Organizational Structure of a News PaperAditya Shukla
This document provides an overview of the organizational structure of a typical newspaper. It outlines the main departments including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, accounting, stores, IT, and internet departments. The editorial department is responsible for collecting, selecting, editing and interpreting news. The advertising department handles advertising sales and publications. The circulation department sells and distributes the newspaper. The printing department manages printing processes. Other departments focus on administration, accounting, supplies, technology, and online presence. Larger newspapers may have additional departments for legal, personnel, and public relations functions.
This document provides information on various news agencies operating in Pakistan and around the world. It discusses national news agencies in Pakistan such as APP, PPI, INP, Sabah, NNI, ANN, OINN, PPA, UPP, and Sharp Eye. It also mentions some international/regional news agencies like PTI in India, WAM in UAE, BERNAMA in Malaysia, Xinhua in China, TASS and Sputnik in Russia, and IRNA in Iran. The document provides details on the founding, operations, and services of these different news agencies.
This document outlines the different departments within a newspaper organization. There are 7 main departments: Editorial, Advertising, Circulation, Printing, Administrative, Accounting, and Stores. The Editorial department is responsible for gathering news, editing stories, and overseeing different sections. The Advertising department generates revenue by selling ads. The Circulation department distributes the newspaper through retailers and subscribers. The Printing department compiles the content and prints millions of copies for distribution. The Administrative department handles staffing, training, and records. The Accounting department manages finances, budgets, and tracks revenue and expenses. The Stores department maintains inventory of raw materials and finished newspapers.
This document summarizes the organizational structure of newspapers in Pakistan. It describes the main departments that make up a newspaper organization, including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, stores, and IT. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, selecting, and editing news content. The advertising department works with advertisers to sell ad space. The circulation department handles distribution. The printing department manages printing processes. The administrative department oversees general operations. The stores department stores materials. And the IT department maintains technical equipment.
After early experiments with recording sound, radio broadcasting began to develop in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key milestones included Marconi sending the first radio signal over 2 miles in 1896, the first radio broadcast occurring on Christmas Eve 1906, and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 with its radio beacon. In India, amateur radio clubs conducted early broadcasts in the 1920s, leading to the formation of All India Radio in 1936 under British rule. AIR played a key role in the independence movement and post-independence nation-building. Through the 20th century, AIR expanded its network across India and introduced new programming.
Organizational Structure of TelevisionLaiba Yaseen
Television was first introduced in Pakistan in 1964 with the launch of the first official television station in Lahore. By the 1970s, additional stations were established in major cities to form the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) network. In the late 1980s and 1990s, PTV expanded to include additional channels and launched satellite broadcasting services to reach audiences abroad. A television station has several departments, including general management, news, engineering, sales/advertising, and production, each with specific roles in operating and programming the station.
This document provides information on various national and international news agencies. It discusses the major news agencies of Pakistan such as ANN, NNI, SABAH, INP, PPI, ONLINE NEWS AGENCY, APP, UPP, and PPA. It also briefly describes some of the largest international news agencies like AFP, Reuters, and AP. Additionally, it summarizes key national news agencies from other countries including WAM (UAE), Xinhua (China), ITAR-TASS (Russia), IRNA (Iran), SANA (Syria), BARNAMA (Malaysia), PTI (India), KYODO (Japan), and SPUTNIK (Russia). The document
Organizational Structure of a News PaperAditya Shukla
This document provides an overview of the organizational structure of a typical newspaper. It outlines the main departments including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, accounting, stores, IT, and internet departments. The editorial department is responsible for collecting, selecting, editing and interpreting news. The advertising department handles advertising sales and publications. The circulation department sells and distributes the newspaper. The printing department manages printing processes. Other departments focus on administration, accounting, supplies, technology, and online presence. Larger newspapers may have additional departments for legal, personnel, and public relations functions.
This document provides information on various news agencies operating in Pakistan and around the world. It discusses national news agencies in Pakistan such as APP, PPI, INP, Sabah, NNI, ANN, OINN, PPA, UPP, and Sharp Eye. It also mentions some international/regional news agencies like PTI in India, WAM in UAE, BERNAMA in Malaysia, Xinhua in China, TASS and Sputnik in Russia, and IRNA in Iran. The document provides details on the founding, operations, and services of these different news agencies.
This document outlines the different departments within a newspaper organization. There are 7 main departments: Editorial, Advertising, Circulation, Printing, Administrative, Accounting, and Stores. The Editorial department is responsible for gathering news, editing stories, and overseeing different sections. The Advertising department generates revenue by selling ads. The Circulation department distributes the newspaper through retailers and subscribers. The Printing department compiles the content and prints millions of copies for distribution. The Administrative department handles staffing, training, and records. The Accounting department manages finances, budgets, and tracks revenue and expenses. The Stores department maintains inventory of raw materials and finished newspapers.
