This document summarizes a study analyzing the relationship between fraternity membership and binge drinking. The study uses survey data from the 2001 Harvard College Alcohol Study to examine whether fraternity membership leads to increased binge drinking. Logistic regressions are used to control for self-selection bias and social norms. The results show that even after controlling for these factors, fraternity membership has a statistically significant impact on binge drinking and related behaviors like unprotected sex.
This document summarizes a research study that examined barriers and facilitators to bystander intervention in alcohol-related emergencies among college students at the University of Florida. There have been multiple alcohol-related deaths at UF in recent years. The university implemented a medical amnesty policy in 2011 to encourage students to call for help during emergencies without facing disciplinary action. The study aimed to understand differences in intervention based on gender and Greek affiliation through focus groups with undergraduates stratified into four groups: Greek males, Greek females, non-Greek males, non-Greek females. The focus groups would discuss alcohol scenarios and be analyzed to identify themes in barriers and facilitators to intervention.
This study examined the association between alcohol use and the proximity and density of alcohol outlets among 166 college students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The study found that students who drank alcohol lived closer to alcohol outlets (0.18 miles on average) than non-drinkers (0.61 miles on average). Drinkers also had significantly more alcohol outlets available within 0.25 and 0.5 miles of their residence compared to non-drinkers. However, proximity and density were not associated with binge drinking frequency. The results suggest that increased physical accessibility of alcohol, as measured by closer proximity and higher outlet density, is associated with any alcohol use but not binge drinking levels among college students.
The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse And AddictionAndrea Presnall
This document summarizes 10 studies that examine the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later substance abuse. Across the studies, several common findings emerged: childhood sexual abuse was associated with earlier initiation and more frequent substance use, particularly of alcohol and drugs; substance use partially mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later health issues like HIV risk behaviors; and experiences of childhood sexual abuse along with other childhood trauma were correlated with higher rates of substance abuse disorders. The studies highlighted the need for larger and more diverse sample sizes in future research.
This document summarizes a study that explored gender differences in personality disorder traits, clinical syndromes, and IQ among 210 parental competency examinees. The study found:
1) Male examinees had significantly higher IQ scores than females, although both were in the low average range.
2) Males had significantly higher social desirability scores and lower debasement scores on the MCMI-III personality assessment.
3) Multivariate analysis found significant main effects for gender on clinical personality patterns and clinical scales measured by the MCMI-III, with medium effect sizes. Univariate analysis showed males had significantly higher scores on antisocial, sadistic, narcissistic, and substance misuse scales.
At the End of Their Rope: A Research Note on the Influence of Parental Low Se...George Connolly
The concept of self-control has been used to account for a wide variety of outcomes, both criminal and otherwise. Recently, researchers have started investigating associations between parental selfcontrol and family functioning. This study expands this area of research by assessing the extent to
which parental low self-control and official involvement in juvenile delinquency is associated with parental exasperation among a sample of parents whose children have been processed through a juvenile justice assessment facility. The results indicate that parents who are lower in selfcontrol
and whose children have had more extensive involvement in officially recorded delinquency report greater exasperation regarding their children.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This document proposes a policy to protect transgender students in the Francis Howell School District. It summarizes research finding high rates of suicide ideation and attempts among transgender youth due to lack of safety and acceptance in schools. Currently, the district has no protections for transgender students in its non-discrimination or bullying policies. The proposed policy would outline protections for privacy, inclusion of transgender students in gender-segregated activities and facilities, dress codes, and explicit inclusion of gender identity and expression in anti-discrimination policies. Adopting this policy is necessary to improve safety and protect transgender students.
Young Adult Gay Persons And Violence A Look At Escalation And Toleranceorian9200
This document discusses issues faced by young adult gay persons, including violence, harassment, and mental health challenges. It defines key terms like homophobia, oppression, and privilege. Laws like the Federal Education Amendments are meant to protect against anti-gay harassment, but many gay youth still feel unsafe at school. Statistics show gay youth have much higher rates of suicide, abuse, and homelessness compared to other groups. Research on young gay adults looks at how their identity develops and how they view themselves over time, from initial comparison to full identity synthesis. Teaching tolerance through role plays and community involvement is important to address these issues.
This document summarizes a research study that examined barriers and facilitators to bystander intervention in alcohol-related emergencies among college students at the University of Florida. There have been multiple alcohol-related deaths at UF in recent years. The university implemented a medical amnesty policy in 2011 to encourage students to call for help during emergencies without facing disciplinary action. The study aimed to understand differences in intervention based on gender and Greek affiliation through focus groups with undergraduates stratified into four groups: Greek males, Greek females, non-Greek males, non-Greek females. The focus groups would discuss alcohol scenarios and be analyzed to identify themes in barriers and facilitators to intervention.
This study examined the association between alcohol use and the proximity and density of alcohol outlets among 166 college students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The study found that students who drank alcohol lived closer to alcohol outlets (0.18 miles on average) than non-drinkers (0.61 miles on average). Drinkers also had significantly more alcohol outlets available within 0.25 and 0.5 miles of their residence compared to non-drinkers. However, proximity and density were not associated with binge drinking frequency. The results suggest that increased physical accessibility of alcohol, as measured by closer proximity and higher outlet density, is associated with any alcohol use but not binge drinking levels among college students.
The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse And AddictionAndrea Presnall
This document summarizes 10 studies that examine the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later substance abuse. Across the studies, several common findings emerged: childhood sexual abuse was associated with earlier initiation and more frequent substance use, particularly of alcohol and drugs; substance use partially mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later health issues like HIV risk behaviors; and experiences of childhood sexual abuse along with other childhood trauma were correlated with higher rates of substance abuse disorders. The studies highlighted the need for larger and more diverse sample sizes in future research.
This document summarizes a study that explored gender differences in personality disorder traits, clinical syndromes, and IQ among 210 parental competency examinees. The study found:
1) Male examinees had significantly higher IQ scores than females, although both were in the low average range.
2) Males had significantly higher social desirability scores and lower debasement scores on the MCMI-III personality assessment.
3) Multivariate analysis found significant main effects for gender on clinical personality patterns and clinical scales measured by the MCMI-III, with medium effect sizes. Univariate analysis showed males had significantly higher scores on antisocial, sadistic, narcissistic, and substance misuse scales.
At the End of Their Rope: A Research Note on the Influence of Parental Low Se...George Connolly
The concept of self-control has been used to account for a wide variety of outcomes, both criminal and otherwise. Recently, researchers have started investigating associations between parental selfcontrol and family functioning. This study expands this area of research by assessing the extent to
which parental low self-control and official involvement in juvenile delinquency is associated with parental exasperation among a sample of parents whose children have been processed through a juvenile justice assessment facility. The results indicate that parents who are lower in selfcontrol
and whose children have had more extensive involvement in officially recorded delinquency report greater exasperation regarding their children.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This document proposes a policy to protect transgender students in the Francis Howell School District. It summarizes research finding high rates of suicide ideation and attempts among transgender youth due to lack of safety and acceptance in schools. Currently, the district has no protections for transgender students in its non-discrimination or bullying policies. The proposed policy would outline protections for privacy, inclusion of transgender students in gender-segregated activities and facilities, dress codes, and explicit inclusion of gender identity and expression in anti-discrimination policies. Adopting this policy is necessary to improve safety and protect transgender students.
Young Adult Gay Persons And Violence A Look At Escalation And Toleranceorian9200
This document discusses issues faced by young adult gay persons, including violence, harassment, and mental health challenges. It defines key terms like homophobia, oppression, and privilege. Laws like the Federal Education Amendments are meant to protect against anti-gay harassment, but many gay youth still feel unsafe at school. Statistics show gay youth have much higher rates of suicide, abuse, and homelessness compared to other groups. Research on young gay adults looks at how their identity develops and how they view themselves over time, from initial comparison to full identity synthesis. Teaching tolerance through role plays and community involvement is important to address these issues.
The Socioeconomic Consequences and Costs of Mental IllnessMika Truly
The document summarizes several socioeconomic consequences and costs of mental illness. It discusses how approximately half of adults with severe mental illnesses also have a substance abuse disorder, but only a small percentage receive treatment for both. It also examines how substance abuse and lack of medication adherence in the mentally ill have been associated with increased violence. Additionally, the document outlines how treating the mentally ill with co-occurring substance abuse disorders results in significantly higher psychiatric care costs. Lastly, it explores the high rates of incarceration and homelessness among the mentally ill population and the financial costs these issues impose on society.
