This document analyzes the portrayal of male fools in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. It discusses two male fools in the novel: Mr. Collins and Mr. Wickham. Mr. Collins is described as a humorless and pedantic fool whose marriage proposal to Elizabeth Bennet provokes laughter due to its lack of passion and care. Meanwhile, Mr. Wickham is portrayed as using his charm to deceive others, most notably the Bennet family. The document concludes that while these characters do not change, they are interesting devices that Austen uses to critique pride and expose human folly.
Womenhood in Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood and Alice walker's The c...Sneha Agravat
This document provides an analysis of the depictions of traumatized womanhood in Buchi Emecheta's novel "The Joys of Motherhood" and Alice Walker's novel "The Color Purple". It summarizes the plots and main characters, Nnu Ego and Celie, who both experience trauma and suffering under patriarchal societies. It also discusses the authors' portrayals of violence against women and how the characters eventually transform into powerful figures by overcoming obstacles. The document concludes that both novels challenge the conventions of patriarchal societies by defying restrictions placed on women.
This class discusses the short story "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin. It introduces the author Kate Chopin and provides historical context about women's roles in society during the time period. It then discusses the literary style and techniques Chopin uses in the story, such as narrative point of view and irony. The class concludes with questions for discussion about themes and interpretations of the story.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) was an English novelist who wrote six major novels that interpreted and commented on the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Her works critiqued the sentimental novels of the time and helped transition to 19th century literary realism. She is known for her biting irony, humor, and social commentary in works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma, which depicted English middle-class life and defined the novel of manners for her era.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a class discussion on Kate Chopin's short story "The Story of an Hour". It includes:
1. An introduction of Kate Chopin, including details about her life, works, and rediscovery in the 1960s.
2. Historical context on women's roles and the women's suffrage movement in the late 19th century when the story was published.
3. An overview of Chopin's use of literary techniques like point of view and irony in "The Story of an Hour".
4. Potential discussion questions about themes in the story and Chopin's critique of marriage.
Wide Sargasso Sea : The story of the Madwomen in the atticSneha Agravat
The document summarizes the book "The Madwoman in the Attic" by Susan Gubar and Sandra Gilbert, which analyzes 19th century literature and proposes that female characters were portrayed as either angels or monsters. It also discusses Jean Rhys' novel "Wide Sargasso Sea", which serves as a prequel to "Jane Eyre" and tells the story from Bertha Mason's perspective. By giving Bertha a backstory and identity as Antoinette, Rhys provides sympathy for the "madwoman in the attic" and critiques the social norms of the time that led to her fate. The document argues that reading "Wide Sargasso Sea" enhances the understanding of female oppression and colonialism in both
The document summarizes what various authors and critics have said about Jane Austen and her work. It notes that Austen is considered the "mother" of women's commercial fiction and that many romance plots can be traced back to her novels. It also discusses how Austen observed the complex social codes and manners of her time, which she found funny. The document provides quotes from several authors discussing their admiration and analysis of Austen's work.
This document discusses analyzing Jane Austen's novel Sense and Sensibility through a feminist literary criticism lens. It explores how the characters of Elinor and Marianne present different roles for women in society. The document also examines themes around marriage, economics, secrets, and the female authorial perspective in the novel. Feminist critics like Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue Austen subtly subverts conventions through her style and irony. The analysis suggests Marianne must sacrifice her private desires to achieve social resolution and a reconstituted self.
Womenhood in Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood and Alice walker's The c...Sneha Agravat
This document provides an analysis of the depictions of traumatized womanhood in Buchi Emecheta's novel "The Joys of Motherhood" and Alice Walker's novel "The Color Purple". It summarizes the plots and main characters, Nnu Ego and Celie, who both experience trauma and suffering under patriarchal societies. It also discusses the authors' portrayals of violence against women and how the characters eventually transform into powerful figures by overcoming obstacles. The document concludes that both novels challenge the conventions of patriarchal societies by defying restrictions placed on women.
This class discusses the short story "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin. It introduces the author Kate Chopin and provides historical context about women's roles in society during the time period. It then discusses the literary style and techniques Chopin uses in the story, such as narrative point of view and irony. The class concludes with questions for discussion about themes and interpretations of the story.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) was an English novelist who wrote six major novels that interpreted and commented on the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Her works critiqued the sentimental novels of the time and helped transition to 19th century literary realism. She is known for her biting irony, humor, and social commentary in works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma, which depicted English middle-class life and defined the novel of manners for her era.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a class discussion on Kate Chopin's short story "The Story of an Hour". It includes:
1. An introduction of Kate Chopin, including details about her life, works, and rediscovery in the 1960s.
2. Historical context on women's roles and the women's suffrage movement in the late 19th century when the story was published.
3. An overview of Chopin's use of literary techniques like point of view and irony in "The Story of an Hour".
4. Potential discussion questions about themes in the story and Chopin's critique of marriage.
Wide Sargasso Sea : The story of the Madwomen in the atticSneha Agravat
The document summarizes the book "The Madwoman in the Attic" by Susan Gubar and Sandra Gilbert, which analyzes 19th century literature and proposes that female characters were portrayed as either angels or monsters. It also discusses Jean Rhys' novel "Wide Sargasso Sea", which serves as a prequel to "Jane Eyre" and tells the story from Bertha Mason's perspective. By giving Bertha a backstory and identity as Antoinette, Rhys provides sympathy for the "madwoman in the attic" and critiques the social norms of the time that led to her fate. The document argues that reading "Wide Sargasso Sea" enhances the understanding of female oppression and colonialism in both
The document summarizes what various authors and critics have said about Jane Austen and her work. It notes that Austen is considered the "mother" of women's commercial fiction and that many romance plots can be traced back to her novels. It also discusses how Austen observed the complex social codes and manners of her time, which she found funny. The document provides quotes from several authors discussing their admiration and analysis of Austen's work.
This document discusses analyzing Jane Austen's novel Sense and Sensibility through a feminist literary criticism lens. It explores how the characters of Elinor and Marianne present different roles for women in society. The document also examines themes around marriage, economics, secrets, and the female authorial perspective in the novel. Feminist critics like Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar argue Austen subtly subverts conventions through her style and irony. The analysis suggests Marianne must sacrifice her private desires to achieve social resolution and a reconstituted self.
Literary Analysis of Jane Austen's WorksMeChelleMason
This document discusses Jane Austen's subtle portrayal of feminist ideals in her literary works. It outlines different types of feminism and provides examples of Austen's strong female characters like Elizabeth Bennett and Anne Elliot who did not conform to social standards of their time. The document argues that Austen identified women as logical thinkers through scenes in her novels like Elizabeth's refusal of Mr. Collins' proposal and Anne's argument with Captain Wentworth about gender differences.
- Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys retells the story of Bertha Mason from Jane Eyre from a postcolonial perspective, focusing on her life as Antoinette in the West Indies before her marriage.
- Rhys aims to give voice to the silenced and marginalized characters in Jane Eyre, particularly Antoinette/Bertha, and depict the orientalist attitudes towards Creole people in the Caribbean.
- Through multiple narrators, Rhys questions the reality of Antoinette's supposed madness and generates sympathy for her as a victim of patriarchal and imperial oppression, in contrast to Mr. Rochester.