This document summarizes the organizational structure of newspapers in Pakistan. It describes the main departments that make up a newspaper organization, including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, stores, and IT. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, selecting, and editing news content. The advertising department works with advertisers to sell ad space. The circulation department handles distribution. The printing department manages printing processes. The administrative department oversees general operations. The stores department stores materials. And the IT department maintains technical equipment.
After early experiments with recording sound, radio broadcasting began to develop in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key milestones included Marconi sending the first radio signal over 2 miles in 1896, the first radio broadcast occurring on Christmas Eve 1906, and the launch of Sputnik in 1957 with its radio beacon. In India, amateur radio clubs conducted early broadcasts in the 1920s, leading to the formation of All India Radio in 1936 under British rule. AIR played a key role in the independence movement and post-independence nation-building. Through the 20th century, AIR expanded its network across India and introduced new programming.
Organizational Structure of TelevisionLaiba Yaseen
Television was first introduced in Pakistan in 1964 with the launch of the first official television station in Lahore. By the 1970s, additional stations were established in major cities to form the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) network. In the late 1980s and 1990s, PTV expanded to include additional channels and launched satellite broadcasting services to reach audiences abroad. A television station has several departments, including general management, news, engineering, sales/advertising, and production, each with specific roles in operating and programming the station.
This document provides information on various national and international news agencies. It discusses the major news agencies of Pakistan such as ANN, NNI, SABAH, INP, PPI, ONLINE NEWS AGENCY, APP, UPP, and PPA. It also briefly describes some of the largest international news agencies like AFP, Reuters, and AP. Additionally, it summarizes key national news agencies from other countries including WAM (UAE), Xinhua (China), ITAR-TASS (Russia), IRNA (Iran), SANA (Syria), BARNAMA (Malaysia), PTI (India), KYODO (Japan), and SPUTNIK (Russia). The document
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
The document discusses the history and types of journalism. It begins with defining journalism as the work of collecting, writing, and publishing news across various media like newspapers, magazines, blogs, social media, radio and television. The summary then discusses how the earliest known journalistic product was circulated in ancient Rome and the first English newspaper was published in 1665. It also outlines the main types of journalism like advocacy, investigative, yellow, broadcast and tabloid journalism.
The document provides an overview of major press and media acts in India throughout history, beginning with the Censorship of Press Act of 1799 enacted by Lord Wellesley and continuing through various acts imposed during British rule and after independence. Some of the key acts discussed include the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, the Indian Press Act of 1910, the Press (Objectionable Matter) Act of 1951, and the Cinematograph Act of 1952. The document traces the evolution of media laws in India and their role in regulating the press and other media.
The document provides information on major international and Indian news agencies, including their founding dates, locations, services offered, and notable achievements. The Associated Press (AP) is one of the largest news agencies worldwide, founded in 1848 and serving over 1 billion people daily through over 1,700 newspapers and 5,000 radio/TV outlets. Agence France-Presse (AFP) was founded in 1835 and has bureaus in 165 countries. Reuters was founded in 1851 and is the largest international multimedia news agency with over 197 bureaus in 130 countries. Within India, key agencies include Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of India (UNI), and Indo Asian News Service (IANS).
The document discusses various national news agencies of Pakistan and other countries. It provides details on 8 major national news agencies of Pakistan - Associated Press of Pakistan (APP), Pakistan Press International (PPI), Independent News Pakistan (INP), South Asian Broadcasting Agency (SABAH), News Network International (NNI), Asia News Network (ANN), Online International News Network (OINN), and Associated Press Service (APS). It also briefly describes 10 prominent national news agencies from other countries such as PTI from India, WAM from UAE, Bernama from Malaysia, Xinhua from China, UPI from US, Sputnik from Russia, IRNA from Iran, SANA from Syria, SPA from Saudi Arabia,
The Indian radio industry evolved from the Radio Club of Bombay in 1923 to becoming All India Radio in 1936 under government control. Private FM stations were introduced in 1999 and have since grown, with phases 2 and 3 expanding FM coverage across India. Key events included the establishment of the Indian Broadcasting Company in 1926, taking over by the government in 1930 to form the Indian State Broadcasting Service, and transition to Prasar Bharati Corporation in 1997.
The Press Council of India is a statutory body that governs print and broadcast media in India to ensure freedom of speech. It was established in 1966 and can warn or censure journalists for ethics violations. It has 28 members including editors, journalists, management, and nominees from Parliament and fields like education. The Council handles complaints against and by the press, investigates issues like press freedom and media standards, and can direct authorities to ensure journalists' security. In one case, it recommended police protect a journalist receiving threats after publishing critical reports until the related criminal case was resolved.
Role of newspaper in indian freedom movementAmal Jith
The document summarizes the important role newspapers played in the Indian independence movement. It discusses how newspapers in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, led by nationalistic journalists, helped propagate nationalist ideology, educate the public, and mobilize opposition to British rule. The British government, seeing newspapers as a threat, imposed restrictions through acts like the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 to curb their criticism of colonial policies. Overall, the document emphasizes how the nationalist press was a chief instrument in developing Indian consciousness and consolidating the freedom struggle against the British.