This document summarizes a study on youth access to HIV testing in Wards 7 and 8 of Washington D.C. The study found that of the 17 clinics surveyed in these areas, 12 had policies that complied with D.C. law allowing confidential HIV testing for minors. However, 8 clinics required payment for testing and 4 required parental permission. Most clinics were open after school hours and accessible by public transportation. While many clinics have removed barriers to testing, the results suggest that factors other than accessibility may still prevent D.C. youth from getting tested regularly for HIV.
Kathleen Jones wrote a literature review on the effects of parental alcoholism on children. The review examined research showing that children with antisocial or depressed alcoholic parents are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms. Parental alcoholism was also linked to increased risk of psychopathology in children, including conduct disorder and depression. However, one study found that only a minority of children of alcoholics develop alcohol problems themselves. Factors like family support and positive influences can help mitigate risks to children in alcoholic families. The review identified areas for further research on identifying the most impactful risk factors and how supportive influences may help children raised in negative environments.
This document provides a summary of the 2013 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey results. Over 12,000 students in grades 6-12 across Florida completed the anonymous survey in February and March 2013. Key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were the most commonly used substances. However, use of most substances has declined since 2004, with the exception of marijuana use.
- Risk factors like early initiation of drug use and favorable attitudes toward drug use showed reductions from 2004-2013. Protective factors like school and community involvement increased over this period.
- Opportunities for improvement include continued high rates of binge drinking and alcohol/marijuana use before/during school. Nonmedical use of
The relationship between types ofchildhood victimisation andojas18
This study examined the relationship between different types of childhood victimization (such as physical abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) and criminal behavior in young adulthood. The researchers analyzed data on over 2,000 young Swedish adults who reported experiencing at least one form of childhood victimization. They found that experiences of physical assault, neglect, and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with criminal behavior in young adulthood, even after accounting for gender, substance use, and psychopathy. However, experiences of property crimes, verbal abuse, or sexual abuse were not significantly linked to later criminal behavior. This suggests that childhood experiences involving direct violence or witnessing violence carry the greatest risk for criminal behavior in adulthood.
Violence prevention programs an exploratory study of the chojas18
This document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of youth who participated in a court diversion program for family violence offenses to determine what characteristics prevented completion. The study found that delinquency characteristics like prior violent arrests and school truancy significantly impacted completion rates. Specifically, youth with these risk factors were less likely to successfully complete the program. The findings suggest a more tailored intervention approach is needed for high-risk, multi-problem youth to address recidivism.
This document discusses the need for more research on male offenders who seriously physically abuse or kill children. It notes that while both men and women commit such offenses, the majority are committed by men. More research has examined female rather than male offenders. The document calls for identifying the psychological profiles and risk factors of different types of male offenders, such as biological fathers who systematically cause harm versus unrelated adults in the home. Understanding these offender types could help professionals investigating such cases, which often involve uncooperative parents providing contradicting explanations for a child's injuries.
This document reviews strategies to promote colorectal cancer screening. It identifies major barriers to screening like lack of physician recommendation, low knowledge, and embarrassment. Interventions studied include printed materials, videos, telephone outreach, and fecal occult blood testing kits. Multi-component interventions addressing multiple barriers seem most effective. The document recommends improving physician-patient communication and using tailored messages to boost screening among groups with low rates.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
Using Collaborative and Expressive Writing Activities to Educate First-Year S...Jennifer Morrow
This document summarizes a first-year seminar on alcohol and drugs for college students. It describes how risky substance use is common for first-year students and can have negative short and long term consequences. The seminar uses collaborative activities like small group discussions, debates, and expressive writing assignments to educate students. Feedback from students showed the activities increased their knowledge on topics and awareness of consequences, and some reported changing their behaviors as a result. The seminar is suggested as an effective way to intervene with first-year students around substance use issues.
IS 201 - Post-Survey Recommendations Executive SummaryMavis Chan
This document summarizes a survey conducted of 211 University of Waterloo students to examine voter turnout among young adults and post-secondary students. The survey found that students who volunteered of their own free will or studied socially engaged disciplines had significantly higher rates of voting than those who did not. However, volunteering with friends did not impact voting rates. While socially engaged students generally vote, 66% reported apathy as their reason for not voting in past elections. The survey results suggest that efforts to increase voter turnout may be better focused on intrinsically motivating less socially engaged students and providing tools for students to form political stances.
This study used audio recordings to observe 41 incidents of corporal punishment (CP) in 15 families involving 22 parent-child dyads. The recordings found that in most cases, the CP did not adhere to recommendations from advocates. Specifically, CP occurred at a higher rate than reported, was often used in anger or before other disciplinary actions, and did not consistently curb misbehavior within 10 minutes as assumed. Additionally, mothers' self-reports of CP use corresponded with the audio recordings 81% of the time, indicating potential for inaccuracy in self-reports. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using audio recordings to objectively observe family interactions and discipline practices like CP.
1) Adolescent substance abuse is common, with half of high school seniors reporting illicit drug use. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused substances.
2) Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse include early experimentation with drugs and alcohol, affiliation with deviant peers, poor family and community environments, and personality traits like novelty seeking and low harm avoidance.
3) Protective factors against substance abuse include strong family support systems, cultural values like family obligation, and positive traits like self-strength and aversion to parental substance abuse. Having these social and emotional supports can compensate for risks like substance-abusing parents.
The dietary choices of college students are heavily influenced by factors like taste, price, and convenience. Studies have found that college students primarily make food purchases based on taste, and view juice and sugary drinks as healthier options compared to soda. Unhealthy options from on-campus vendors and fast food restaurants near campus also significantly impact students' diets. While many students receive nutrition education in classes, their food choices are still guided more by other priorities like taste, cost, and convenience over health. More research is needed on how residential students' diets may differ and how college students actually feel about their limited healthy food options on and around campus.
This study examined the impact of racism experienced by physicians of color through a mixed-methods survey. 71 physicians of color completed surveys measuring experiences of microaggressions, professional quality of life, and open-ended responses describing instances of racism. Quantitative results found microaggressions were correlated with secondary traumatic stress. Qualitative analysis identified domains of racism experienced from patients, colleagues, and institutions including assumptions of abilities, microaggressions, and exclusion from opportunities. Participants recommended institutions provide spaces to discuss diversity, implement inclusive policies, and promote a diverse workforce. The study suggests physicians of color regularly experience racism which can negatively impact their well-being and career advancement.
The document summarizes a study examining HIV stigma among opioid-dependent individuals under community supervision. It describes high HIV rates in Washington D.C. and the criminal justice system. The study used a stigma scale to assess stigma in 16 participants. Females and homosexuals reported higher levels of stigma than males and heterosexuals, particularly around disclosure concerns. The study aims to reduce stigma and HIV risk through counseling in Project STRIDE, which provides medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence and HIV.
The document discusses substance abuse in Michigan based on data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. It finds that among Michigan youth:
- Alcohol/substance use is associated with increased violent and risky behaviors like fighting and carrying weapons, as well as greater mental distress. Binge and current drinkers report more of these issues than non-drinkers.
- Alcohol use is also linked to riskier sexual behaviors like unprotected sex and multiple partners. Binge and current drinkers exhibit these behaviors more frequently.
- Drinkers are more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control methods such as fasting, vomiting, laxative use and diet pills compared to non-drinkers.
- Drinkers
The document summarizes research on discrimination, substance abuse, and mental health issues within the homosexual community. Several studies found high rates of discrimination and victimization reported by LGBT individuals. Contributing factors to substance abuse and mental health problems among homosexuals include biological predispositions, social and family influences, stress from discrimination, and lack of support systems. However, factors may differ between individuals. Ongoing research is still needed to better understand these issues and find ways to reduce health risks in the gay community through social support programs and acceptance.
1) The document examines differences in alcohol use and consequences between undergraduate women living in different on-campus residential environments, including single-sex and mixed-sex residential learning communities (RLCs) and non-RLCs.
2) The results found that women living in single-sex RLCs had the lowest rates of alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related consequences compared to those living in other environments.
3) RLCs, particularly single-sex ones, appear to provide an environment that supports lower rates of alcohol use and abuse among undergraduate women.
This study examined the relationship between drinking habits and GPA among SDSU students. An online survey was distributed to collect data on students' alcohol consumption, activities, and GPAs. The survey found that most respondents drank alcohol and were involved in Greek life or had jobs. While previous research linked higher drinking to lower GPAs, this study found a positive correlation, contradicting expectations. As the sample was small and non-random, further research is recommended to better understand how drinking impacts academic performance at SDSU.
