This document discusses the green synthesis of nanoparticles using fruit peel for water purification. It begins with definitions of nanoparticles and green chemistry. It then describes different approaches to nanoparticle synthesis and explains why green synthesis is preferable to physical and chemical methods. The document reviews literature on nanoparticle synthesis using various fruit peels. It explains the mechanism of plant extract mediated nanoparticle synthesis and describes the preparation of peel extracts. Finally, it discusses applications of nanoparticles in water purification, factors affecting nanoparticle synthesis, and advantages of the green synthesis approach.

1. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES USING
FRUIT PEEL FOR WATER PURIFICATION
UTSAV DALAL DR. SHIVMOHAN REDDY
Presented by Guided by

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CONTENTS
 Terminology
 Different approaches to nanoparticle synthesis
 Why green synthesis?
 Plant extract as reducing agent
 Mechanism
 Review of literature
 Peel extract preparation
 Applications
 Factors affecting
 Advantages
 Inspiration and future work
 References

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TERMINOLOGY
 NANOPARTICLES-
Particles having dimension in the range of 1-100 nm
 GREEN CHEMISTRY-
Utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of
hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products
 GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES-
Use of biological routes such as those involving microorganisms, plants etc. for the
synthesis of nanoparticles

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NANOPARTICLE
SYNTHESIS
TOP TO BOTTOM-
-Material is fragmented to yield a nanoparticle
-Long Execution Time
BOTTOM TO TOP-
-Assembling individual atoms and molecules
to form nanoparticle
-Short Execution Time
BULK
POWDER
NANOPARTICLE
NUCLEI
ATOMS/MOLECULES

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WHY GREEN SYNTHESIS?
METHODS COMPARISION
PHYSICAL METHOD Time and energy consuming, synthesis at high temp. and
pressure
CHEMICAL METHOD
Simple, inexpensive and low temp. synthesis method, use of
toxic reducing and stabilizing agents makes it
harmful
GREEN METHOD
Easy, efficient, and eco-friendly. Eliminates the use of toxic
chemicals, consume less energy and produce safer products
and by products

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PLANT EXTRACT AS REDUCING AGENT
Plant sources containing the phyto constituents viz., Tannins, Alkaloids, Polyphenols,
Flavonoids, Citric acid are
 Good reducing agents
 Easily available
 Cost effective
 Eco-friendly
 Different size and shapes of nanoparticles
are also prepared using plant extracts

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MECHANISM
• The activation phase during which the reduction of metal ions and nucleation of the
reduced metal atoms occur.
• The growth phase during which the small adjacent nanoparticles spontaneously coalesce
into particles of a larger size, which is accompanied by an increase in the thermodynamic
stability of nanoparticles.
• The process termination phase determining the final shape of the nanoparticles

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A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF METAL
NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS
M+
M+
M+
M0
M0
M0
OH
OH
OH
=O
=O
=O
Metal
Np
=O
=O
Bio Reducing agent
Metal ions
Metal atoms
Metal Np capped by plant
metabolites
REDUCTION GROWTH STABALISATION

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AUTHOR TITLE STUDY
V. V. Makarov et.
al. (2014)
“Green” Nanotechnologies:
Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Using Plants
Provide a detailed analysis of the
various factors affecting the
morphology, size, and yield of
metal Nps. Main focus was on
plant bio-molecules involved in
bio-reduction of metal salts during
Np synthesis.
S. Ahmed et. al.
(2016)
A review on plants extract
mediated synthesis of
silver nanoparticles for
antimicrobial applications
The paper explores the huge plant
diversity to be utilized towards
rapid and single step protocol
preparatory method with green
principles over the conventional
ones and describes the
antimicrobial activities of silver
nanoparticles

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AUTHOR TITLE STUDY
S. Kaviya et. al.
(2011)
Biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticles using citrus
sinensis peel extract and its
antibacterial activity
Citrus sinensis peel extract as a
reducing and a capping agent was
used to synthesize AgNps. The size
of the nanoparticles was thus
determined to be about 33±3nm
and 8±2 nmfor AgNPs synthesized
at 25 ◦C and 60 ◦C, respectively
M. Herlekar et. al.
(2014)
Plant-Mediated Green
Synthesis of Iron
Nanoparticles.
This paper provide an information
regarding biosynthesis of iron
nanoparticles by plant resources
along with its advantages. Ex.. The
most commonly used plant
resource for iron nanoparticle
synthesis is tea extract.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AUTHOR TITLE STUDY
S. Machado et. al. (2013) Green production of zero-
valent iron nanoparticles
using tree leaf extracts
A green zero-valent iron
nanoparticles production
method was developed using
tree leaves. Oak,
pomegranate, and green tea
leaves originated the richest
extracts. TEM analysis
indicates that 10–20 nm zero-
valent iron nanoparticles
were obtained.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AUTHOR PEEL EXTRACT SIZE (nm ) nanoparticle
H. E. Troianni et. al. (2002) Alfa leaves 4-20 nm gold
D. Jain et. al. (2009) Papaya peel 15 nm Silver
S. Kaviya et. al. (2011) Citrus sinensis
(orange)
8-33 nm Silver
S. N. Nisha et. al. (2014) Lemon peel 17.3-61.2 nm Silver
H. M. M. Ibrahim et. al. (2015) Banana peel 23.7 nm Silver
Sunardi et. al. (2017) Banana peel 100 nm Iron