Media Conglomerates of Pakistan (Express and Dunya)Rukhshan Mir
In this presentation you will get the complete information about known Media giants of Pakistan : there publications, broadcast station and each and everything about their programs, columnists, and talk shows. If I lack something to mention please touch me on twitter @rukhshanmeerpk
The First Press Commission of India was constituted in 1952 to examine the state of the press after independence and make recommendations. It was chaired by Justice G. S. Rajadhyaksha. The Commission found that some press was engaging in yellow journalism, personal attacks, and bias. It recommended establishing a Press Council to protect press freedom and standards. The Commission also recommended registering newspapers, introducing pricing rules, setting up a Press Consultative Committee, and establishing organizations to support newspapers financially. Many recommendations, such as the Press Council, were subsequently implemented.
The document summarizes the structure and organization of a newspaper. It outlines the main departments including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, stores, and IT. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, interpreting, and selecting news stories. It is assisted by editors, correspondents, photographers, and writers. The advertising and circulation departments generate revenue and distribute the newspaper. The printing department compiles the content and prints the physical copies. Other departments include administration, stores, personnel, legal, and accounting.
The document discusses the history of broadcasting in India, beginning with the earliest radio transmissions in the 1920s and the establishment of All India Radio in 1941. It details the expansion of radio stations and programming over subsequent decades and five-year plans, as well as periods of political influence and demands for autonomy. Key events include the introduction of television in the 1950s, the establishment of Prasar Bharati in 1997 which granted autonomy to All India Radio and Doordarshan.
This document provides an overview of changes in satellite and cable television technologies in India, including Cable TV, DTH, CAS, HITS, IPTV, and satellite television. It discusses how each technology works and its penetration and key players in India. Some key points are that Cable TV transmits signals through cables instead of air, DTH provides direct transmission to homes via satellite, CAS uses encryption to transmit paid channels, HITS is a satellite multiplex service for cable companies, and IPTV delivers TV over broadband internet. Market shares and pricing models of major DTH players are also presented.
This document discusses and compares public and private broadcasting. Public broadcasting is owned and financed by the public through license fees, and aims to educate, inform and entertain the public. It promotes universal access to education and culture. Private broadcasting is commercially owned and financed through advertising revenue, providing an alternative to public broadcasters. In India, Prasar Bharati is the public broadcaster while private FM stations began in the 1990s. While both have benefits, there is room for both types of broadcasters.
Broadcasting was expected to contribute to national integration and development in India, but the government was reluctant to invest in television due to financial constraints. Television was introduced experimentally in 1959 to prove its value for development, initially airing just a few hours per week with educational and social programming. The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment from 1975-1976 marked the beginning of innovative educational television programs via satellite and helped establish Doordarshan as the national public broadcaster.
Print media is one of the oldest forms of mass communication and includes newspapers, magazines, and other printed journals. Newspapers collect, edit, and print news reports and articles to provide information to readers. In ancient Rome and China, early forms of newspapers like announcements and gazettes were produced, and the printing press was later invented in the 15th century, advancing print media. In India, the print media industry is very large with over 100 million copies sold daily. Newspapers serve important functions like informing society, promoting social change, and supporting democracy. While print media has positive impacts, it also faces challenges like low literacy rates and an inability to provide live updates.
The document provides information on various Pakistani news channels, including their launch dates, ownership, slogans, languages, and broadcast areas. It lists the top 15 Pakistani news channels such as PTV, ARY Digital, Geo News, Aaj News, and Dunya News. Details are given on each channel such as when it launched, who owns it, and where it broadcasts.
The document discusses the organizational structures of prominent media houses. It provides details on the structure of NDTV media, including its executive leadership and channels. Eastern Media is also discussed, outlining its director, public relations officer, marketing head, and radio hosts. The structure of a print media house is mentioned briefly. Key sectors of the Sambad media house in Odisha are also outlined, including its corporate office location.
The document summarizes a panel discussion held by the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB) on disaster risk reduction and community radio. Over 135 representatives from community radio stations across Nepal attended. The objective was to sensitize stations on DRR issues so they can effectively address them. A panel of experts presented on the status of disasters in Nepal, community-level DRR initiatives, and how media can contribute to DRR. Participants discussed how community radios and organizations like DPNet and Red Cross can collaborate more on DRR. Examples were shared of radios informing communities during disasters and helping victims, and calls were made to replicate such initiatives for greater impact. The discussion aimed to help community radio stations strategize
Radio Mattoli is a community radio station located in Wayanad, Kerala that was launched in 2009. It aims to give voice to marginalized communities in the region like farmers, tribespeople, women, and children. The document discusses Radio Mattoli's objectives of promoting development and positive social change. It provides details about the station's staffing, programming, coverage area, and initiatives to engage the local community. Radio Mattoli also summarizes some of its social interventions like helping secure ration cards for tribal people and highlighting innovative farmers.