This study aims to qualitatively explore college students' perceptions of binge drinking through diary entries documenting their experiences with alcohol consumption and its aftermath. Thirty college student participants, fifteen male and fifteen female, will be asked to complete two diary entries following nights of drinking. The diaries will focus on issues like regret, relationships, and self-perception related to alcohol use. A pilot study with four participants identified emerging themes around social enhancement, lack of control, aggression, sexual regret, and impacts on friendships and academics. The full study seeks to understand what behaviors college students deem acceptable or unacceptable regarding binge drinking.
The Socioeconomic Consequences and Costs of Mental IllnessMika Truly
The document summarizes several socioeconomic consequences and costs of mental illness. It discusses how approximately half of adults with severe mental illnesses also have a substance abuse disorder, but only a small percentage receive treatment for both. It also examines how substance abuse and lack of medication adherence in the mentally ill have been associated with increased violence. Additionally, the document outlines how treating the mentally ill with co-occurring substance abuse disorders results in significantly higher psychiatric care costs. Lastly, it explores the high rates of incarceration and homelessness among the mentally ill population and the financial costs these issues impose on society.
This document summarizes a study on youth access to HIV testing in Wards 7 and 8 of Washington D.C. The study found that of the 17 clinics surveyed in these areas, 12 had policies that complied with D.C. law allowing confidential HIV testing for minors. However, 8 clinics required payment for testing and 4 required parental permission. Most clinics were open after school hours and accessible by public transportation. While many clinics have removed barriers to testing, the results suggest that factors other than accessibility may still prevent D.C. youth from getting tested regularly for HIV.
Kathleen Jones wrote a literature review on the effects of parental alcoholism on children. The review examined research showing that children with antisocial or depressed alcoholic parents are at greater risk for externalizing symptoms. Parental alcoholism was also linked to increased risk of psychopathology in children, including conduct disorder and depression. However, one study found that only a minority of children of alcoholics develop alcohol problems themselves. Factors like family support and positive influences can help mitigate risks to children in alcoholic families. The review identified areas for further research on identifying the most impactful risk factors and how supportive influences may help children raised in negative environments.
This document provides a summary of the 2013 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey results. Over 12,000 students in grades 6-12 across Florida completed the anonymous survey in February and March 2013. Key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were the most commonly used substances. However, use of most substances has declined since 2004, with the exception of marijuana use.
- Risk factors like early initiation of drug use and favorable attitudes toward drug use showed reductions from 2004-2013. Protective factors like school and community involvement increased over this period.
- Opportunities for improvement include continued high rates of binge drinking and alcohol/marijuana use before/during school. Nonmedical use of
The relationship between types ofchildhood victimisation andojas18
This study examined the relationship between different types of childhood victimization (such as physical abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) and criminal behavior in young adulthood. The researchers analyzed data on over 2,000 young Swedish adults who reported experiencing at least one form of childhood victimization. They found that experiences of physical assault, neglect, and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with criminal behavior in young adulthood, even after accounting for gender, substance use, and psychopathy. However, experiences of property crimes, verbal abuse, or sexual abuse were not significantly linked to later criminal behavior. This suggests that childhood experiences involving direct violence or witnessing violence carry the greatest risk for criminal behavior in adulthood.
Violence prevention programs an exploratory study of the chojas18
This document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of youth who participated in a court diversion program for family violence offenses to determine what characteristics prevented completion. The study found that delinquency characteristics like prior violent arrests and school truancy significantly impacted completion rates. Specifically, youth with these risk factors were less likely to successfully complete the program. The findings suggest a more tailored intervention approach is needed for high-risk, multi-problem youth to address recidivism.
This document discusses the need for more research on male offenders who seriously physically abuse or kill children. It notes that while both men and women commit such offenses, the majority are committed by men. More research has examined female rather than male offenders. The document calls for identifying the psychological profiles and risk factors of different types of male offenders, such as biological fathers who systematically cause harm versus unrelated adults in the home. Understanding these offender types could help professionals investigating such cases, which often involve uncooperative parents providing contradicting explanations for a child's injuries.
This document reviews strategies to promote colorectal cancer screening. It identifies major barriers to screening like lack of physician recommendation, low knowledge, and embarrassment. Interventions studied include printed materials, videos, telephone outreach, and fecal occult blood testing kits. Multi-component interventions addressing multiple barriers seem most effective. The document recommends improving physician-patient communication and using tailored messages to boost screening among groups with low rates.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
Using Collaborative and Expressive Writing Activities to Educate First-Year S...Jennifer Morrow
This document summarizes a first-year seminar on alcohol and drugs for college students. It describes how risky substance use is common for first-year students and can have negative short and long term consequences. The seminar uses collaborative activities like small group discussions, debates, and expressive writing assignments to educate students. Feedback from students showed the activities increased their knowledge on topics and awareness of consequences, and some reported changing their behaviors as a result. The seminar is suggested as an effective way to intervene with first-year students around substance use issues.
IS 201 - Post-Survey Recommendations Executive SummaryMavis Chan
This document summarizes a survey conducted of 211 University of Waterloo students to examine voter turnout among young adults and post-secondary students. The survey found that students who volunteered of their own free will or studied socially engaged disciplines had significantly higher rates of voting than those who did not. However, volunteering with friends did not impact voting rates. While socially engaged students generally vote, 66% reported apathy as their reason for not voting in past elections. The survey results suggest that efforts to increase voter turnout may be better focused on intrinsically motivating less socially engaged students and providing tools for students to form political stances.
This study used audio recordings to observe 41 incidents of corporal punishment (CP) in 15 families involving 22 parent-child dyads. The recordings found that in most cases, the CP did not adhere to recommendations from advocates. Specifically, CP occurred at a higher rate than reported, was often used in anger or before other disciplinary actions, and did not consistently curb misbehavior within 10 minutes as assumed. Additionally, mothers' self-reports of CP use corresponded with the audio recordings 81% of the time, indicating potential for inaccuracy in self-reports. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using audio recordings to objectively observe family interactions and discipline practices like CP.
1) Adolescent substance abuse is common, with half of high school seniors reporting illicit drug use. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused substances.
2) Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse include early experimentation with drugs and alcohol, affiliation with deviant peers, poor family and community environments, and personality traits like novelty seeking and low harm avoidance.
3) Protective factors against substance abuse include strong family support systems, cultural values like family obligation, and positive traits like self-strength and aversion to parental substance abuse. Having these social and emotional supports can compensate for risks like substance-abusing parents.
The dietary choices of college students are heavily influenced by factors like taste, price, and convenience. Studies have found that college students primarily make food purchases based on taste, and view juice and sugary drinks as healthier options compared to soda. Unhealthy options from on-campus vendors and fast food restaurants near campus also significantly impact students' diets. While many students receive nutrition education in classes, their food choices are still guided more by other priorities like taste, cost, and convenience over health. More research is needed on how residential students' diets may differ and how college students actually feel about their limited healthy food options on and around campus.
This study examined the impact of racism experienced by physicians of color through a mixed-methods survey. 71 physicians of color completed surveys measuring experiences of microaggressions, professional quality of life, and open-ended responses describing instances of racism. Quantitative results found microaggressions were correlated with secondary traumatic stress. Qualitative analysis identified domains of racism experienced from patients, colleagues, and institutions including assumptions of abilities, microaggressions, and exclusion from opportunities. Participants recommended institutions provide spaces to discuss diversity, implement inclusive policies, and promote a diverse workforce. The study suggests physicians of color regularly experience racism which can negatively impact their well-being and career advancement.
The document summarizes a study examining HIV stigma among opioid-dependent individuals under community supervision. It describes high HIV rates in Washington D.C. and the criminal justice system. The study used a stigma scale to assess stigma in 16 participants. Females and homosexuals reported higher levels of stigma than males and heterosexuals, particularly around disclosure concerns. The study aims to reduce stigma and HIV risk through counseling in Project STRIDE, which provides medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence and HIV.
The document discusses substance abuse in Michigan based on data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. It finds that among Michigan youth:
- Alcohol/substance use is associated with increased violent and risky behaviors like fighting and carrying weapons, as well as greater mental distress. Binge and current drinkers report more of these issues than non-drinkers.
- Alcohol use is also linked to riskier sexual behaviors like unprotected sex and multiple partners. Binge and current drinkers exhibit these behaviors more frequently.
- Drinkers are more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control methods such as fasting, vomiting, laxative use and diet pills compared to non-drinkers.
- Drinkers
The document summarizes research on discrimination, substance abuse, and mental health issues within the homosexual community. Several studies found high rates of discrimination and victimization reported by LGBT individuals. Contributing factors to substance abuse and mental health problems among homosexuals include biological predispositions, social and family influences, stress from discrimination, and lack of support systems. However, factors may differ between individuals. Ongoing research is still needed to better understand these issues and find ways to reduce health risks in the gay community through social support programs and acceptance.