This document provides biographical information about Jane Austen and summaries of criticism of her novel Pride and Prejudice from Sir Walter Scott, Lord Macaulay, and W.F. Pollock. It discusses Austen's life, her works including Pride and Prejudice, and praise her realism and ability to distinguish seemingly ordinary characters.
Fanny Price is often criticized as a weak heroine in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, but this paper argues she undergoes a remarkable transformation and is a worthy heroine. It summarizes that Fanny starts as a poor orphan but grows to be cherished by the Bertram family. While critics argue she is too passive, the text shows her acting with courage, restraint, and moral fortitude. Through subtle changes, Fanny transforms from a timid girl to a courageous woman who asserts her independence and morality, making her a complex and progressive character.
Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Au...SubmissionResearchpa
Jane Austen was not yet twenty-one years old when she began writing the novel, “Pride and Prejudice”. At the center of the work are two people from various walks of life - Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Darcy. The plot of the novel is based on a dual “Pride and Prejudice”, whose reasons are hidden in the veil of heredity and property. Female portray and women depiction was the main theme of Jane Austen’s works. All her characters have their own traits, different from each other with colorful description of the author. by Akhmedova Hilola Shavkatovna 2020. Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 42-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.109. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109/106 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109
01. The story follows Paul Roberts and his love affair with Susan Macleod in 1960s England. Paul was a 19-year-old university student and Susan was a 48-year-old married woman and mother of two.
02. Their passionate but ill-fated love affair took place in the suburbs outside of London. However, Susan's mental health declined and she was eventually hospitalized.
03. The story is told from Paul's perspective and jumps between the past and present as he looks back on their relationship decades later. Much of the story examines the themes of memory, love, loss and how relationships are perceived over time.
Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Brontë published in 1847 that follows the life of Jane Eyre as she goes from an orphaned young girl to a governess at Thornfield Hall. The novel explores themes of love versus autonomy, religion, social class, and gender relations through the use of symbols like Bertha Mason and the Red Room. Jane Eyre helped establish the literary genres of romance novels and Gothic fiction and influenced many later works such as Wide Sargasso Sea, Wuthering Heights, and The Portrait of a Lady.
Abstract: This study is an attempt to determine the supernatural beliefs which prevails or dominates in African diaspora in the light of materialistic world. This novel is imbued with supernatural incidents and occurrences. This novel is fraught with tragedy and pain. Every character of this novel has his/her own painful story. Each and every character is contributing his/ their best to change his/their condition and plight. At some part of this novel, the tragedy is not an individual experience, but is rather like a collective consciouseness. In the parameters of materialistic worlds, these incidents would not look like a real incidents. The mind of anybody would raise so many questions. Which might be reasonable and logic based. How can a person control the power of nature? How can a person talk with dead people? Such type of things prevails in every society. What are the reasons and causes of dominating such type of superstitious things in these societies. In this study we would try to analyse and measure such type of things in the parameters of materialistic world.
Keywords: African, Beliefs, Diaspora, Supernatural.
Title: Supernatural Beliefs in African Diaspora
Author: Punit Kumar, Dr. Umed Yadav
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
FEMINISM "ON PORTRAIT OF ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN CHAPTER:4"Fatima Gul
1) Stephen rigorously applies spiritual discipline to his actions, depriving himself physically and mentally through ascetic practices like limiting his senses.
2) He pictures himself joining the priesthood but begins to feel unrest, seeing his disordered home life is not conducive to the church.
3) Stephen reflects on his difficulty merging his life with others and finds constant failure leaves him feeling spiritually dry.
Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Bronte published in 1847 under the pen name Currer Bell. It follows Jane Eyre, an intelligent but plain young girl who faces oppression and hardship. She meets Edward Rochester, her employer and master of Thornfield Hall, who is passionate but has a dark secret. Jane also encounters St. John Rivers and his sisters after fleeing Thornfield, who take her in but St. John is cold and ambitious. The mystery woman Bertha creates suspense and obstacles for Jane's happiness, representing fears of other cultures and the typical restricted Victorian wife.
Jane Austen was an English novelist renowned for her six classic novels set in the Regency era. [1] While her novels are set in the early 19th century, their themes of courtship, social expectations, and the interactions between men and women remain highly relevant today. [2] Austen's most famous works, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, focus on strong female protagonists navigating society and finding their place, and remain enormously popular with continual film and television adaptations. [3] Jane Austen's insightful observations of human behavior and acute wit continue to enchant new generations of readers.
This document provides a summary and analysis of themes in Jean Rhys' novels Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea. Both novels follow young women from the West Indies struggling to survive in patriarchal societies. While Voyage in the Dark is set in 1920s London and Wide Sargasso Sea is set in the 19th century Caribbean, both novels explore themes of female loneliness, despair, and oppression under patriarchal systems. Neither novel follows a traditional bildungsroman structure, as the protagonists are unable to develop or find their place in society due to their marginalized positions. The analysis draws connections to Jack Halberstam's concept of "shadow feminism" to understand how Rhys
This document provides a summary and analysis of the novel Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys. It discusses how the novel examines identity in the West Indies following emancipation. It explores themes of displacement, cultural alienation, and resentment between racial groups in post-slavery society. The main character, Antoinette, struggles with her identity as a white Creole who is rejected by both white and black communities. Her unstable sense of self is reflected in her fragmented memories and narratives. The document analyzes how Rhys uses Antoinette's perspective to challenge the portrayal of Creoles in Jane Eyre and foreground the complex realities of West Indian identity politics.
Comparison Between Pamela and Jane EyreSneha Agravat
This document provides a comparison of the novels Pamela by Samuel Richardson and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. It notes that both novels have lower class female protagonists, Pamela and Jane, who overcome obstacles to marry their masters, Mr. B and Mr. Rochester, respectively. The document outlines several similarities in plot events and themes between the two novels, such as the heroines refusing intimacy without marriage, presenting cautionary tales against affairs, and addressing issues of class and faith.
- The document presents a post-colonial critique of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte using Jean Rhys' prequel novel Wide Sargasso Sea.
- It analyzes the colonialist portrayal of Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre, describing her as savage and beast-like, versus her identity as a Creole woman from the Caribbean in Wide Sargasso Sea.
- Wide Sargasso Sea attempts to tell Bertha's story from her youth in the Caribbean through her unhappy marriage and displacement in England, challenging the Eurocentric misrepresentation of her character in Jane Eyre.
James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man follows the development of Stephen Dedalus from young boy to young man. Through stream-of-consciousness narration, the novel depicts Stephen's religious and intellectual awakening as he grows disillusioned with religion and his Irish identity. Major themes include Stephen's struggle between his artistic aspirations and social expectations, his sexual awakening, and his desire to transcend his circumstances through art. Frequent motifs include birds to represent freedom, colors, and allusions to Daedalus that symbolize Stephen's wish to escape through his creativity.
A POTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELFatima Gul
1) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical novel by James Joyce that follows the development of Stephen Dedalus, a character who shares many biographical details with Joyce.
2) Both Joyce and Stephen came from Dublin Catholic families, attended Jesuit schools as children, and later rejected their religious upbringings to pursue careers as artists.
3) The novel reflects Joyce's own intellectual and spiritual journey from a devout Catholic faith to rejecting religion, drawing from his life experiences like struggling with questions of faith and leaving Ireland to become a writer.