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
The document discusses the history and types of journalism. It begins with defining journalism as the work of collecting, writing, and publishing news across various media like newspapers, magazines, blogs, social media, radio and television. The summary then discusses how the earliest known journalistic product was circulated in ancient Rome and the first English newspaper was published in 1665. It also outlines the main types of journalism like advocacy, investigative, yellow, broadcast and tabloid journalism.
The document provides an overview of major press and media acts in India throughout history, beginning with the Censorship of Press Act of 1799 enacted by Lord Wellesley and continuing through various acts imposed during British rule and after independence. Some of the key acts discussed include the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, the Indian Press Act of 1910, the Press (Objectionable Matter) Act of 1951, and the Cinematograph Act of 1952. The document traces the evolution of media laws in India and their role in regulating the press and other media.
The document provides information on major international and Indian news agencies, including their founding dates, locations, services offered, and notable achievements. The Associated Press (AP) is one of the largest news agencies worldwide, founded in 1848 and serving over 1 billion people daily through over 1,700 newspapers and 5,000 radio/TV outlets. Agence France-Presse (AFP) was founded in 1835 and has bureaus in 165 countries. Reuters was founded in 1851 and is the largest international multimedia news agency with over 197 bureaus in 130 countries. Within India, key agencies include Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of India (UNI), and Indo Asian News Service (IANS).
The document discusses various national news agencies of Pakistan and other countries. It provides details on 8 major national news agencies of Pakistan - Associated Press of Pakistan (APP), Pakistan Press International (PPI), Independent News Pakistan (INP), South Asian Broadcasting Agency (SABAH), News Network International (NNI), Asia News Network (ANN), Online International News Network (OINN), and Associated Press Service (APS). It also briefly describes 10 prominent national news agencies from other countries such as PTI from India, WAM from UAE, Bernama from Malaysia, Xinhua from China, UPI from US, Sputnik from Russia, IRNA from Iran, SANA from Syria, SPA from Saudi Arabia,
The Indian radio industry evolved from the Radio Club of Bombay in 1923 to becoming All India Radio in 1936 under government control. Private FM stations were introduced in 1999 and have since grown, with phases 2 and 3 expanding FM coverage across India. Key events included the establishment of the Indian Broadcasting Company in 1926, taking over by the government in 1930 to form the Indian State Broadcasting Service, and transition to Prasar Bharati Corporation in 1997.
The Press Council of India is a statutory body that governs print and broadcast media in India to ensure freedom of speech. It was established in 1966 and can warn or censure journalists for ethics violations. It has 28 members including editors, journalists, management, and nominees from Parliament and fields like education. The Council handles complaints against and by the press, investigates issues like press freedom and media standards, and can direct authorities to ensure journalists' security. In one case, it recommended police protect a journalist receiving threats after publishing critical reports until the related criminal case was resolved.
Role of newspaper in indian freedom movementAmal Jith
The document summarizes the important role newspapers played in the Indian independence movement. It discusses how newspapers in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, led by nationalistic journalists, helped propagate nationalist ideology, educate the public, and mobilize opposition to British rule. The British government, seeing newspapers as a threat, imposed restrictions through acts like the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 to curb their criticism of colonial policies. Overall, the document emphasizes how the nationalist press was a chief instrument in developing Indian consciousness and consolidating the freedom struggle against the British.
Media Conglomerates of Pakistan (Express and Dunya)Rukhshan Mir
In this presentation you will get the complete information about known Media giants of Pakistan : there publications, broadcast station and each and everything about their programs, columnists, and talk shows. If I lack something to mention please touch me on twitter @rukhshanmeerpk
The First Press Commission of India was constituted in 1952 to examine the state of the press after independence and make recommendations. It was chaired by Justice G. S. Rajadhyaksha. The Commission found that some press was engaging in yellow journalism, personal attacks, and bias. It recommended establishing a Press Council to protect press freedom and standards. The Commission also recommended registering newspapers, introducing pricing rules, setting up a Press Consultative Committee, and establishing organizations to support newspapers financially. Many recommendations, such as the Press Council, were subsequently implemented.
The document summarizes the structure and organization of a newspaper. It outlines the main departments including editorial, advertising, circulation, printing, administrative, stores, and IT. The editorial department is responsible for gathering, interpreting, and selecting news stories. It is assisted by editors, correspondents, photographers, and writers. The advertising and circulation departments generate revenue and distribute the newspaper. The printing department compiles the content and prints the physical copies. Other departments include administration, stores, personnel, legal, and accounting.