1) The document examines differences in alcohol use and consequences between undergraduate women living in different on-campus residential environments, including single-sex and mixed-sex residential learning communities (RLCs) and non-RLCs.
2) The results found that women living in single-sex RLCs had the lowest rates of alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related consequences compared to those living in other environments.
3) RLCs, particularly single-sex ones, appear to provide an environment that supports lower rates of alcohol use and abuse among undergraduate women.
This study examined the relationship between drinking habits and GPA among SDSU students. An online survey was distributed to collect data on students' alcohol consumption, activities, and GPAs. The survey found that most respondents drank alcohol and were involved in Greek life or had jobs. While previous research linked higher drinking to lower GPAs, this study found a positive correlation, contradicting expectations. As the sample was small and non-random, further research is recommended to better understand how drinking impacts academic performance at SDSU.
This study aims to qualitatively explore college students' perceptions of binge drinking through diary entries documenting their experiences with alcohol consumption and its aftermath. Thirty college student participants, fifteen male and fifteen female, will be asked to complete two diary entries following nights of drinking. The diaries will focus on issues like regret, relationships, and self-perception related to alcohol use. A pilot study with four participants identified emerging themes around social enhancement, lack of control, aggression, sexual regret, and impacts on friendships and academics. The full study seeks to understand what behaviors college students deem acceptable or unacceptable regarding binge drinking.
JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. 145-158, 2014RRoutledgeCopyrig.docxtawnyataylor528
JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. 145-158, 2014
RRoutledge
Copyright The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
ISSN: 00224499 print/1559-8519 onlineTaydor & Franc's Group
DOI: to. 1080/00224499.2013 821442
Do Alcohol and Marijuana Use Decrease the Probability of Condom Use for College Women?
Jennifer L. Walsh
Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine. The Miriatn Hospital; Deparnnent of Psychology and Huntan Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Broil'" UniversityRobyn L. Fielder
Centers for Behavioral and Preyentive Medicine, The Miriant Hospital; Deparnnent of Psychology, Syracuse University
Kate B. Carey
CenterJör Alcohol and Addiclion Studies and Deparlynent of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brost•n University
Michael P. Carey
Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miritnn Hospital; Deparnnent of
Psychology and Hunum Behavior, Alpert Medical School. Bron-n University,' Departntent of
Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brmcn University
Alcohol and nutrijuana use are thought to increase sexual risk taking, but event-level studies conflict in their findings and often depend on reports fro,tn a Iüniled ntunber ofpeople or on a lhniled nunlber of sexual events per person. Wilh event-level data fronj 1,856 sexual intercourse events provided bv 297 college Ji•onwn (M age 18 years; 71 0/0 JVhite), used nutltilevel modeling to exaniine associations beneeen alcohol and nmrijuanu use and condoni use as "'ell as interaction,f involving sexual partner type and alcohol-sexual risk expectancies. Controlling jor alternative contraception use, partner type, regular levels of substance use. bnpulsh'ity and sensation seeking, and demographics, tronten bl•ere no n:ore or less likely 10 use condonas• during events involving drinking or heavy episodic drinking than during those "'ithout drinking. Hcns•ever- fir drinking events, there n•as• a negative association between ntunber ofdrinks consanned and condoni use: in additiom tvonren "'ith stronger alcohol-sexual risk expectancies n•ere nutrginally less likely to use condun.f U'hen drinking, Although there no ntain eff&cl of marijuana use on condoni use. these data suggest njarijuana use trith established rontanlic partners 'nay increase risk ofunprotectedsex. Intervention efforts should target expectancies and enzphasi:e the dose-response relationship of drinks to condoni use.
CAREY, AND CAREY
EVENT-LEVEL SUBSTANCE USE AND CONDOM USE
146
Young people between the ages of 15 and 24 account for 500/0 of all new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (Wilson, Wright, Safrit, & Rudy, 2010) and are also at elevated risk for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC], 2009), Condom use is an important method for reducing the risk of STIs as well as unplanned pregnancy (CDC. 2010). However, most
This research was supported by grant awarded to Michael P, Carey from the National Institutes on Alc ...
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
Causal Argument Essay
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Causal Essay
- A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether delivering personalized social norms feedback via Facebook could reduce problematic alcohol use among university students.
- Students who screened positive for hazardous drinking were randomly assigned to a control group or intervention group that received messages with norms data and their own drinking behaviors.
- Results found the intervention group significantly reduced their monthly alcohol consumption and frequency at one and three month follow-ups compared to baseline and the control group.
- Perceptions of drinking norms also became significantly more accurate for the intervention group after receiving feedback.
Mehta, Alfonso, Delaney, & Ayotte_Associations between mixed gender friendshi...Clare Mehta
This study examined the relationships between mixed-gender friendships, gender identity, and substance use among college students. The researchers found that having more same-gender friends was associated with greater alcohol use for male students, but less alcohol and marijuana use for female students. A stronger gender identity was also linked to less marijuana use for both male and female students. For females, gender identity partially explained the link between same-gender friendships and lower marijuana use. The findings suggest that the gender of one's friends and one's gender identity both influence substance use during college.
This document outlines a proposed research study that aims to examine the relationship between childhood family environment and later drug addiction. The study would use a qualitative design with 200 participants recruited from drug rehabilitation centers and correctional facilities across 10 cities. Participants would complete an open-ended interview about their upbringing, which researchers would code into categories related to family influences, social influences, family relations, and other adversities. Data analysis would include reliability testing and a chi-square test to examine correlations between childhood experiences and drug addiction. Obtaining IRB approval would ensure ethical treatment of participants.
This research proposal aims to study whether binge drinking among underage members of fraternities at predominantly white institutions increases the risk of sexual assault and unexpected pregnancy. The researcher will survey fraternity members aged 18-20 at Old Dominion University, William & Mary University, and Christopher Newport University about their drinking and sexual behaviors. He will also interview a subsample. The surveys assess perceptions of drinking acceptability, sexual behaviors, and drinking behaviors. The researcher hopes to identify prevention programs that can reduce high-risk behaviors like binge drinking and sexual assault among fraternity members.
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
1) The document discusses theories for analyzing binge drinking among college students, including the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Bond Theory, and Social Norm Theory.
2) The Theory of Planned Behavior posits that drinking behaviors are influenced by attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control. Positive attitudes, social pressures, and a sense of ability to drink heavily can increase intentions to binge drink.
3) Social norms and peer influences are strong factors that can encourage binge drinking among college students according to these theories. Changing social perceptions of drinking may help reduce risky drinking behaviors.
- The document discusses theories for why college students engage in binge drinking, including the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Bond Theory. The Theory of Planned Behavior cites attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control as factors influencing intentions and behaviors. Social Bond Theory emphasizes the importance of social connections in preventing deviant behaviors like binge drinking.
- Key factors discussed include attitudes towards drinking, perceived social norms and pressure from peers, beliefs about control and consequences of drinking, and strength of commitment to school, family, and community. Students may overestimate peer drinking and feel pressure to conform to perceived social norms around alcohol use.
- The document discusses theories for why college students engage in binge drinking, including the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Bond Theory. The Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influencing intentions and behaviors. Social Bond Theory examines how social ties and bonds impact deviant behaviors like binge drinking.
- Key factors discussed are intrapersonal factors like beliefs and values, and interpersonal factors like social norms and perceptions of peer behaviors and attitudes towards drinking. Students may be influenced to binge drink due to perceptions of social acceptance and peer pressures.
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use AmongCollege Student-AthletesAbramMartino96
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use Among
College Student-Athletes∗
James N. Druckman, Northwestern University
Mauro Gilli, Northwestern University
Samara Klar, University of Arizona
Joshua Robison, Aahus University
Objective. Few issues in athletics today receive more attention than drug and alcohol usage, especially
when it comes to college athletics. We seek to address self-report biases related to drug usage and
heavy drinking. Methods. We employ an experimental measurement technique. Results. Our results
suggest that a greater percentage of student-athletes from a major conference knowingly engage in
these two behaviors than self-reports indicate. Specifically, we find 37 percent of respondents seem
to have taken banned performance-enhancing drugs (compared to 4.9 percent who directly admit
to doing so when asked), and 46 percent seem to have consumed more than five drinks in a week
(compared to about 3 percent who openly admit to doing so). Conclusions. We provide evidence for
the extent of self-underreporting when it comes to drug and alcohol usage among college athletes.
That said, future work is needed to accurately pinpoint specific substances and the frequency with
which they are taken; for example, it could be the percentage of individuals using banned substances
stems from consuming significant concentrations of caffeine (e.g., multiple cups of coffee).
