Whereas, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) has changed its strategic direction to customer centricity with the aim of making savings and credit products more customer centric and offering better customer value propositions; Whereas, it has become necessary to improve customer experience by digitizing micro business segment through Micro loan products; Whereas, it is necessary to set eligibility requirements, terms and conditions of loan products and services to the micro business segment in view of risk involved and customer’s demand; Whereas, Commercial bank of Ethiopia intends to diversify its credit portfolio mix in terms of tenure through expanding the short-term financing to be availed to micro business segments; Whereas, it is necessary to attract the underserved part of the society and enhance financial inclusion with low-cost financial services availed through mobile money platform; Whereas, the majority of Micro Enterprises do not fit the loan terms and conditions of Micro Finance Institutions and Banks due to they are high in number and lacked collateral. And CBE has established Micro Credit Department to properly address loan demand from Micro Enterprises. Whereas, Job Creation Commission has taken the initiative to enhance access to finance to the MSMEs and taken the intermediary role between our Bank and MSME; NOW, therefore; it becomes important to develop and introduce the “Micro Lending Policy”. 1.2. Short Title This policy may be cited as “Micro Loan Policy of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia”. 1.3. Definitions of Terms “Board” means supervisory Board of the Bank formed in accordance with Article 10 (2) and 12 of Public Enterprises Proclamation No 25/1992. “Credit Card Facility” means a revolving facility extended to customers that enable the cardholder to purchase goods and services on credit. “Credit Risk” means the potential that a Bank’s borrower or counterparty will fail to discharge its obligations or a risk arising from any single exposure or group of exposure which can likely threaten the bank to maintain its core operation. “Credit Scoring” means judging or evaluating the desirability of a loan customer based on his/her basic characteristics and past experiences with credit. “Creditworthy” means a borrower with good financial position and performance, generates adequate cash flow, clean track record and other qualities which reasonably assure or honour the full repayment of loans and advances. “Digital Lending” means a remote and automated lending process, largely by use of seamless digital technologies for customer acquisition, credit assessment, loan approval, disbursement, recovery, and associated customer service. “Loan Decision” means the act or process of deciding on loan requests and/or resolution mechanisms as per the Bank’s Credit Policy, Procedure and guideline. “Loan Officer” includes the Bank’s performer involved in credit process: credit origination, collateral valuation, analysis, recommendation.

1. 1
Accounting Basics
Rania A. Azmi
E-mail: rania.a.azmi@gmail.com
University of Alexandria, Department of Business Administration

2. 2
Financial (Accounting) Statements
• Financial or Accounting statements are
used for reporting corporate activity.
For Stakeholders

3. 3
Financial Statements
• The Balance Sheet
• The Income Statement
• Statement of Cash Flows

4. 4
The Balance Sheet
• The balance sheet is an accountant’s
snapshot of the firm’s accounting value
on a particular date, as though the firm
stood momentary still.
• The balance sheet states what the firm
owns and how it is financed.

5. 5
The Balance Sheet (Cont.)
Assets Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity

6. 6
The Balance Sheet (example)
Assets 2006 2005
Liabilities (Debt) and
Stockholder's Equity
2006 2005
Current Assets: Current Liabilities:
Cash and equivalents 140 107 Accounts payable 213 197
Accounts receivable 294 270 Notes payable 50 53
Inventories 269 280 Accrued expenses 223 205
Other 58 50 Total current liabilities 486 455
Total Current Assets 761 707
Long-term liabilities:
Fixed Assets: Deferred taxes 117 104
Property, plant, and equipment 1423 1274 Long-term debt 471 458
Less accumulated depreciation (550) (460) Total Long-term liabilities: 588 562
Net Property, plant, and equipment 873 814
Intangible assets and others 245 221 Stockholders' equity:
Total fixed assets 1118 1035 Preferred stock 39 39
Common Stock ($1 par value) 55 32
Capital surplus 347 327
Accumulated retained earnings 390 347
Less treasury stock (26) (20)
Total equity 805 725
Total Assets 1879 1742
Total liabilities and stockholders'
equity
1879 1742
Balance Sheet 2006 and 2005
XYZ Corporation

7. 7
The Income Statement
• The income statement measures
performance over a specific period of
time, say, a year.
• The accounting definition of income is:
Revenue – Expenses Income

8. 8
2262
(1,655)
(327)
(90)
190
29
219
(49)
170
(84)
86
43
43
XYZ Corporation
Income Statement 2006
Total operating revenues
Cost of goods sold
Other income
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
Interest expense
Selling, general, and administrative expenses
Depreciation
Operating income
Pretax income
Taxes
(Current: 71, Deferred 13)
Net Income
Retained earnings:
Dividends:
The Income Statement (example)

9. 9
Statement of Cash Flows
Sources of Funds
Assets
Liabilities and
Stockholders’ Equity
Uses of Funds
Assets
Liabilities and
Stockholders’ Equity

10. 10
Statement of Cash Flows
• The most important item that can be
extracted from financial statements is the
accounting cash flow of the firm.
• The statement of cash flows helps to
explain the changes in accounting cash
and equivalents…

11. 11
Statement of Cash Flows (Cont.)
• The first step in determining the change in
cash is to figure out cash flow from operating
activities. This is the cash flow that results
from the firm’s normal activities producing
and selling goods and services.
• The second step is to make an adjustment for
cash flow from investing activities.
• The final step is to make an adjustment for
cash flow from financing activities. Financing
activities are the net payments to creditors and
owners (excluding interest expense) made
during the year.

12. 12
Statement of Cash Flows (Cont.)
• The three components of the statement
of cash flows are:-
1- Cash flow from Operating Activities
2- Cash flow from Investing Activities
3- Cash flow from Financing Activities

13. 13
Statement of Cash Flows (example)
Operations
Net Income 86
Depreciation 90
Deferred taxes 13
Changes in assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable (24)
Inventories 11
Accounts payable 16
Accrued expenses 18
Notes payable (3)
other (8)
Total Cash Flow from Operations 199
Investing Activities
Acquisition of fixed assets (198)
Sales of fixed assets 25
Total Cash Flow from Investing Activities (173)
Financing Activities
Retirement of debt (73)
Proceeds of long-term debt 86
Dividends (43)
Repurchase of stock (6)
Proceeds from new stock issues 43
Total Cash Flow from Financing Activities 7
Changes in cash (on the balance sheet) 33
XYZ Corporation
2006
Statement of Cash Flows
Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows of XYZ Corporation

14. 14
• What three things should be kept
in mind when looking at a
balance sheet?
Quiz

15. 15
• When analyzing a balance sheet, the
financial manager should be aware
of three concerns:-
1- Accounting liquidity
2- Debt versus equity
3- Value versus cost

16. 16
Quiz
• What are three things to keep in
mind when looking at an income
statement?

17. 17
• When analyzing an income
statement, the financial manager
should keep in mind the followings:-
1- GAAP
2- Noncash items
3- Time and Costs

18. 18
Some observations (Cash Flow)
• Several types of cash flow are relevant
to understanding the financial
situation of the firm.
• Net income is not cash flow.
(cash flow is more revealing)