The document discusses the history of broadcasting in India, beginning with the earliest radio transmissions in the 1920s and the establishment of All India Radio in 1941. It details the expansion of radio stations and programming over subsequent decades and five-year plans, as well as periods of political influence and demands for autonomy. Key events include the introduction of television in the 1950s, the establishment of Prasar Bharati in 1997 which granted autonomy to All India Radio and Doordarshan.
This document provides an overview of changes in satellite and cable television technologies in India, including Cable TV, DTH, CAS, HITS, IPTV, and satellite television. It discusses how each technology works and its penetration and key players in India. Some key points are that Cable TV transmits signals through cables instead of air, DTH provides direct transmission to homes via satellite, CAS uses encryption to transmit paid channels, HITS is a satellite multiplex service for cable companies, and IPTV delivers TV over broadband internet. Market shares and pricing models of major DTH players are also presented.
This document discusses and compares public and private broadcasting. Public broadcasting is owned and financed by the public through license fees, and aims to educate, inform and entertain the public. It promotes universal access to education and culture. Private broadcasting is commercially owned and financed through advertising revenue, providing an alternative to public broadcasters. In India, Prasar Bharati is the public broadcaster while private FM stations began in the 1990s. While both have benefits, there is room for both types of broadcasters.
Broadcasting was expected to contribute to national integration and development in India, but the government was reluctant to invest in television due to financial constraints. Television was introduced experimentally in 1959 to prove its value for development, initially airing just a few hours per week with educational and social programming. The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment from 1975-1976 marked the beginning of innovative educational television programs via satellite and helped establish Doordarshan as the national public broadcaster.
Print media is one of the oldest forms of mass communication and includes newspapers, magazines, and other printed journals. Newspapers collect, edit, and print news reports and articles to provide information to readers. In ancient Rome and China, early forms of newspapers like announcements and gazettes were produced, and the printing press was later invented in the 15th century, advancing print media. In India, the print media industry is very large with over 100 million copies sold daily. Newspapers serve important functions like informing society, promoting social change, and supporting democracy. While print media has positive impacts, it also faces challenges like low literacy rates and an inability to provide live updates.
The document provides information on various Pakistani news channels, including their launch dates, ownership, slogans, languages, and broadcast areas. It lists the top 15 Pakistani news channels such as PTV, ARY Digital, Geo News, Aaj News, and Dunya News. Details are given on each channel such as when it launched, who owns it, and where it broadcasts.
The document discusses the organizational structures of prominent media houses. It provides details on the structure of NDTV media, including its executive leadership and channels. Eastern Media is also discussed, outlining its director, public relations officer, marketing head, and radio hosts. The structure of a print media house is mentioned briefly. Key sectors of the Sambad media house in Odisha are also outlined, including its corporate office location.
The document summarizes a panel discussion held by the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB) on disaster risk reduction and community radio. Over 135 representatives from community radio stations across Nepal attended. The objective was to sensitize stations on DRR issues so they can effectively address them. A panel of experts presented on the status of disasters in Nepal, community-level DRR initiatives, and how media can contribute to DRR. Participants discussed how community radios and organizations like DPNet and Red Cross can collaborate more on DRR. Examples were shared of radios informing communities during disasters and helping victims, and calls were made to replicate such initiatives for greater impact. The discussion aimed to help community radio stations strategize
Radio Mattoli is a community radio station located in Wayanad, Kerala that was launched in 2009. It aims to give voice to marginalized communities in the region like farmers, tribespeople, women, and children. The document discusses Radio Mattoli's objectives of promoting development and positive social change. It provides details about the station's staffing, programming, coverage area, and initiatives to engage the local community. Radio Mattoli also summarizes some of its social interventions like helping secure ration cards for tribal people and highlighting innovative farmers.
This document proposes the Radio FARMDI Project by Radio MACFAST 90.4 in association with NABARD. The project aims to increase awareness and enhance agricultural production in Central Travancore through various agricultural programs on community radio. It will focus on paddy cultivation, animal husbandry, mixed farming, coconut development, ornamental fish farming, and herbal farming. A weekly radio program called 'Krishipadam' will allow farmers to discuss and share knowledge on agriculture. The project will also organize exhibitions, seminars and farm visits related to discussion topics. The community radio platform can effectively disseminate information to farmers and contribute to the inclusive growth of agriculture in the region.
The evaluation report summarizes the key activities and outcomes of a two-year media program in Nepal implemented by Internews to strengthen political and electoral processes. It had three objectives: 1) Strengthen citizen input on elections, 2) Improve media coverage of elections, and 3) Use media to facilitate debates on public opinion polls. Activities included conducting national opinion polls, training journalists on reporting polls, and producing radio programs discussing poll results. Key findings were that the programs contributed to developing data journalism in Nepal, built radio stations' capacity for research-based, bottom-up programming, and facilitated dialogue between citizens and leaders. However, ensuring sustainability, safety of journalists, and accountability of leaders' commitments remained challenges. The report provided
The Role of Community Radio towards the Instituting of ‘Digital Bangladesh’ sayemdae
This document discusses the role of community radio in establishing "Digital Bangladesh", the government's vision of transforming the country into a digitally-enabled society by 2021. It first provides background on community radio globally and in Bangladesh. It then reviews experiences of community radio in supporting health, disaster preparedness and development in countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The document outlines Bangladesh's current scenario of 17 operational community radios and 15 more in the pipeline. Finally, it explores how community radio can empower communities, support sustainable development goals, raise awareness of public services, assist farmers, ensure transparency and bridge rural-urban divides by providing accessible information to voiceless populations. It recommends establishing a community radio academy for capacity building and coordination.