Drug and alcohol use by college students is a frequently debated and often controversial
topic. This subject has received particular attention when it comes to student-athletes.
Evidence of the importance of assessing drug and alcohol usage among student-athletes
is exemplified by a 2012 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) report whose
“primary objective [was] to update NCAA policy makers with both current and historical
information concerning levels of drug and alcohol use by student-athletes within college
athletics” (2012: 4). In this article, we employ an experimental technique that allows us
to offer a more accurate assessment of usage than extant studies provide. We begin in the
next section with a literature review that leads us to an explication of our approach. We
then present results from our survey. Our evidence demonstrates that the commonly used
self-report method for estimating drug and alcohol use found in existing studies, including
in the aforementioned NCAA report, seem to understate usage.
The Challenge of Measuring Drug and Alcohol Usage
To our knowledge, there is surprisingly little written on drug use among college student-
athletes and, when it comes to student-athletes’ own input on this controversial issue,
∗Direct correspondence to James N. Druckman, Department of Political Science, Northwestern
University, Scott Hall, 601 University Place, Evanston, IL 60208 〈[email protected]〉. All
data and coding for replication purposes are available at James N. Druckman’s professional webpage
〈http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/�jnd260/publications. ...
This study examines college students' attitudes about marijuana use and its effects on academic and social performance. A survey of 80 students at California State University, Long Beach asked about their beliefs on how marijuana impacts areas like concentration, motivation, and social involvement. While over half of students agreed marijuana can help with relaxation and forgetting worries, most disagreed that it helps with focus or studying. Statistical tests found no significant differences in attitudes based on gender or class standing. The results suggest students see benefits to marijuana for socializing and stress relief, but recognize downsides for academic engagement and success.
Term Paper Assignment CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Assignment
CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods
9 Pages
Introduction
In the American Criminal Justice System, many young adults commit delinquency acts. In this paper, the goal of this research is to find out if the use of any controlled substance or any illegal drug incite male juveniles in high school delinquency. I hypothesize that if male juveniles that attend high school consume any controlled substances or illegal drug, then their crime commission or delinquency rates will increase. If male juveniles that attend high school commit crime or delinquency acts, and they do not consume controlled substances or illegal drugs, their crime rates will go down or remain the same.
Population of Interest
For this research, the population of interest will be male juveniles of American nationality who attend a public high school in Chicago, Illinois.
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis proposed to analyze for this research will be individuals. Individual students who get studied in a research can be less likely to be influenced by peers or any outside source.
Variables of Interest
Attributes of the variables are important in this research. The male juveniles chosen will be between the ages of 12 to 17. The ethnicity or race of the juveniles are not important to this research, because it is not quantitative. It might be important for a research that is looking to know how many juveniles from certain race commit delinquent acts, but in this research, the goal is to find out if the consumption of any controlled substance or illegal drug alter juvenile delinquency rates. A controlled substance is any substance or medication that people use to get high. An illegal drug, is any substance that cannot be used under a certain age, or that cannot be used at all in the United States. These definitions bring us to the meaning of juvenile delinquency, which is any deviant behavior or delinquent act that juveniles commit during the course of adolescence or at a certain age that is between twelve and seventeen. This definition relates to the questions in the survey that ask about the juvenile committing any delinquent acts or deviant behaviors. The independent variable in this research is the drug or illegal substance that the juvenile consumes before the commission of a delinquent act. The dependent variable is the delinquent act itself depending on the consumption of illegal drugs or controlled substances. It is the dependent variable because as we hypothesized, if the juvenile does not take drugs or if he does not use controlled substances then the delinquency rate will probably go down. The control variable is the situations that happen to the juvenile when he is outside of school. Problems at home, child abuse, child neglect, being a victim of bullying, parents that abuse illegal substances, parents or family members that abuse alcohol in front of the juvenile amongst other, are examples of what could be considered the control variab.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docx
Final_Paper_52616
1. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRATERNITY
MEMBERSHIP AND BINGE DRINKING
Dmitry Polonskiy
ECO 722
MAY 2016
2. Introduction
For a significant percentage of college students, joining a fraternity or sorority is seen as
an essential part of college life. In order to properly analyze college life, the 2001 Harvard
College Alcohol Study, or CAS for short, selected students from 120 colleges, across 40 states,
in order to achieve a sample that represented the nation. Internal to this study, the percentage of
students who answered that they belonged to a fraternity or sorority was 14.38%.
It should come as no surprise that fraternities, from this point forward the term
fraternities will encompass sororities as well, are most commonly associated with heavy alcohol
consumption (Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, & Castillo, 1995). Mass media often portray
fraternities as having raucous parties where alcohol is readily available to all students who
attend. There is a slew of illicit behaviors that tend to arise from heavy alcohol consumption,
some of which are drinking while driving and being involved in physical altercations. Roughly
33% of the sample responded that they had in fact driven after drinking, and 11% claimed that
they had been involved in a physical altercation due to alcohol consumption. While the
percentage of fraternity members engaging in these acts is less than non-fraternity members, this
can be attributed to this particular dataset being less rich than previous studies. When using all
four rounds of the CAS, from 1993-2001, the results show that a larger percentage of fraternity
members engage in these activities (DeSimone, 2007).
Looking at these issues from both a legal and health perspective, the illicit activities that
arise from heavy alcohol consumption, warrant intercession in fraternity functions that expose
students to alcohol. The case for these interventions is strengthened when it becomes clear that
63% of students claim that they are able to obtain alcohol at these fraternity functions without an
I.D.
3. There is however, a major caveat to the results obtained in this paper. Fraternity
membership is done willingly, where most of the students joining have a certain view about
alcohol (Wechsler, Kuh, & Davenport 2009). There is also a case to be made that heavy alcohol
consumption in college is not only facilitated by fraternity membership but by other external
factors (Weitzman, Nelson, & Wechsler 2003). That is why this experiment does not seek to
prove that fraternity membership necessarily results in binge drinking. This experiment instead
attempts to show if there is in fact any extra effect of being in a fraternity on the likelihood of
binge drinking.
In order to help relinquish some of the bias from the results I obtain, I am following the
framework that DeSimone (2007), presents in his NBER paper. The CAS is fortunate enough to
include a large collection of variables from which several proxies are readily available. Self-
selection into fraternities is controlled for by including a variety of normative variables, such as
parent’s approval of drinking and frequency of alcohol consumption in high school. External
factors which contribute to binge drinking are controlled for by including motives such as
drinking to forget your troubles and drinking as a reward for working hard (Jasinski & Ford
2007).
Ultimately, the results we obtain from our proxies do in fact reveal that the correlation we
predicted between fraternity members and drinking, is due to this self-selection bias. However,
even after all these proxies have been adjusted for, the results reveal that fraternity membership
has a statistically significant impact when it comes to observing heavy drinking patterns and the
potential illicit behaviors that arise as a result of these drinking patterns.
4. Literature Review
Much of the recent literature examining correlations between fraternity membership and
heavy alcohol consumption tends to favor the argument that fraternity membership does in fact
lead to increased binge drinking (Harford et al., 2002; Caron et al., 2004). However, many of
these studies fail to adjust properly for the potential bias that their results may exhibit, due to
both self-selection and social norms. For instance, Crawford & Novak (2007) who explicitly
controlled for social norms found that males were more likely to consume alcohol at a level,
which they perceived as normal from their peers. However, this effect is only intensified as
students typically perceive that their peers drink more heavily than them, causing them to
attempt to consume similar quantities (Prentice & Miller 1993). This ties to the notion that being
in fraternities does lead to binge drinking, as the peer pressure, and perceived alcohol
consumption faced by members is greater than that of non-members (Neighbors & Knee 2002).
However, in their analysis, Crawford & Novak (2007) do not account for the self-selection bias
into fraternities. There have been quite a few studies which explore this topic of self-selection
into fraternities, and the findings always yield the same results, heavy high school drinkers tend
to join fraternities as they promote the same behavior they are accustomed to (Borsari et al.
1999; Larimer et al. 2000). In a study which sought to control for this self-selection bias, it was
discovered that amongst students entering college as non-drinkers, 46.5% of the sample would
begin consuming college in alcohol (Lo & Globetti 1993). To examine the effects of self-
selection into fraternities by heavy drinkers, they examined the effect fraternities had on their
non-drinking sample of students. Their results found that if a student entered a fraternity or
sorority, and did not possess any friends who discouraged them from drinking, they were three
5. times as likely to start consuming alcohol as their counterparts who did not meet these two
criteria (Lo & Globetti 1993).
