA 20. V= = = 7.56 ft/ sec V= = = 11.34 ft/ sec (at 150 %) Size of Riser is Acceptable!
  • 101.
    FIRE PUMP SELECTION Basedon the results of Hydraulic Calculation, Fire Pump Specification is 300 GPM and 54.40 psi say 55 psi. BHP= = = We will calculate the calculate the Pump Horse Power. Assume that the Motor Efficiency to be 85% and Pump Efficiency of 65%. 17. 42 hp Say 20 hp Use a Fire Pump 300 gpm, 55 psi, 20 hp, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz !
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104.
    SIZING THE FIRETANK After determining the specifications of Fire Pump, you must design a Tank sized capable of holding enough water supply as per guidelines of NFPA 13. 300 gpm x 30 mins = 9000 gals Tank Dimensions: 3mL x 4mW x 3mH 9510 Gallons
  • 105.