This document outlines plans for a fortnightly community radio program in Nepal called "Sudhariyako Chulho Ramro, Swastha Jeevan Hamro" which will promote improved cooking stoves. The program will be broadcast on Radio Nepal and several FM stations. It will raise awareness of the improved cooking stoves program and share success stories. The methodology involves field visits, script development, reviews, and broadcasting segments including news, dramas, listener questions. The target audiences are local communities and beneficiaries of the improved cooking stove program. The budget and proposed timelines are also included.
The presentation proposes launching a new television channel called Nari Television focused on empowering women in Nepal. It notes that while Image Channel was Nepal's first private TV channel, it and other channels lack programming related to women's careers, empowerment and importance in society. Nari TV would feature shows on improving women's skills, acknowledging women's successes, and entertainment tailored towards women, with the goal of reaching all women in Nepal. Market research suggests a large target audience among Nepal's population that is majority female and has lower literacy rates for women compared to men.
Community Radio for Rural Development: Issues and StrategiesGBPUA&T, Pantnagar
Community radio provides concise summaries in 3 sentences or less that provide the high level and essential information from the document.
The document discusses community radio initiatives in India and their role in rural development. It defines community radio and outlines its key characteristics including serving a local community, encouraging participation, and being non-commercial. Several examples of community radio stations across India are provided along with their objectives such as creating awareness around health, education, agriculture and empowering marginalized groups.
This document discusses different types of radio stations and compares commercial radio stations to community radio stations. It notes that community radio stations are non-profit and aim to directly serve the community by addressing local issues and priorities. Modern radio can take on aspects of community radio by programming locally relevant content to empower citizens and address social demands, while still allowing for some revenue generation to support sustainability. Overall, the document advocates that radio, including modern commercial radio, can better serve communities by adopting principles of community radio.
Khim Ghale Indigenous Peoples Issues In Nepalese Mediarogerharris
Indigenous peoples make up 37.8% of Nepal's population of 25 million people, comprising 59 communities. The Association of Nepalese Indigenous Nationalities Journalists (ANIJ) advocates for the human rights of indigenous peoples and provides support for indigenous journalists. Key issues facing indigenous peoples in Nepal include political representation and autonomy, promotion of cultural rights and languages, and equitable access to economic resources and public services. However, mainstream Nepalese media does not adequately cover these issues and is dominated by a single non-indigenous community in terms of ownership and staff. ANIJ works to train indigenous journalists and promote coverage of indigenous issues through alternative media platforms like community radio.
Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC) is in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) accredited with World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) of the United Nations and UN WSIS prize winner 2016 and Champion 2017. BNNRC's outreach extends to local, national and international forums for communicating Knowledge for Media.
BNNRC’s approach to media development is both knowledge-driven and context-sensitive, and it takes into account the challenges and opportunities created by the rapidly changing media environment in Bangladesh including community radio development giving voices for the voiceless.
BNNRC now strives for the following core interventions to contribute in achieving 7th five Years Plan of Government of Bangladesh, UN World Summit on the Information Society (UN WSIS) Action Plan, and UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) through: Community Media Development (Community Radio & Community TV Community Film) for amplifying voices for the voiceless, Right to Information (RTI) for ensuring improved livelihood of the marginalized, ICT for Development for Bridging the Digital Divide in rural areas, Amateur Radio or HAM Radio for Disaster Risk Reduction, Community Film for Social Transformation.
BNNRC is actively working to improve recognition of the community electronic media sector (Community Radio, Community TV, Community Film) & its work in and involvement with the communities. BNNRC represent the community electronic media sector to Government, Industry, Regulatory Bodies, Media, Academia and Development Partners from 2000. BNNRC is supported by contributions from different development organizations worldwide who share a commitment in building a free, independent and pluralistic community media of voices for the voiceless.
BNNRC in August 2016 organized dialogues through community radios across the country for building capacity of the community radio broadcasters about their participation in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As part of its challenges, BNNRC held the participatory programs to enhance knowledge and awareness of the community radio broadcasters so that they could integrate SDGs agenda in their on-going programs. The initiative facilitated increased services in local communities about the opportunities for economic growth, challenges on environmental protection and the sustainable development for livelihood development.