Most recently, an analysis on the 2001 CAS survey found that those who belong to a
fraternity or sorority have 114% greater odds to binge drink than those who are not affiliated
(Harris 2014). Unfortunately, this study exhibits a major flaw; it fails to account for social
norms and drinking motives. The only bias that Harris (2014) accounts for is the time-varying
proxy by including variables that correspond to drinking behaviors in high school. This study
aims to remedy this situation and build upon previous findings by attempting to minimize the
bias in the model.
The two papers, which this analysis most closely resembles, are that of Jasinski & Ford
(2007) and DeSimone (2007). Whilst, Jasinski & Ford (2007) examine the effects of sexual
preference on alcohol consumption, they use a rich set of vectors in order to control for social
norms, as well as prior drinking preferences. The key addition of DeSimone (2007) comes in the
form of introducing a proxy for time-varying preferences, which he encapsulates by using a
variable that specifies the amount of alcoholic drinks the student had in the month leading up to
the CAS questionnaire. His results were consistent with previous assumptions, that the effects of
fraternity membership on binge drinking were in fact upward biased. When this time-varying
variable was added to his regression, the effect of fraternity membership on binge drinking
decreased. However, as mentioned previously, the coefficient on fraternity participation is still
highly significant.
6. Data
The regressions this paper examines utilizes data from the 2001 CAS, which was
distributed to various schools throughout the nation, to only be completed by full-time students
currently en route to a four-year degree. The CAS was administered a total of four times,
spanning from 1993 to 2001, respectively. The selection process began with the selection of 195
schools that would receive the questionnaire in 1993, however only 140 of these schools agreed
to participate in 1993 (Wechsler et al. 2004). From this group of 140 schools, only 128 agreed to
the study in 1997 and 1999, with the number dropping to 119 in 2001 (DeSimone 2007). Of
these 119 schools in the 2001 CAS, 113 participated from the inception of the survey in 1993,
with six new schools joining to fill out the group (DeSimone 2007).
Each of the four rounds of the CAS followed a similar distribution. The questionnaires
were mailed out in February to students who met the criteria for the study. Students were
selected from the student registry, by selecting every ith student (DeSimone 2007). By June the
questionnaires had been returned with a completion rate of 69% (DeSimone 2007). The 2001
CAS finished with 10,904 completed questionnaires. From this sample size 115 respondents
were dropped since they did not answer the question pertaining to fraternity membership. This
left the sample size of respondents at 10,789, which was further trimmed down by an additional
6,108 respondents, due to missing responses of independent variables. The analysis therefore,
focuses on the remaining 4,681 students who answered all the relevant questions pertaining to
this analysis. I recognize that the sample size is smaller than previous studies conducted on the
CAS (Wechsler et al. 2009; Jasinski & Ford 2007; DeSimone 2007), therefore the issue of
validity of coefficients may arise. This problem is further exacerbated by the possibility of
7. endogeneity in this model, since there is a possibility of excluded variables affecting the impact
of fraternity membership on binge drinking.
The dependent variable of this study is binge, which is a dichotomous variable signifying
one, if the respondent has in fact binge drank in college. From this sample, 61.2% of respondents
claim they have binge drank in college. As mentioned previously, the independent variable we
are most interested in is fraternity membership. From this sample of students, 14.38% answered
that they belong to either a fraternity or sorority. When we encompass fraternity membership
with the variable binge drinking, the statistics show the stark difference of binge drinking levels
between those members and non-members. In our sample, 41% of non-members responded that
they do not binge drink, whereas only 25% of fraternity members responded in such a manner.
When it comes to the act of binge drinking, 59% of non-members responded that they engage in
such behavior, where as 75% of fraternity members responded that they binge drink. These
numbers are shown in Table 1. If we go a step further, by encompassing fraternity membership
and high school binge drinking with college binge drinking we are able to see the potential
influence a fraternity has on binge drinking. The percentage of fraternity members who binge
drink in college, but did not in high school, is 40.5%. Alternatively, the percentage of fraternity
members who both binge drink in high school and college is only 34.2%. These figures would
suggest, that joining a fraternity as a non-drinker increases your chances of becoming a binge
drinker in college. The numbers and relevant percentages calculated from these numbers are
shown in Table 2. When it comes to fraternities and binge drinking, illicit behaviors such as
unprotected sex, raise cause for concern, especially when previous studies have found that being
in a fraternity raises the probability of such behavior by 9.1% (DeSimone 2007). By going one
step further and encompassing fraternity membership and high school binge drinking with
8. college binge drinking and unprotected sex we observe a difference between members and non-
members. The percentage of fraternity members who have had unprotected sex two or more
times, and are both college and high school binge drinkers is half a percentage point greater than
those who are not. The previous analysis conducted by DeSimone (2007) found that this number
was five percentage points higher in fact, this can be attributed to his sample being significantly
larger than this one. A more recent study also found that fraternity housing residents were twice
as likely to engage in unprotected sex as those who did not live in fraternity housing (Wechsler
et al. 2009).
Empirical Strategy
In order to properly estimate the effect of fraternity membership on binge drinking I
derive a model which uses a logistic regression. My model takes the form of:
(1) Pr(di = 1| xi) = β0 + mβ1 + xiβ2 + γiβ3 + αiβ4 + µi.
In my model the letter m signifies fraternity membership, the i catalogs the respective student in
the sample, the β’s are the coefficients we are generating in order to find the best estimate of, the
letters x, γ, and α represent a column of vectors that control for various discrepancies and biases,
and lastly the µ simply represents our unseen error term. I have used the format that DeSimone
(2007) uses and thus the subscripts on the respective β’s will correspond to the columns in Table
5. By running three separate rounds of regressions, where an additional column of controls is
introduced, we are able to observe how the coefficient on m changes as it becomes less biased.
The first column of vectors, represented by the letter x, accounts for the controls in our
model, or the variables we assume to be exogenous to this regression. These variables in order
are, gender, race, age, whether the respondent lives off campus, if they are an athlete, if their
9. GPA is higher than a B+, if their mother’s highest education level is college, and how many
drinks they consumed in the past 30 days prior to the questionnaire. The variable gender is a
dichotomous variable where 1 represents that the respondent is a female. Race is accounted for
with the variables white and black, both of which are dichotomous, and where the number 1
signifies the variable is true. The variable that represents if they live off campus, if they are an
athlete, if their GPA is higher than B+, and if their mother finished college, are all dichotomous,
and follow the same format where the number 1 signifies that they are true. The last control
variable is how many drinks the respondent had in the 30 days leading up to filling out the
questionnaire. This variable is continuous variable starting from 1, which represents they had one
to two drinks, and ending at 6, which represents they had 40 or more drinks in the past 30 days.
The final category in this variable, which represents the upper echelon of heavy drinkers, only
describes .34% of the sample. The mean of this variable however, is 2.29, with a standard
deviation of 1.17. These statistics can be seen in Table 4 in greater depth.
The next column of vectors, represented by the letter γ, accounts for some of the motives,
that respondents expressed as reasons to drink. These variables in order are, drinking to forget
their troubles, drinking to feel comfortable around the opposite sex, drinking to help get work
done, drinking as a reward for hard work, drinking to relieve tension, drinking because it’s an
inexpensive activity, drinking because they are bored, drinking because everyone else around
them is drinking, drinking to celebrate, and drinking because they enjoy the taste of alcohol. All
of these variables were originally on a scale from 1, which represented the student found this
motive not important, to 4, represented that the student found this motive very important. I
recoded these variables by dropping all rows with missing answers, and combining the categories
of somewhat important, important, and very important into one category, represented by the
10. number 1 as being true. If any of these variables are equal to one our analysis treats the
respondent as viewing them as important. The variable associated with drinking to help get work
done had the lowest mean, at .03, with a standard deviation of .177. On the other hand, the
variable with the highest mean at .88, with a standard deviation of .31, was drinking to celebrate.
The final column of vectors, represented by the letter α, accounts for the social norms
and normative reasons that a respondent might choose to join a fraternity. These variables in
order are, if their parents drink, if their parents approve them drinking alcohol, on how many
occasions they drank in high school per month, their stance on drinking policies in their
respective school, how important it is to attend parties, if they feel having six drinks is an
acceptable amount, and if they binge drank in high school. The variables associated with, their
parents drinking, their parents approval of them drinking, if they find attending parties important,
if they feel having six drinks is an acceptable amount, and if they binge drank in high school are
all dichotomous and follow the same format as the other dichotomous variables in this analysis.