This document provides an overview and discussion of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice ahead of reading Curtis Sittenfeld's modern adaptation titled Eligible. It recaps the plot of Pride and Prejudice, discusses themes of first impressions, letters, Darcy's letter, Pemberley estate, and characters. It also addresses challenges of adapting classic works and strategies used in other Pride and Prejudice adaptations. The document prompts questions for discussion and a writing prompt on character traits.
The narrator analyzes the emergence of women writers in England from the 16th century onward. She traces how aristocratic women like Lady Winchilsea and Margaret Cavendish were among the first to write, despite public disapproval, due to their relative freedom and resources. The letters of Dorothy Osborne reveal a verbal gift alongside disdain for women who write. Aphra Behn was a turning point as a middle-class woman who made a living through writing in defiance of conventions. This paved the way for 19th century novelists like Jane Austen and George Eliot. The narrator theorizes why the novel became the preferred form for these early women writers.
This document discusses how female "disease" is framed in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. It argues that madness or deviance from social norms is often constructed as a female disease by male characters in order to place women in a sick role. For the unnamed narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper", her creativity and imagination are seen as a nervous weakness by her husband John, and she is diagnosed as diseased. For Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre, her sexuality is portrayed as excessive and deviant from expectations of femininity, leading Rochester to view her as diseased. Both women experience unease or dis-ease from the restrictive social roles imposed
INTERNAL ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL: A SHORT INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS OF ‘MRS. DALLOWAY’tacioabarros
This document provides an interpretive analysis of Virginia Woolf's novel "Mrs. Dalloway" focusing on its internal elements from a space and time perspective. It discusses how Woolf uses stream of consciousness and references to time through bells to explore characters' thoughts and critique 1920s London society. The story follows Mrs. Dalloway as she prepares for a party over the course of one day, with flashbacks revealing characters' pasts. Through its examination of time and inner minds, the novel holds a mirror to post-World War I society and questions the human experience.
Literary Analysis of Jane Austen's WorksMeChelleMason
This document discusses Jane Austen's subtle portrayal of feminist ideals in her literary works. It outlines different types of feminism and provides examples of Austen's strong female characters like Elizabeth Bennett and Anne Elliot who did not conform to social standards of their time. The document argues that Austen identified women as logical thinkers through scenes in her novels like Elizabeth's refusal of Mr. Collins' proposal and Anne's argument with Captain Wentworth about gender differences.
- Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys retells the story of Bertha Mason from Jane Eyre from a postcolonial perspective, focusing on her life as Antoinette in the West Indies before her marriage.
- Rhys aims to give voice to the silenced and marginalized characters in Jane Eyre, particularly Antoinette/Bertha, and depict the orientalist attitudes towards Creole people in the Caribbean.
- Through multiple narrators, Rhys questions the reality of Antoinette's supposed madness and generates sympathy for her as a victim of patriarchal and imperial oppression, in contrast to Mr. Rochester.
This document provides biographical information about Jane Austen and summaries of criticism of her novel Pride and Prejudice from Sir Walter Scott, Lord Macaulay, and W.F. Pollock. It discusses Austen's life, her works including Pride and Prejudice, and praise her realism and ability to distinguish seemingly ordinary characters.
Fanny Price is often criticized as a weak heroine in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, but this paper argues she undergoes a remarkable transformation and is a worthy heroine. It summarizes that Fanny starts as a poor orphan but grows to be cherished by the Bertram family. While critics argue she is too passive, the text shows her acting with courage, restraint, and moral fortitude. Through subtle changes, Fanny transforms from a timid girl to a courageous woman who asserts her independence and morality, making her a complex and progressive character.
Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Au...SubmissionResearchpa
Jane Austen was not yet twenty-one years old when she began writing the novel, “Pride and Prejudice”. At the center of the work are two people from various walks of life - Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Darcy. The plot of the novel is based on a dual “Pride and Prejudice”, whose reasons are hidden in the veil of heredity and property. Female portray and women depiction was the main theme of Jane Austen’s works. All her characters have their own traits, different from each other with colorful description of the author. by Akhmedova Hilola Shavkatovna 2020. Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 42-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.109. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109/106 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109
01. The story follows Paul Roberts and his love affair with Susan Macleod in 1960s England. Paul was a 19-year-old university student and Susan was a 48-year-old married woman and mother of two.
02. Their passionate but ill-fated love affair took place in the suburbs outside of London. However, Susan's mental health declined and she was eventually hospitalized.
03. The story is told from Paul's perspective and jumps between the past and present as he looks back on their relationship decades later. Much of the story examines the themes of memory, love, loss and how relationships are perceived over time.
Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Brontë published in 1847 that follows the life of Jane Eyre as she goes from an orphaned young girl to a governess at Thornfield Hall. The novel explores themes of love versus autonomy, religion, social class, and gender relations through the use of symbols like Bertha Mason and the Red Room. Jane Eyre helped establish the literary genres of romance novels and Gothic fiction and influenced many later works such as Wide Sargasso Sea, Wuthering Heights, and The Portrait of a Lady.
Abstract: This study is an attempt to determine the supernatural beliefs which prevails or dominates in African diaspora in the light of materialistic world. This novel is imbued with supernatural incidents and occurrences. This novel is fraught with tragedy and pain. Every character of this novel has his/her own painful story. Each and every character is contributing his/ their best to change his/their condition and plight. At some part of this novel, the tragedy is not an individual experience, but is rather like a collective consciouseness. In the parameters of materialistic worlds, these incidents would not look like a real incidents. The mind of anybody would raise so many questions. Which might be reasonable and logic based. How can a person control the power of nature? How can a person talk with dead people? Such type of things prevails in every society. What are the reasons and causes of dominating such type of superstitious things in these societies. In this study we would try to analyse and measure such type of things in the parameters of materialistic world.
Keywords: African, Beliefs, Diaspora, Supernatural.
Title: Supernatural Beliefs in African Diaspora
Author: Punit Kumar, Dr. Umed Yadav
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
FEMINISM "ON PORTRAIT OF ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN CHAPTER:4"Fatima Gul
1) Stephen rigorously applies spiritual discipline to his actions, depriving himself physically and mentally through ascetic practices like limiting his senses.
2) He pictures himself joining the priesthood but begins to feel unrest, seeing his disordered home life is not conducive to the church.
3) Stephen reflects on his difficulty merging his life with others and finds constant failure leaves him feeling spiritually dry.
Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Bronte published in 1847 under the pen name Currer Bell. It follows Jane Eyre, an intelligent but plain young girl who faces oppression and hardship. She meets Edward Rochester, her employer and master of Thornfield Hall, who is passionate but has a dark secret. Jane also encounters St. John Rivers and his sisters after fleeing Thornfield, who take her in but St. John is cold and ambitious. The mystery woman Bertha creates suspense and obstacles for Jane's happiness, representing fears of other cultures and the typical restricted Victorian wife.
Jane Austen was an English novelist renowned for her six classic novels set in the Regency era. [1] While her novels are set in the early 19th century, their themes of courtship, social expectations, and the interactions between men and women remain highly relevant today. [2] Austen's most famous works, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, focus on strong female protagonists navigating society and finding their place, and remain enormously popular with continual film and television adaptations. [3] Jane Austen's insightful observations of human behavior and acute wit continue to enchant new generations of readers.