Community Radio in Nepal is a medium that transcends literacy, load shedding, poverty, even geography. It provides information, news, and entertainment to the public, but above all else, radio is effective media in Nepal because it is truly provide a space as well as it became a public voice medium after the succeeded of 2062/63 democratic movement.
Radio Pakistan is Pakistan's public radio broadcasting network established in 1947. It aims to inform the public about government policies and social issues. It has various departments like programming, operations, marketing, and engineering. Decision making is centralized with the minister of information at the top followed by the director general and directors of each department. It faces competition from private radio stations and declining listenership due to new technologies but aims to adapt and better serve audiences.
Power 99 is a private radio station established in 2003 that promotes diversity, social issues, and human rights. It uses a democratic approach and has strategic locations and independent studios. It advocates for policy change and supports minority groups and civil society through its programming.
Radio Dhadkan 107.8 FM is a joint initiative between Sambhav and UNICEF aimed at bringing information to rural and marginalized communities in 51 villages and urban slums near Shivpuri, India with a population of over 171,000. The community radio station seeks to empower communities through better access to information, improve health, promote hygiene, help share government schemes, and support livelihoods. It has received frequency allocation and set up hardware and studios, conducted surveys, provided training, and begun narrowcasting programs. However, it faces challenges like staff turnover and coordination. Its action plan includes installing transmitters, developing content, hiring management, and training volunteers to begin full broadcasting.
Kamka Kura is a 30-minute weekly radio program in Nepal that provides information on livelihood and youth issues through various formats like drama, interviews, and reports. It aims to enhance livelihood opportunities for unemployed youth and farmers by addressing issues like lack of training, education, and employment. Broadcast since 2007 on Radio Nepal and 36 other stations, it reaches an estimated 2 million listeners monthly. The program discusses agriculture, technical skills, and other topics, and receives many letters seeking advice on finding work or solving livelihood problems.
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...regiosuisse
The media, when used effectively, promotes awakening and open-mindedness in communities, as well as strengthening civil society in citizen watchdog missions, and public au-thorities in their mission to provide public services. For this purpose, the media plays an important role in changing behaviour in respect to gender equality, health, education, agricultural practices and adapting to climate change. It also contributes to the consolidation of democracy, economic development, to the fight against poverty and simply to citizens’ welfare, not to mention its role in peacekeeping and so-cial justice.
Abstract:
Man got civilized with exchange of information and freedom of expression among groups and masses over the period of time. The mainstream media especially public service broadcaster has tried to reach maximum socially and geographically in the country but did not reach to local expectation of the community and that’s why community radio came into existence as an alternative media. Whatever happens, happens for good, now, government realized the need of community radio within the geography and started allocating spectrum to the need base community so that community becomes responsible and accountable to each other including governments and empowered the community to get participative & live life democratically.
The radio today, is the effective source of information but to most of us it is a passion to get participative in the community at a large. India is a multi dimensional country in terms of population, culture, religion, ethnicity, perception and belief systems, therefore, the terrain of some of the areas is difficult, making them almost inaccessible and by far cut off from the mainstream and similar could be the case of community radios within the capacity limit. Therefore, Akashvani(AIR) has had the challenge of reaching out to even far flung of regions, hence both public service broadcaster and alternate media seems to be at a nascent yet promising and prospective stage, ripe of proper documentation and development of global tools and processes in this digital world. For now, integration remains an ad-hoc and highly individual enterprise. It is important to continue to document and share need based success & failure approach of public service broadcaster and community radios to enable successful adoption of new incarnations by community radio stations.
The role of radio broadcasting in public enlightenment (a case study of port...Newman Enyioko
This document summarizes a study on the role of radio broadcasting in public enlightenment in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study found that radio broadcasting has been effective in improving awareness and knowledge around issues like culture, rural development, education, hygiene, sanitation, agriculture, and local governance. It has also helped facilitate communication between community leaders and members. Additionally, radio broadcasting was shown to help promote small businesses by creating marketing opportunities and improving sales and incomes. The study recommends obtaining regular feedback from listeners to better understand their preferences and needs.
The document discusses the use of radio in education. It outlines that radio is a powerful mass media that can be used to disseminate information, impart instruction, and provide entertainment to students. Community radio systems have been developed specifically for educational purposes. They allow local communities and educational institutions to get involved in broadcasting educational radio programming. Community radio helps students hone public speaking skills and revise classroom lessons. While it has advantages like specialist-created programs and reuse of content, it also has disadvantages like being audio-only and lacking interactivity.
Similar to #Radio# Nepal #profile #radio journalism (20)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
1. In Fulfillment Of
The Course Required
By the Syllabus
Submittedto:
Tribhuvan University KritipurKathmandu
Central Department Of JournalismAndMass Communication
Submitted by:
Meetum Bantawa Rai
BA lll year
Sagarmath College For Higher Studies
Dillibazar, Kathmandu
Practical Assignment
On
Radio Journalism(JMC 305)
3. Preface
For Bachelor 3rd
year Radio Journalism(JMC 305) weneed to prepareRadio Profile as our
Practical task. For same purpose I vechosen Radio Nepal as my practical study .