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PEEL EXTRACT PREPARATION
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS:
 Fruit peel
 Aqueous AgNO3 and FeCl3
 Double distilled water
 Whatman No. 1 filter paper
PEEL EXTRACT PREPARATION:
Fresh fruit peels are washed thoroughly with double distilled water and incised into
small pieces. We use 4g of thus finely cut fruit peel which is transfer into 250ml beaker
containing 40ml double distilled water. It is boiled for 2 min after mixing properly. The
extract obtained was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and then we will
store filtrate at 4˚C for further use

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APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES
NANOPARTICLE APPLICATIONS
Silver nanoparticles  Strong antibacterial activity against E. Coli bacteria.
 cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines
 can act as biosensor to detect ammonia
 promising use in water purification.
Iron nanoparticles  decomposition of pollutants contained in the waste water.
 can be used in reduction of heaay metals in drinking water.
extremely reactive iron Np can solve long-lasting problems
with a high content of uranium and arsenic .
Platinum nanoparticles  can be used as catalyst in production of hydrogen fuel
elements.
Gold nanoparticles  can be used as catalyst in reduction of aromatic nitro
compounds.

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FACTORS AFFECTING
FACTORS DESCRIPTION
pH affect the shape, size, and yield of nanoparticles.
Temperature Crystal particles are formed much more frequently at high
temperatures than at room temperature
Electrochemical potential
The ability of a plant extract to effectively reduce metal ions
may be significantly higher in the case of ions having a large
positive electrochemical potential

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ADVANTAGES
 Easily available and does not require rigorous processing
 Directly used for NP synthesis
 Option for waste management
 Leads to fast and cost effective approach
 Does not introduce new toxic products

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INSPIRATION AND FUTURE WORK
INSPIRATION
FUTURE WORK
Fruit peel is considered as a bio – waste to environment. So in order to reduce it, we
thought of using it as reducing agent and capping agent for the reduction of metal ions
into metal nanoparticles.
The work focuses on these two main objectives-
Green synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles mainly silver and iron from fruit
peel.
Use of these nanoparticles in the application of the water purification.

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REFERENCES
 Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L., & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract
mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green
expertise. Journal of advanced research, 7(1), 17-28.
 Makarov, V. V., Love, A. J., Sinitsyna, O. V., Makarova, S. S., Yaminsky, I. V., Taliansky,
M. E., & Kalinina, N. O. (2014). “Green” nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal
nanoparticles using plants. Acta Natura, 6(1 (20)).
 Kaviya, S., Santhanalakshmi, J., Viswanathan, B., Muthumary, J., & Srinivasan, K.
(2011). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis peel extract and its
antibacterial activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular
Spectroscopy, 79(3), 594-598.
 Rahardjo, S. B. (2017, January). Ecofriendly Synthesis of nano Zero Valent Iron from
Banana Peel Extract. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 795, No. 1, p.
012063). IOP Publishing.

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REFERENCES
 Herlekar, M., Barve, S., & Kumar, R. (2014). Plant-mediated green synthesis of iron
nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticles, 2014.
 Machado, S., Pinto, S. L., Grosso, J. P., Nouws, H. P. A., Albergaria, J. T., & Delerue-
Matos, C. (2013). Green production of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using tree leaf
extracts. Science of the Total Environment, 445, 1-8.
 Rahardjo, S. B. (2017, January). Ecofriendly Synthesis of nano Zero Valent Iron from
Banana Peel Extract. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 795, No. 1, p.
012063). IOP Publishing
 Jain, D., Daima, H. K., Kachhwaha, S., & Kothari, S. L. (2009). Synthesis of plant-
mediated silver nanoparticles using papaya fruit extract and evaluation of their anti
microbial activities. Digest journal of nanomaterials and biostructures, 4(3), 557-563.
 Nisha, S. N., Aysha, O. S., Rahaman, J. S. N., Kumar, P. V., Valli, S., Nirmala, P., &
Reena, A. (2014). Lemon peels mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its
antidermatophytic activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular
Spectroscopy, 124, 194-198.

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Thank you