This document provides a summary and analysis of themes in Jean Rhys' novels Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea. Both novels follow young women from the West Indies struggling to survive in patriarchal societies. While Voyage in the Dark is set in 1920s London and Wide Sargasso Sea is set in the 19th century Caribbean, both novels explore themes of female loneliness, despair, and oppression under patriarchal systems. Neither novel follows a traditional bildungsroman structure, as the protagonists are unable to develop or find their place in society due to their marginalized positions. The analysis draws connections to Jack Halberstam's concept of "shadow feminism" to understand how Rhys
This document provides a summary and analysis of the novel Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys. It discusses how the novel examines identity in the West Indies following emancipation. It explores themes of displacement, cultural alienation, and resentment between racial groups in post-slavery society. The main character, Antoinette, struggles with her identity as a white Creole who is rejected by both white and black communities. Her unstable sense of self is reflected in her fragmented memories and narratives. The document analyzes how Rhys uses Antoinette's perspective to challenge the portrayal of Creoles in Jane Eyre and foreground the complex realities of West Indian identity politics.
Comparison Between Pamela and Jane EyreSneha Agravat
This document provides a comparison of the novels Pamela by Samuel Richardson and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. It notes that both novels have lower class female protagonists, Pamela and Jane, who overcome obstacles to marry their masters, Mr. B and Mr. Rochester, respectively. The document outlines several similarities in plot events and themes between the two novels, such as the heroines refusing intimacy without marriage, presenting cautionary tales against affairs, and addressing issues of class and faith.
- The document presents a post-colonial critique of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte using Jean Rhys' prequel novel Wide Sargasso Sea.
- It analyzes the colonialist portrayal of Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre, describing her as savage and beast-like, versus her identity as a Creole woman from the Caribbean in Wide Sargasso Sea.
- Wide Sargasso Sea attempts to tell Bertha's story from her youth in the Caribbean through her unhappy marriage and displacement in England, challenging the Eurocentric misrepresentation of her character in Jane Eyre.
James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man follows the development of Stephen Dedalus from young boy to young man. Through stream-of-consciousness narration, the novel depicts Stephen's religious and intellectual awakening as he grows disillusioned with religion and his Irish identity. Major themes include Stephen's struggle between his artistic aspirations and social expectations, his sexual awakening, and his desire to transcend his circumstances through art. Frequent motifs include birds to represent freedom, colors, and allusions to Daedalus that symbolize Stephen's wish to escape through his creativity.
A POTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVELFatima Gul
1) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a semi-autobiographical novel by James Joyce that follows the development of Stephen Dedalus, a character who shares many biographical details with Joyce.
2) Both Joyce and Stephen came from Dublin Catholic families, attended Jesuit schools as children, and later rejected their religious upbringings to pursue careers as artists.
3) The novel reflects Joyce's own intellectual and spiritual journey from a devout Catholic faith to rejecting religion, drawing from his life experiences like struggling with questions of faith and leaving Ireland to become a writer.
This document provides an overview and discussion of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice ahead of reading Curtis Sittenfeld's modern adaptation titled Eligible. It recaps the plot of Pride and Prejudice, discusses themes of first impressions, letters, Darcy's letter, Pemberley estate, and characters. It also addresses challenges of adapting classic works and strategies used in other Pride and Prejudice adaptations. The document prompts questions for discussion and a writing prompt on character traits.
The narrator analyzes the emergence of women writers in England from the 16th century onward. She traces how aristocratic women like Lady Winchilsea and Margaret Cavendish were among the first to write, despite public disapproval, due to their relative freedom and resources. The letters of Dorothy Osborne reveal a verbal gift alongside disdain for women who write. Aphra Behn was a turning point as a middle-class woman who made a living through writing in defiance of conventions. This paved the way for 19th century novelists like Jane Austen and George Eliot. The narrator theorizes why the novel became the preferred form for these early women writers.
This document discusses how female "disease" is framed in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre. It argues that madness or deviance from social norms is often constructed as a female disease by male characters in order to place women in a sick role. For the unnamed narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper", her creativity and imagination are seen as a nervous weakness by her husband John, and she is diagnosed as diseased. For Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre, her sexuality is portrayed as excessive and deviant from expectations of femininity, leading Rochester to view her as diseased. Both women experience unease or dis-ease from the restrictive social roles imposed
INTERNAL ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL: A SHORT INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS OF ‘MRS. DALLOWAY’tacioabarros
This document provides an interpretive analysis of Virginia Woolf's novel "Mrs. Dalloway" focusing on its internal elements from a space and time perspective. It discusses how Woolf uses stream of consciousness and references to time through bells to explore characters' thoughts and critique 1920s London society. The story follows Mrs. Dalloway as she prepares for a party over the course of one day, with flashbacks revealing characters' pasts. Through its examination of time and inner minds, the novel holds a mirror to post-World War I society and questions the human experience.
Mla style essay women need to reach some level of values in order not to be...CustomEssayOrder
The document discusses how women have been degraded in society and denied equal opportunities and dignity. It argues that for women to be treated with respect, they need to attain certain levels of education, rights awareness, and independence. Specifically, it states that women should have access to education to make rational decisions, know their legal rights regarding issues like property and reproduction, and not be solely reliant on men but able to support themselves. Only by gaining these things can women overcome stereotypes of weakness and gain proper respect and dignity in society.
Virginia Woolf employs the symbol of time in her novel Mrs. Dalloway to provide structure and connect the characters. The chiming clocks throughout London mark the passing of time over the course of one day. Time dictates the actions and thoughts of the main characters, Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith, as Clarissa plans a party and Septimus struggles with his mental health. After Septimus commits suicide, both his wife Rezia and Clarissa are reminded of the inevitable passing of time through the sounding of clocks. Time serves as a constant backdrop that the characters cannot escape, as it simultaneously offers Clarissa an anchor in the present and reminds all that life must continue its progression forward.
The document is analyzing an "inspirational letter" sent from Buckton Vale Primary School to its Year 6 pupils. It examines how the letter constructs ideas about the school, pupils, and their relationship. Specifically, it looks at how the letter claims to know its pupils and positions the school as having power over them, despite portraying an alternative type of education. The letter's formatting and wording are dissected to understand how it positions Buckton Vale as the sender and authority over the pupils, who it addresses in an attempt to build a relationship with them. The date on the letter is also examined for what it implies about when the school exists in relation to the pupils.
This summary analyzes Cunningham's novel The Hours and how it expands upon themes from Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway through strategic narrative choices. Cunningham sets his three protagonists in different time periods and locations but connects their conscious experiences through themes of love, identity, and madness. By using present tense across the different timelines, Cunningham makes their experiences feel equally immediate and linked. He also combines qualities of Woolf's original characters into new amalgamated characters, further complicating themes of identity. These narrative choices allow Cunningham to take Woolf's theme of universal human interconnectedness to new dimensions, demonstrating how experience can transcend time and place.
Jane Eyre is a film adaptation of Charlotte Brontë's classic novel about a young orphaned girl named Jane Eyre who becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall. She falls in love with her employer, Mr. Rochester, but their wedding is interrupted when it is revealed his insane wife is still alive. After leaving Thornfield, Jane finds herself alone and impoverished until taken in by the Rivers family. When she inherits a fortune, she returns to Thornfield to find it burned down and Mr. Rochester blinded, but now free to marry Jane after his wife dies in the fire. They marry and have a child, living happily ever after.