The variable associated with the amount of drinks they had in high school per month is a recode
of an ordinal variable which started from 1, which represented never drinking in high school, and
ending at 7, represented drinking on 40 or more occasions per month in high school. The new
variable starts at 1, representing having never drank in high school, and ending at 4, which
represents 20 or more occasions a month. The final variable in this column of vectors is their
views on the drinking policy at their respective school, which starts from 1, stating they agree
with the current policy, and ends at 4, meaning they don’t know the policy well enough to make
a decision. The two choices in the middle represent both, a more aggressive, and less aggressive
alcohol policy. The variable with the highest mean, at 1.92, with a standard deviation of .78, is
11. the one that represents on how many occasions a month they would drink. The mean of 1.92
corresponds to a student drinking between one and five times a month, on average.
The second part of this analysis estimates the effect of binge drinking and fraternity
membership on the probability of engaging in one of three illicit behaviors. For this portion I
have derived a multinomial model which takes the form of:
(2) zij = β0 + xiβj + γiβj + wiβj + µij.
In this model the letter z corresponds to one of three illicit behaviors we are analyzing, having
unprotected sex, getting injured as a result of intoxication, and getting in trouble with the police
as a result of intoxication. All three dependent variables range from 0, representing that the
responder has never been involved in such behavior, to 2, which represents that the responder
has been involved in such behavior two or more times. The subscript i, represents the respondent
in the sample, the subscript j represents one of the three possible choices from our dependent
variable, and as always µ represents the error term, which varies now both by i and j. As before,
the letter x, represents a column vector of controls, that are assumed to be exogenous, and the
letter γ, represents a column vector of motives, that respondents expressed as reasons to drink. In
addition to these two column vectors, I have also added a new column consisting of sexual
preference signified by the letter, w. This vector will be important when examining the
dependent variable associated with unprotected sex.
It is important to note, as mentioned before, that a weakness of this study is the presence
of endogeneity. A majority of the independent variables are associated with drinking behavior in
order to strip away bias from the coefficient on fraternity membership. However, it is highly
possible that this model suffers from endogeneity, as I performed an instrumental variable probit
regression in which I tested the notion that fraternity membership suffered from endogeneity.
12. The Wald test of exogeneity gave me a test statistic which was .078, so I could not reject the null
hypothesis that my model suffers from endogeneity. While at the 5% significance level this
hypothesis holds true, if I increased my estimates to the threshold of the 10% significance level,
then my model is revealed to suffer from endogeneity. Therefore, all results should not be taken
as a given.
Results
Tables 4 & 5 display the main results from both the logistic and multinomial regression
analysis’. As mentioned previously each of the columns in Table 4 corresponds to subscript for
each respective β that is associated with our proxy vectors. As the columns progress from left to
right, the next successive column of vectors is added in order to observe how the old variables
change when new variables are introduced. Therefore, Column 4 of Table 4 can be viewed as the
complete model as it contains all the explanatory variables used in this analysis. All marginal
effects from this model will be computed using the output from Column 4.
One of the first results we observe is that fraternity membership is significant across all
three columns. We also observe that the coefficient on fraternity membership decreases from
Column 2 to Column 4 by 9.73 percentage points. Ultimately, being a fraternity member
increases the likelihood that a college student engages in binge drinking. Another major group
that students are associated with are collegiate athletes. In my sample, collegiate athletes make
up 13.72% of the population, of which 17.13% also belong to a fraternity. The results reveal that
being a collegiate athlete increases the likelihood of binge drinking in college, with the
coefficient being significant across all three columns in Table 4. When it comes to race, white
students are more likely to binge drink than non-white students. This result is exemplified by the
coefficient on black, which is negative, showing that black students are less likely to binge drink
13. than non-black students. The two terms that help to control for time-varying preferences, binge
drinking in high school and the amount of drinks consumed in the past 30 days, have a strong
positive impact on the likelihood of binge drinking. Analysis results also reveal that students
with a GPA of B+ or higher are less likely to binge drink, which matches the results achieved by
Jasinski & Ford (2007) and Harris (2014).
To obtain a more accurate estimate of the impact that being in a fraternity has on the
likelihood of binge drinking, I have taken the derivative of the function with respect to fraternity
membership, over gender, assuming the respondent binge drank in high school. The derivative
also takes into account all the levels of alcohol consumption the respondent has had the past 30
days, starting from none, which is specified by left-most number in Column 1 of Table 6. The
right-most number in Column 1 of Table 6 corresponds to whether the derivative is treating the
respondent as a female, signified by 1, or a male, signified by 0. From this table we can see that
being a male fraternity member who binge drank in high school and had one to two drinks the
past 30 days, increases the likelihood of binge drinking by 9.25 percentage points, while being a
female with the same qualities increases the likelihood by 9.22 percentage points. The difference
is small enough that it does not warrant a distinction, and this pattern of effects being similar for
both men and women remains true throughout Table 6. The table also reveals that the likelihood
of binge drinking given these characteristics decreases as the amount of drinks consumed over
the past 30 days increases. For example, being a male who has consumed 40 or more drinks in
the past 30 days only increases the likelihood of binge drinking by .68 percentage points. Table 7
evaluates the same marginal effects, but of a fraternity member who did not binge drink in high
school. This method is used to see the potential persuasion power a fraternity has on the
likelihood of a fraternity member drinking. A male who has consumed one or two drinks in the
14. past 30 days is 9.17 percentage points more likely to binge drink. This effect seems to be smaller
than the effect observed from Table 6. The main difference however is the intensity at which the
marginal effects decrease. The effects in Table 7 decrease at a slower pace than Table 6 and this
is evidenced when looking at a person who drank in the past 30 days at an intensity of 2 (if you’ll
recall, drinking in the past 30 days is a variable on a scale from 1 to 6, where amount of drinks
increases as the variable increases), as this effect is larger than in Table 6. Every effect thereafter
follows the same pattern of being greater than the effect in Table 6. For example, being a male
who has consumed 40 or more drinks in the past 30 days but did not binge drink in high school
increases your likelihood of binge drinking in college by 1.31 percentage points. This effect is
almost 100% larger than the effect we observe in Table 6.
The second part of the analysis is directed at the three multinomial regressions, from
which the results can be seen in Table 5. From this table we are able to see that being a fraternity
member and engaging in binge drinking behavior leads to a higher chance of having unprotected
sex two or more times, getting injured while drunk, and having at least one run-in with the
police. An interesting result of this analysis, is that of living off-campus. A student who lives on
campus is more likely to have unprotected sex at least once, compared to a student who lives on-
campus. However, a student who lives off-campus is less likely to get injured while drunk or
have altercations with the police. Specific to the model analyzing effects on unprotected sex, we
observe that identifying as bisexual increases the likelihood of having unprotected sex two or
more times. The results also reveal, that being a female decreases the likelihood of getting in
trouble with the police, while race does not appear to have much significance when it comes to
being involved in these illicit behaviors.
15. When it comes to marginal effects, being a bisexual increases the likelihood of having
unprotected sex by 3.59 percentage points. These results can be seen in Table 8. To evaluate the
effect of being a fraternity member on unprotected sex, we take the derivative of the function
with respect to living off-campus, since most fraternity houses are not located on campus. The
results in Table 8 show that living off-campus and being a fraternity member who binge drinks,
increases the probability of having unprotected sex at least once by 2.99 percentage points. To
examine the results of being injured two times or more while drunk, once again I take the
derivative with respect to living off campus and indicate both fraternity membership and binge
drinking as being true. Surprisingly the effects reveal that fraternity members who binge drink
and live off campus are 2.27 percentage points less likely to get injured while drunk. If we regard
as living off campus as a constant and simply see the effect of binge drinking and being a
fraternity member on the likelihood of getting hurt two or more times while drunk, we find that
this likelihood is increased by 4.10 percentage points. This result may appear trivial since getting
hurt while being drunk requires a person to be drunk, which is a side effect of binge drinking,
however, when we derive this same marginal effect for a non-member we find that their
likelihood of getting hurt two or more times while drunk is 2.77, which is significantly lower
than that of a fraternity member. The final multinomial model of police altercations
unfortunately does not reveal much predictive power of fraternity membership, so this model
will be left, to be revisited and revised at a future time.
Conclusion
The results this analysis has shown, indicate that fraternity membership, is in fact
correlated with binge drinking. As mentioned previously, the model potentially suffers from
endogeneity, thus I can not claim that the relationship between the two variables is causal. The
16. variable associated with fraternity membership remained significant throughout the model, even
as social norms, motives, and time-varying variables were added to account for potential bias.