Women Characters of Anti-Sentimental Comedyrajyagururavi
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O documento descreve as características do narrador onisciente no livro "Mrs. Dalloway", de Virginia Woolf. O narrador tem conhecimento dos pensamentos dos personagens e alterna entre seus pontos de vista. A narrativa também se caracteriza pelo realismo desrealizado, focando nos pensamentos humanos ao invés de detalhar o cenário.
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the first farm workers union in the 1960s to advocate for the rights of Latino farm workers in California who faced poor working conditions and racial discrimination. They organized peaceful protests and strikes, gaining national attention with a 25-day march to Sacramento where 10,000 protesters demanded better treatment and wages. This marked a major victory for the farm workers movement and inspired other Latino civil rights leaders across the country to challenge inequality and discrimination in education and politics throughout the 1960s-1970s.
The document discusses the characteristics of successful marriages in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. It analyzes four marriages: the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennett lacks love and respect but has financial stability; the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Collins has respect and financial stability but lacks love; the marriage of Mr. Bingley and Jane has all characteristics; the marriage of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth is considered the most successful as it possesses love, respect and financial stability.
Pride and Prejudice: past questions WJEC Unit 2bEmma Sinclair
- Elizabeth Bennet encounters Mr. Darcy unexpectedly while walking on the Pemberley estate with her aunt and uncle. They are both embarrassed by the encounter.
- Mr. Darcy's behavior and mannerisms are markedly different from when Elizabeth last saw him. He is polite but seems distracted, repeatedly asking about Elizabeth's family.
- Elizabeth is confused by Darcy's changed demeanor and ashamed that he found her on his estate without an invitation. She wonders at the impropriety and what he must think of her for being there.
1) In Jane Austen's time, women had few opportunities for financial independence and careers were largely closed to them. Most women relied on marriage as their only means of social standing and financial security.
2) Without a husband, women would live with family as dependents. Only heiresses with inheritance and no brothers could set up independent households. Leaving one's family without approval implied an illicit relationship and was considered scandalous.
3) Marriage was thus considered almost obligatory by both society and families. It offered women freedom from their family as well as financial support through their husband. Failure to marry meant a life of dependency on one's relatives.
This document provides an outline for analyzing Jane Austen's presentation of marriage in Pride and Prejudice. It discusses contrasting attitudes toward marriage, such as marrying for advantage versus love. Key marriages are analyzed, including the unromantic unions of Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, as well as Elizabeth's refusal of marriage proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy initially. The document also examines Lydia's marriage to Mr. Wickham, which lacks propriety, and concludes by considering Austen's views on marriage based on her depictions in the novel.
The document provides an overview of the characters and plot of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. It describes the main characters including Elizabeth Bennet, Mr. Darcy, Mrs. Bennet, and others. It then outlines the key events of the story, including Mr. Bingley's arrival in the neighborhood, Mr. Collins' proposal to Elizabeth, Wickham eloping with Lydia, and Darcy and Bingley's return leading to marriages.
In 19th century English society as depicted in Pride and Prejudice, a woman's primary role was to marry well to secure her own and her family's social status and economic security. Without a male heir, the Bennet family estate would pass to their distant male relative Mr. Collins upon Mr. Bennet's death. This motivated Mrs. Bennet to try to marry off her daughters to wealthy bachelors. Elizabeth rejects this gender role by refusing unwelcome proposals. A woman's reputation and access to education, occupations, independence, and social standing were also severely limited by society's norms.
This dissertation analyzes how three novels - Dracula, Mrs. Dalloway, and Nineteen Eighty-Four - portray shifts in gender roles and social norms in England between 1897-1948. The dissertation will examine how women are presented within traditional domestic spheres and as they begin to move outside typical gender scripts. Each chapter will focus on one of the novels and their historical context to show the progression of anxiety towards changing gender roles over time. The goal is to explore changing positions of women in early 20th century England following the Victorian era and draw conclusions on the response to these shifts depicted in the selected works of literature.
Jane Austen started her writing career in 1787.She began writing plays, poems and stories for her and for her family amusement. Fair copy of Twenty-nine of these writings was later published under the title Juvenilia. Among these works are a satirical novel in letters titled Love and Freindship [sic] in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility and The History of England, a manuscript of 34 pages accompanied by 13 water-colour miniatures by her sister Cassandra. Austen's History parodied popular historical writing, particularly Oliver Goldsmith’s History of England (1764).
The document summarizes the main characters and themes in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. It discusses the themes of pride, prejudice, family, marriage, and class as they relate to the story and characters. Pride and prejudice negatively influence how the main characters Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy initially judge each other. However, they are able to overcome these faults and recognize their true feelings for one another by the end. The family is an important social unit that shapes the characters. Marriage in the society depicted presents challenges for women who have few options to support themselves other than through marriage. Issues of class status also influence the characters and their interactions.
Jane Austen was one of the greatest English authors who wrote about love and marriage in her novels such as Pride and Prejudice. Through her characters' actions and comments, she expressed her views that marriage was often more about practical concerns like financial security rather than affection. While she felt women should marry for love, the reality was that they had to consider their family's wishes and prospects for support. Austen depicted different types of marriages in her works, showing that success depended on compatibility between partners' personalities.
Jane Austen was born in 1775 in Hampshire, England. She came from a large family and was educated briefly at a school in Oxford until age 10. She enjoyed writing plays and novels from a young age. Some of her major works included Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma. Although her novels were published anonymously, she gained popularity among readers such as the Prince Regent. Austen drew from her own experiences in rural England and settings such as Bath in her novels of manners that satirized society and courtship conventions of the time. She sadly passed away in 1817 at the age of 41.
Jane Austen was an English novelist born in 1775 who wrote six famous novels, including Pride and Prejudice. She drew from her own experiences to portray the day-to-day lives and social conventions of the English upper-middle class in the early 19th century. Austen began writing at a young age and published her first novels, Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, after moving to Chawton in 1809. While she lived a relatively quiet life, her witty observations of love, social class, and morality have earned her a lasting reputation as one of the greatest English novelists.
- Jane Austen's novels are preoccupied with questions of social status and class. She satirizes characters obsessed with social distinctions but shows that high rank does not necessarily indicate virtue.
- The term "gentleman" was complex in Austen's world. While some thought it meant not working, her characters show it refers more to education and conduct.
- Austen analyzes the pretensions of those who see themselves as superior to others. Her novels are largely concerned with satirizing people's attempts to assert their social status.
Jane Austen was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction set among the landed gentry earned her widespread acclaim. Her novels, including Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, are renowned for their realism, social commentary, and witty critique of 18th century literature. Austen is considered one of the great pioneers of modern interiorized novels focused on character development.
The document provides biographical information about Jane Austen, an English novelist from the late 18th/early 19th century. It discusses that she was from a lower gentry family, was educated at home primarily by her father and brothers, and began writing at a young age. Her novels such as Pride and Prejudice have become classics and are still widely read today for their wit and social commentary on marriage and class in Regency England.
Jane Austen was an English novelist born in 1775 in Hampshire, England. She is widely considered one of the greatest writers of English literature. Austen is known for her six major novels, including Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility. Her novels are renowned for their wit and social commentary on the landed gentry of late 18th century England. Austen lived a quiet life and died in 1817, but her works have endured and inspired numerous film and television adaptations.
Jane Austen's Persuasion examines the societal views on marriage and class in Regency-era England through the story of Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth. Eight years prior, Anne was persuaded not to marry Wentworth due to his lack of wealth and social status. The story begins as Anne's family faces financial troubles and they cross paths with Wentworth again, but he shows no interest in her. Through their interactions at social gatherings in Bath, Anne realizes Wentworth still has feelings for her as her family's status has declined while his has risen in the Navy. They confess their enduring love for each other, overcoming the societal pressures against their marriage years ago based on class and wealth.
Jane Austen Essays. Jane Austen 1775 1817 Jane Austen Fiction amp; LiteratureLisa Cartagena
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The portrayal of male fools in jane austen pride and prejudice
1. English Language and Literature Studies; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2014
ISSN 1925-4768 E-ISSN 1925-4776
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
44
The Portrayal of Male Fools in Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice
Ali Albashir Mohammed Al-Haj1
1
Faculty of Arts & Humanities, Department of English & literature, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
Correspondence: Ali Albashir Mohammed Al-Haj, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, Department of English &
literature, Jazan University, P. O. Box 114, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: dr_abomathani@yahoo.com
Received: March 10, 2014 Accepted: April 30, 2014 Online Published: May 27, 2014
doi:10.5539/ells.v4n2p44 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v4n2p44
Abstract
The present study aims at studying the male fools in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Jane Austen’s primary
interest is people, not ideas, and her achievement lies in the meticulously exact presentation of human situations,
the delineation of characters who are really living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life
the writer’s unique merits give a faithful representation of real life and this is what we meet in her masterpiece
Pride and Prejudice. Also, humor touches and illuminates all her best characters.
Jane Austen is not a social reformer, she is only a keen social observer who reminds people of their shortcomings.
For example in Pride and Prejudice. The writer uses fools and nerds as a medium for criticizing her own society
in general and through the two males—Mr. Collins and Mr. Wickham. Also, she treats various themes: pride and
prejudice, and human folly in particular.
Finally, the paper ends with the conclusion that, the characters of male fools in Pride and Prejudice are fixed
characters, who do not change throughout. But in spite of that, they are worth attention, because they are
interesting and are used for various themes.
Keywords: Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, fools, portrayal, characters, male, faults, virtues, humor
1. Introduction
Jane Austen was a born story-teller and reveled in it from early years. She wrote from sheer love of writing.
Faithful observation, personal detachment, and a fine sense of ironic comedy are among Jane Austen’s chief
characteristics as a writer. Jane Austen was aware herself of the wide range of her novels, and took the line that it
was better for her to do what she did well rather than try her hand at areas which might have less success. Her
novels do indeed succeed because of their excellence, and because her characters are universally human, their
particular social class being a thin veneer over features that are of universal significance. Manner matter greatly
in Jane Austen’s code of morality: “behavior must be and has to be controlled, even if feelings cannot be so
regulated.” (Stephen, 2001, p. 90)
Nevertheless, it is true that Jane Austen took very good care not to move out areas that she knew not just slightly,
but through and through. It was only thus that her irony could attain due weight. If she had applied it to aspects
of life she knew less well, it would have seemed flippant and brittle. In the mature novels the continuous ironic
surface, which makes them very funny, nerveless provides a thoughtful fun, because it is so securely based.
Austen’s Pride and Prejudice opens with a typical example of her irony:
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in
want of a wife. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 3)
The irony is double-edged, making fun both of enunciations of universal truths and of a husband-hunting
mothers. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is not laugher provoking, but it leaves a rippling sense of pleasure
behind it. Her humor is quiet, delicate and ironical. She is not a satirist, for satire connotes moral purpose. Jane
Austen never lashed our follies, she faintly arched her eyebrows and passed on.
Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one. She has no sentimentality, no time for emotional excess.
Though her subject is love and marriage, her novels never produce a warm glow, never for a moment aspire the
poetic. She honors The Augustan virtues of moderation, dignity, disciplined emotion and common sense, and she
used her ironic wit to deflect heartbreak. Nash (1999) has rightly pointed out that:
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45
Pride and Prejudice is a social comedy and humorous novel which reflects that Jane Austen was
suspicious of romantic excesses. Her attitude was realistic, and life-like, and was without excessive or
sentimentally emotional excess. (p. 65)
Whatever said about Pride and Prejudice—which is the author herself thought “too lighter and bright and
sparkling”—won’t be sufficient without adding what Jane Austen, the “character monger” said about it in her
letter of fourth February, 1813 to Cassandra:
The work is rather too light and bright and sparkling, it wants to be stretched out here and there with a
long chapter of sense, if it could had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected
with the story; an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scot, or the history of Bonaparte, or anything
that would form a contrast, and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and
epigrammatism of the general style. (Chapman, 1986, p. 134)
Newton (1990, p. 34) has argued that women novelists like Austen and Eliot have sometimes subverted
masculine dominating by giving emphasis to female capability. According to him, this “power of ability or
capability” can be defined as “achievement and competence, and by implication, as a form of self-definition or
self-rule”. In this sense, Austen is interested in presenting her female characters as powerful; by exploring the
process by which they choose a direction for their lives. On her turn Virginia Woolf (1997) praises women
writers like Jane Austen who were able to overcome the fear and to speak their own truth:
… What genius, what integrity it must have required in face of all that criticism, in the midst of that
purely patriarchal society, to hold fast to the thing as they saw it without shrinking. (p. 6)
The special charm of Jane Austen’s novels lies, not in any greater insight into character, but in the fine
impartiality with which she individualizes and differentiates them. Jane Austen, also loving her kind, loved them
with the joy of the scientist. She found them crowding about her tea parties, her church gatherings, her balls, and
she reproduced them for us with an unemotional fidelity, sometimes as little cruel, but never unfair.
2. Jane Austen’s Contribution, Reputation and Writing Career
2.1 Jane Austen’s Life: Family and Social Background
Jane Austen was born on 16th December, 1775, in the village of Stevenson, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire. The
Seventh of eight children of the Reverend George Austen and his wife Cassandra, she was educated mainly at
home and never lived apart from her family. In fact, at every point almost Jane Austen presents the exact
antithesis to other daughter of a country person destined later on to make the Yorkshire moors articulate.
She died on 18th
of July at Winchester, in the north aisle of the cathedral. At her death Jane Astern occupied no
place in English literature. She was rated lower than many contemporaries, whose names, fifty years later, had
been completely forgotten. On the other hand, she is today lodged among the lasting classics Kennedy (1990, p.
54).
As a young woman, she enjoyed dancing at local ball, walking in the Hampshire countryside and visiting friends.
She was an avid reader. She read both the serious and the popular literature of the day. She was very familiar
with eightieth-century novels, including the works of Richardson. Through her active social life, she met many
wanted to marry her, but she remained single all her life. On one occasion, she did accept a proposal of marriage
from the brother of one of her closet friends, but she changed her mind the following day. As Rickett (2003)
opines:
Jane Austen was earner and equal, caring for many things but for nothing in an especial degree. Most
things amused her; few things angered her. She greets those she dislikes with a slight contemptuous
simple; she never rages at them. And this power of self-detachment, of eliminating from story those
strong predictions that often sway an author’s creations enabled her to be an artist pure and simple. (p.
264)
In the period when Jane Austen wrote, great changes were occurring in Europe. The French Revolution and the
collapse of the “ancient regime” in France were followed by the Napoleonic wars. In England, too, this was a
period of political and social unrest. Music, literature and painting were also undergoing change in the form of
the great Romantic Revolution. There is hardly any mention of these events in Jane Austen novels. Her novels
deal with the relationships between families and individuals in a rural setting. She herself said “Three or four
families in a country village is the thong to work on” (as cited in Kennedy, 1990, p. 58). She confined her writing
to the world she knew from first-hand experience.