Final results also showed that fraternity membership had an effect on committing several illicit
behaviors. Possible model revisions using instrumental variables, clustering on a school and/or
state level, and adding more proxies may help to estimate more accurate effects of fraternity
membership on binge drinking, however, this is best left for another time.
17. Table 1
Table 2
Binge in High School and Fraternity Member
Binge in ---No Binge in HS -------------- Yes Binge in HS---
College No Yes Total No Yes Total
No 1,347 147 1,494 299 23 322
Yes 1,296 273 1,569 1,066 230 1,296
Relevant Percentages from Table 2
Fraternity Member Binge in College Total Percentages
Binge in College
No Yes No Yes
No 1,646 2,362 4,008 41% 59%
Yes 170 503 673 25.3% 74.7%
Total 1,816 2,865 4,681
Percent who binge drink and are Percent who binge drink and are
fraternity members and not high school fraternity members and high school
binge drinkers binge drinkers
40.5% 34.2%
Percent who don’t binge drink and are Percent who don’t binge drink and are
fraternity members and not high school fraternity members and high school
binge drinkers binge drinkers
21.8% 3.5%
18. Table 3
Unsafe Binge in High School and Fraternity Member
Sex and
Binge in --- No Binge in HS ------- Yes Binge in HS ---
College No Yes Total No Yes Total
No Sex
No 1,301 143 1,444 285 20 305
Yes 1,163 241 1,404 904 193 1,097
1 Time
No 33 2 35 7 2 9
Yes 69 18 87 82 20 102
2 or More
No 13 2 15 7 1 8
Yes 64 14 78 80 17 97
Relevant Percentages from Table 3
Percentage who binge drink and are Percentage who binge drink and are not
fraternity members and are not high fraternity members and are not high
school binge drinkers who have had school binge drinkers who have had
unprotected sex two or more times unprotected sex two or more times
2.1% 1.6%
Percentage who binge drink and are Percentage who binge drink and are not
fraternity members and are high fraternity members and are high school
school binge drinkers who have had binge drinkers who have had
unprotected sex two or more times unprotected sex two or more times
2.5% 2.0%
19. Table 4
(2) (3) (4)
VARIABLES Binge
Controls
Binge
Motives
Binge Social
Norms
Frat Member 0.493*** 0.505*** 0.445***
(0.109) (0.111) (0.116)
Female 0.0754 0.123 0.197**
(0.0784) (0.0819) (0.0856)
White 0.475*** 0.457*** 0.383***
(0.0983) (0.101) (0.104)
Black -0.425** -0.523*** -0.420**
(0.181) (0.188) (0.190)
Age -0.174*** -0.132*** -0.0602***
(0.0205) (0.0213) (0.0229)
Live Off Campus -0.0233 -0.0297 -0.0887
(0.0812) (0.0839) (0.0892)
Athlete 0.369*** 0.383*** 0.297***
(0.108) (0.111) (0.114)
GPA > B+ -0.220*** -0.212*** -0.173**
(0.0727) (0.0749) (0.0775)
Mother College -0.196*** -0.202*** -0.174**
(0.0732) (0.0752) (0.0783)
HS Binge 0.714***
(0.0997)
Drink 30 Days 1.121*** 0.942*** 0.855***
(0.0404) (0.0425) (0.0440)
Forget Troubles 0.282*** 0.246***
(0.0892) (0.0919)
Opposite Sex 0.334*** 0.289***
(0.102) (0.105)
Help Work -0.0829 0.0442
(0.231) (0.234)
Hard Work 0.316*** 0.248***
(0.0795) (0.0822)
Relieve Tension 0.0722 0.0575
(0.0945) (0.0978)
Cheap Activity 0.465*** 0.410***
(0.122) (0.125)
Drink When Bored 0.531*** 0.385***
(0.0999) (0.103)
Everybody Drinking 0.168* 0.167*
(0.0958) (0.0988)
Drink to Celebrate 0.509*** 0.316**
(0.121) (0.126)
20. Like the Taste 0.0282 0.0132
(0.0848) (0.0880)
Parent’s Drink -0.141*
(0.0854)
Parent’s Approve 0.146
(0.0899)
HS 1-5 Occasions 0.314***
(0.0885)
HS 6-19 Occasions 0.358**
(0.144)
HS 20+ Occasions 0.0764
(0.237)
More Policy -0.302**
(0.120)
Less Policy 0.0260
(0.0984)
Don’t Know Policy -0.0336
(0.110)
Party Important 0.791***
(0.0957)
Six Drinks OK 0.412***
(0.0933)
Constant 1.452*** -0.0878 -2.358***
(0.430) (0.461) (0.529)
Observations 4,681 4,681 4,681
Standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
21. Table 5
Had
Unprotected
Sex Once
Had
Unprotected
Sex Two or
More Times
Injured
While
Drunk Once
Injured
While
Drunk Two
or More
Times
Police
Run-In
Once
Police
Run-In Two
or More
Times
VARIABLES
Frat Member#Binge Drink
No#Yes 0.562*** 0.868*** 0.683*** 1.312*** 0.497* 1.336
(0.207) (0.268) (0.184) (0.388) (0.262) (1.066)
Yes#No 0.142 0.641 -0.0718 -0.0798 0.622 2.686*
(0.537) (0.633) (0.486) (1.075) (0.557) (1.444)
Yes#Yes 0.776*** 0.769** 0.487** 1.581*** 0.655** 0.955
(0.264) (0.329) (0.236) (0.420) (0.311) (1.167)
Female 0.0108 0.00822 0.123 0.266 -0.500*** -1.066***
(0.154) (0.167) (0.129) (0.183) (0.163) (0.402)
White -0.475** -0.170 0.111 0.321 0.177 -0.381
(0.193) (0.234) (0.186) (0.303) (0.256) (0.522)
Black 0.597* 0.359 -0.419 -0.0848 -0.950 -13.90
(0.305) (0.415) (0.430) (0.665) (0.756) (999.4)
Age -0.0922** 0.0642 -0.188*** -0.188*** -0.138** -0.269*
(0.0441) (0.0474) (0.0408) (0.0601) (0.0548) (0.145)
Live Off Campus 0.502*** 0.0186 -0.167 -0.510*** -0.582*** -1.105**
(0.165) (0.183) (0.133) (0.191) (0.182) (0.466)
Athlete 0.00620 -0.401* 0.325** 0.0635 0.155 0.692*
(0.194) (0.242) (0.149) (0.217) (0.195) (0.396)
GPA -0.235* -0.577*** 0.0680 -0.138 -0.314** -0.429
(0.141) (0.157) (0.118) (0.165) (0.156) (0.374)
Mother College 0.0266 -0.0567 -0.0320 -0.0140 0.124 -0.0869
(0.142) (0.156) (0.117) (0.163) (0.154) (0.365)
HS Binge 0.247 0.0606 0.220 0.211 0.582*** -0.213
(0.168) (0.179) (0.138) (0.200) (0.188) (0.416)
Drinks Past 30 Days 0.200*** 0.469*** 0.271*** 0.517*** 0.274*** 0.306
(0.0696) (0.0749) (0.0588) (0.0838) (0.0777) (0.188)
Forget Troubles 0.0809 0.331** 0.326*** 0.178 0.0988 0.00133
(0.152) (0.164) (0.125) (0.172) (0.171) (0.386)
Opposite Sex 0.376** 0.243 0.251* 0.219 0.0529 0.369
(0.158) (0.172) (0.131) (0.179) (0.175) (0.395)
Help Work 0.535* 0.00760 -0.215 -0.0697 0.0746 0.608
(0.284) (0.334) (0.299) (0.370) (0.362) (0.591)
Reward for Hard Work 0.279* 0.139 0.0560 0.393* 0.0243 0.499
(0.168) (0.189) (0.137) (0.213) (0.187) (0.498)
Relieve Tension 0.175 0.187 -0.118 0.281 -0.366 -0.0225
(0.224) (0.273) (0.182) (0.302) (0.224) (0.658)
Cheap Activity 0.362** 0.338* 0.372*** 0.171 0.187 -0.0498
24. Table 8
Delta
Method
Marginal
Effect
Standard
Error
z P>z [95% Confidence
Interval]
Bisexual .0358729 .0180783 1.98 0.047 .0004401 .0713058
Live Off
Campus
.0289396 .0103845 2.79 0.005 .0085864 .0492927
Getting
Injured and
Living Off
Campus
-.0227073 .0089979 -2.52 0.012 -.0403428 -.0050719
Binge
Drinking
Member
Getting Hurt
.0409555 .0145498 2.81 0.005 .0124384 .0694727
Binge
Drinking Non-
Member
Getting Hurt
.0277459 .0060342 4.60 0.000 .015919 .0395727
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