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2.2 Jane Austen’s Contribution, Reputation and Writing Career
The secret of Jane Austen’s power lies in the complete mastery she has as an artist over her materials. Six novels
alone stand to Jane Austen’s credit: Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816),
Persuasion (1818), Northern Abbey (1818), another novel, Lady Susan, was never published, and the Watsons
she left unfinished.
Many readers, even in the United Kingdom, have an impression that Jane Austen was an early Victorian, a
contemporary of Bronte Sisters, This fault idea is due to two reasons. First reason is the way in which the motion
pictures show the characters of the novels, Jane Eyre, Catherine Earnshaw, and Elizabeth Bennet, for example,
are dressed in the same fashion that makes the audience think of them as contemporizes. The other reason is the
standard of Jane’s books themselves; the books look so completely removed in thought, sentiment, and
atmosphere from all that readers associate with the eighteenth century. Richardson (1689-1761) and Fielding
(1707-1754) are, for readers, the typical novelist of that age. There is a gulf between Jane’s Elizabeth and
Richardson’s Pamela that cannot be bridged. The two girls resemble different worlds, although, the same reign
witnessed the deaths of Richardson and Jane Austen (Kennedy, 1990, p. 8).
Jane Austen started writing in the early teens. Her earliest works included parodies of the literature of the day
and were originally written for the amusement of her family. Most of the pieces are dedicated to her relatives or
family friends. In the period between 1811 and 1817 she wrote her six major novels. Kennedy (1990) has rightly
pointed out that:
The six novels which built Jane Austen’s fame and success were written over period of twenty one years
between 1796 and 1817, but they were all published close together between 1811 and 1818. Her work is
a living example of perfection. She wrote because she loved to write and she always did her utmost best
to perfect her work. She once said laughingly about some designing which she had made to amuse an
infant nephew, “an artist cannot do anything slovenly.” (p. 67)
Jane Austen’s novels give the impression of ease, but they are in fact the results of careful thinking by the author
who was constantly revising them. Irony, wit and clear, balanced, apparently simple language are all essential
elements of her style. The vividness of the characters and the lively dialogue have made the novels excellent
material for theatre and cinema adaptation. In fact, in recent years Jane Austen has enjoyed renewed popularity,
thanks to hugely successful films and television series based on her novel.
Jane Austen is probably best remembered for her analysis of character and conduct. Her characters have
strengths and weakness, they go through times of trials and they learn lessons. They are not driven by wild
passions. The strong impulses and intensely emotional states they experience are regulated controlled and
brought to order by private reflection.
When Jane Austen was mature enough to look at people around her with a critical eye, she must have noticed
three things. Firstly, she noticed that the manners and the culture to which she had been used in her fathers’
house were not universal. Secondly, much lower standards can be witnessed in large country houses, among
powerful land owners. Thirdly, these great people were not aware of their shortcomings. They think of
themselves as a superior, better bred than anybody else. In their opinions a man who has to work is to rank lower
than one who has not be. Jane Austen portrayed and bore witness in her novels in general and in Pride and
Prejudice in particular. (Omer, 2002, p. 13)
To conclude, Jane Austen’s commitment to reason and common sense rather than great passion links her work to
the eightieth-century tradition of classicism. There is little evidence in her work of the passionate Romantic
themes of the turn of the century.
3. The Portrayal of Male Fools in Prejudice and Prejudice
3.1 Themes of Pride and Prejudice
Further evidence of Jane Austen’s preoccupation with her immediate world may be found in the themes of Pride
and Prejudice. The traditional values of the middle and upper classes such as property, decorum, money and
marriage are her majors concerns in her novels in general and in Pride and Prejudice in particular. In Pride and
Prejudice, for example, marriage provides the basis of the plot. It is not surprising that marriage was a major
preoccupation. At that time, women of the middle and upper classes were, of necessity, totally dependent on their
husbands or fathers. Jane Austen herself experienced the risk of being left unsupported. When her father dies, he
left his widow and two daughters a very small annual income. Life would have been difficult for the three
women had not the surviving sons contributed to their income.
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3.2 The Story of the Novel
The Benets have daughters and Mrs. Bennet’s driving ambition is to see all of them married. Charles Bingley has
come to live nearby with his friends Darcy. When Darcy realizes that Charles likes Jane Bennet, he does his best
to separate them on the grounds that her family are socially inferior. He himself likes Elizabeth Bennet, but when
he says so to her, she says she can nothing to do with someone who looks down on her family. She changes her
mind about him, however, when she learns that he has helped another sister, Lydia, who has eloped with a
military officer, and the story ends happily with a double wedding between Charles and Jane, and Elizabeth and
Dacry.
3.3 Pride and Prejudice and Idea of Fools
Jane Austen’s fools are not simpler than her wise characters; rather they are complex entities. Her wise
characters have some dash of folly in them and her fools have something to love.
A fool in Jane Austen’s novels is not of little significance or unworthy of attention. Actually, Jane Austen grafts a
collection of ideas on fool to make him a theme for different variations. Mr. Collin with his fixed ideas is a good
example of that. According to Laumber (1998):
Mr. Collin is the most amusing fools in Pride and Prejudice, despite of his humorless and pedantic
nature. His marriage proposal to Elizabeth is so far away from the passion and genuine care usually
present in these situations, that it provokes laugher. (p. 34)
The way Jane Austen portrayed the fools of Pride and Prejudice is contrary to Aristotelian maxim that “all things,
even stones, fishes and fools, pursue their proper end” (Simpson, 1997, p. 13).
To conclude, the characters of fools in her master piece, Pride and Prejudice are fixed characters, who do not
change throughout. But in spite of that, they are worth attention, because they are interesting and are used for
various themes.
3.4 Two Male Fools: Mr. Collin and Mr. Wickham
Mr. Collins: Mr. Collins, as a typical fool, is oblivious to other people’s feelings and reactions. He is narrow
minded in his understating of the roles of people in society; for him,
personal feelings are irrelevant, only the ceremony counts; even the identity of the bride does not matter
very much. (Laumber, 1998, p. 214).
Mr. Collins’ portrait as a male fool is the outcome of his empty mind and heart and his fixed ideas.:
Mr. Collins was not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little assisted by
education or society; the greatest part of his life having been spent under the guidance of an illiterate
and miserly father; and though he belonged to one of the universities, he had merely kept the necessary
terms, without forming at it any useful acquaintance.
The subjection in which his father had brought him up had given him originally great humility of
manner, but it was now a good deal counteracted by the self-conceit of a weak head, living in retirement,
and the consequential feelings of early and unexpected prosperity. A fortunate chance had recommended
him to Lady Catherine de Bourgh when the living of Hunsford was vacant; and the respect which he felt
for her high rank and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of
himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his rights as a rector, made him altogether a mixture of
pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 59)
Mr. Collins’ role in Pride and Prejudice begins as unsuitable suitor for Elizabeth. He shows selfish reasons for
marrying and in addition humiliates Elizabeth during his proposal. He is not sensible enough to realize her
genuine refusal. The situation is comic and it reveals to what extent Collins is insensitive and foolish. He says:
I am, therefore, by no means discouraged by what you have just said, and shall hope to lead you to the
alter ere long. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 105)
Mr. Collin is vey literal and predicable, taking out all emotion and genuineness from his reactions to the world
around him:
Here, leading the way through every walk and cross walk, and scarcely allowing them an interval to
utter the praises he asked for, every view was pointed out with a minuteness which left beauty entirely
behind. He could number the fields in every direction, and could tell how many trees there were in the
most distant clump. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 107).
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Mr. Collins’ proposal is refused because Elizabeth thinks of him to be conceited, arrogant, narrow minded and
silly. As Nash (1999) opines:
The woman who maries him cannot have a proper way of thinking, Actually, Mr. Collins carries his
formality and affected humility to the point of ridiculousness He says he comes “prepared to admire”
the Bennet girls, and his courtship of Elizabeth, ending in the proposed of marriage’s all the more
humorous because he is unaware of anyone’s feelings but his own. Even Collins’ own feelings are
unstable-he turns from Jane to Elizabeth, to Charlotte in far too rapid succession. (p. 49)
Mr. Collins is foolish because his one-dimensional character does not allow him to see the shades of gray, so for
him, the only reality is the practical one, where emotion is just a word, not a real feeling:
The idea of Mr. Collins, with all his solemn composure, being run away with by his feelings, made
Elizabeth so near laughing that she could not use the short pause he allowed in any attempt to stop him
farther, and he continued. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 78)
Mr. Collins exemplifies the trend that a fool is not simply foolish; he is also proud of his foolishness on
exhibiting himself. His ideas and conduct prove that he is not refined or well-educated. His mentality is not at all
changing or growing. As Muir (1990) opines:
Mr. Collins is a fool and somewhat of a caricature. He has no great effect on the action. He is an end,
not a means and an end at the same time; he remains unchanged throughout the story. (p. 45)
Collins continues to be foolish, The most extraordinary thing about his character is his apparent ability to take
his own insincere rhetoric seriously. He does not seem to be aware of his foolishness, a fact which can only be
attributed to his fixed stupidity. (Omer, 2002)
Mr. Collins esteems himself worthy to be always occupying a place in the notice of the people with whom he
associate and that it is always his duty to interpret his motives and explain his reasons. Although he is noticed for
being pompous and proud, he simultaneously a sense of humility. He always speaks of himself and his belongs
as humble. He represses his humility towards his patrons and towards anybody who is of a higher rank than him.
In addition to his personal claims, he exploits being a rector in the Church of England and forces his wrong
pieces of advice upon people. He is outwardly a Christian clergyman, but he is by nature a sycophant and social
climber always without charity. (Wilson, 1999, p. 76).
To conclude, Jane Austen’s portrayal of Mr. Collin is an exception. His conceit and obsequiousness are evident
and they show his lack of sense of what is correct and proper.
Mr. Wickham: In Jane Austen earlier novels there is no systematic attempt to connect wickedness with a
deficiency of moral understanding. Wickham, the villain of Pride and Prejudice, does not show that he lacks an
understanding of what virtue is, but he is connected with wickedness for wickedness. He is graceful and
handsome; he has a very pleasing address. A charmer, he is utterly unreliable, and has attempted to seduce
Georgian Darcy and to marry Miss King, before seducing Lydia. He is supremely selfish, but is found out, and
his marriage is not successful. According to Whately (2001):
Mr. Wickham is in many respects wicked, or at least many of his actions are wicked. In the beginning
of the novel everybody falls for Wickham. One can argue whether or not his name is intended to
function as a foreshadowing of the coming events and his true character. (p. 57)
Wickham’s character and appearance can only be discussed together. Appearance, beauty, fine countenance,
good figure, pleasing address are outward advantages which he exploits thoroughly well to deceive everybody
(Omer, 2002, p.79):
His appearance was greatly in his favor, he had all best part of beauty, a fine countenance, a good figure,
and very pleasing address. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 49)
Compared to the reader’s first impression of Mr. Darcy, Mr. Wickham is quite the opposite. In addition to his
physical appearance, which is greatly in his favor, his conduct is pleasing and he is altogether perceived as a
charming man. According to Nash (I999),
Compared to Collins, Wickham is also selfish and he only cares about outward appearance. The
important difference between him and Collins is that he breaks the “social code” and he is eventually
exposed. (p. 50)
Wickham is a male chauvinist who drops Elizabeth for Mary King and at the same time expects her to accept
him on his return, but that angers Elizabeth and plays her decode Wickham’s obscure character. In spite of his
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manner towards women, it is obvious that Wickham has some kind of latent disrespect for women which he uses
to reach his evil goals. How he uses Georgia for revenge and money and Lydia for immoral pleasure are good
examples.
Wickham is a portraiture of the worthless man who does wrong professionally, though he doesn’t lack moral
awareness. Darcy’s housekeeper calls him “wild” (Pride and Prejudice, p. 235) and he deserves it. He behaves
like a wild animal who breaks the “social code” in an anti-social manner that reflects emotional irrationality.
Like the other fool males discussed above, Wickham is a doomed fool male who is not reformed throughout. We
notice no change in him for good and such is the nature of stereotypes.
To conclude, through the character of Wickham, Jane Austen is able to warn society, and particularly women, of
the dangers of their vulnerable position in a patriarchal society, with emphasis on men’s power, and their unfair
social position. Also Wickham represents what men should pay attention to and how women could recognize
imposters and be careful.
4. Conclusion
Jane Austen’s fools are not more simple than her round characters. They are complex entities. As we find some
folly in her wise characters, we may also find something to like in her fools Jane Austen is considered a
Shakespearean genius (Omer, 2002, p. 87).
Mr. Collins is recognized as humorous, foolish, pompous, conceited and self-important, boring man who is
concerned with outward show, a snob who is materialistic. He is an example of an unfit suitor who calculates
marriage. He is shown to us as a man of superficial feelings who is attracted in turn to Jane, Elizabeth and
Charlotte. He is at once humble and self-important; he is not well-educated and, though a clergyman, most
worldly. Mr. Bennet’s description, “absurd” (Pride and Prejudice, p. 78), is a good one.
Mr. Collin shows selfish reasons for marriage, which are also comic. Collins is also criticized as a worldly
clergyman, who is always condescending and is without charity. He has a servile mentality which be noted in his
humility towards his patrons and superiors. Collins is a fixed character, who takes no step towards rotundity.
It is of interest to explore Austen’s famous lines in Pride and Prejudice:
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in
want of a wife. (Pride and Prejudice, p. 3)
These lines are famous because they encapsulate Jane Austen’s ironical style: the statement is the complete
opposite of the truth. When it comes to Wickham the tables have turned; just as women are in a desperate
position, needing to find a rich man, so too is Wickham, wanting to marry a woman with a big fortune. Wickham
is a man who has chosen himself in a woman’ position due to his vanity and want of money.
To conclude, Wickham, the villain of Pride and Prejudice, is a charming character, who has the ability to please
people especially women. He is bad in every way. He is not exposed until after elopement. Omer (2002) has
rightly pointed out that:
Wickham as an attractive rogue has consummated the art of people pleasing, especially women. When
Elizabeth tells him to his face that she knows all he has done, he only responds by kissing her hand! His
mislead are achieved through a style which is his own. He can lie, gamble and seduce easily with his
true picture masked. (p. 82)
Wickham is ruled only by self-interest. His charm is a medium which gets him to what he desires.
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