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my guide Subject teacher Mr.
Shambhu Kattel for guidance and monitoring for encouragement throughout the course
of this Practical Work. Thehelp and guidancegiven by him have helped me alot to prepare
Projectwork on my own.
I also express my gratitude to Radio Nepal Team for support, valuable information and
guidance, which helped me in completing this task through various stages in their
respective fields.I amgrateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.
Lastly, I thank my parents, senior brothers & sisters and friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignmentwould not be possible.
Meetum Bantawa Rai
Introduction Radio Nepal is Governmentowned radio of Nepal . It is also Nepal’s 1st
radio station of nation. Radio Nepal was established on 1st April 1951. Initially, Radio Nepal
was named as Raidio Prajatantra which begun its transmission fromBiratnagar .Radio
Nepal was broughtto Singha Darbar after Democracy. Thetransmission covered duration
of 4 hours and 30 minutes through a 250 Watt SW transmitter. Over the years, Radio Nepal
has strengthened its institutional capacity considerably and diversified itself in terms of
programmeformat, technical efficiency and coverage. Radio Nepal airs programmes on
ShortWave, Medium Waveand FM frequencies. Regular broadcasts cover duration of 18
hours everyday which includes 3 hours and 15 minutes of regional broadcasts 09:45 hrs. to
11:00 hrs. in the morning and 16:00 hrs 18:00 hrsin the evening. FM Kathmandu, the first
FM-Channelcovering Kathmandu valley and adjoining areas was started in 1995 fromits
premises at Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.
Being Nepal’s 1st
radio station it has huge historical importance and responsiblity towards
its nation.Itwas established by Nepali Congress Leaders for Revolution againstRana
Regime.Its programs wereused to awarepeople abouttheir movement and encourage
them to supportthem against the Rana Regime.
4. BackGround
Nepal being a developing nation with severalgeographical challenges and economic as well
as political Radio has a greater importance. Where there is illetrate mass then it is in real a
suitable medium for communication and dissemination of media content. Besides Radio
Nepal there are severalother radios (fm) fromprivate and community sectors . Radio Nepal
is governmentowned radio so it has its own importanceamong peoples. Being
Governmentowned Radio Radio Nepal has severalefforts for sustainabledevelopment of
country
Objectives
Radio Nepal aims to server its people for their development and awareness. Below
mentioned are the objectives of Radio Nepal:-
To providequality and crediable news information and entertainment.
To promote Nepali music and nationality
To provideultimate platformto nepali hidden talents
To provideNepali citizes with new inventions and hot happening around the world
Keep people updated about what is happening around world and encouragethem to be
alert and move for betterment.
To provideadvertiser a best medium for advertising
To institutionalize Radio Jouranlismin Nation
To treat lisners as people and awareand educate them for national development.
Program format of RadioNepal
Radio Nepal treats people as their citizen .So that their programs are more focused
towards their welfareand encourages people to participate in development activities .
Most of its programare focused for the ruralpeople, national development , youth
development .Those focus groups areprovided with awarness related like aware about
what to dos and dont dos in a society .Awareabout cheaters , human trafficking,
governmetal decisions etc.
5. In overall , we can say Radio Nepal includes programs which covers below mentioned
points:-
Information
Interaction
Education
Persuasiveand
Also Full entertainment
Below I have mentioned some mostwanted and popular programs of Radio Nepal. By
this we can haveidea how Radio Nepal has made its programformats.
News Bulletin(in several national and ethnic languages)
Talk Show
AgriculturalPrograms
Youth related program
Entertainment Programs
Children Related Program etc.
Coverage area
Radio Nepal has wide coverage area. Itis only radio that can be heard all around
the nation.Radio Nepal has satellite transmission systemso thatit covers a wide
area
6. Radio Nepal Coverage map
BesidessatelllitetransmissionRadioNepal alsohas regional transmissioncenters.
20 December 2050 by the regional centers to regional broadcasting servicewas
broadcast. Initially, the regional broadcasting servicein the morning at 11 o'clock
to 12 pm each day only an hour break. In the local language song - music as well as
local news broadcastwas acknowledged in various programs .Nepal's regional
broadcastradio programlater time and more especially in the morning until 09:45
at night, 4:00 pm Range Range 6:00 until 11:00 as well as regional local language
news broadcaststation has started broadcasting work . Radio In addition, the
inconvenience, taking listeners to Radio Nepal from various FM also has started
to broadcast.Nepal's regional broadcastcenters list is below:-
7. Regional Broadcasting Service
Regional Broadcasting Centre Frequency (frequency)
Dhankuta 648 kHz (Dharan)
Kathmandu 792 kHz (Singha Durbar) and 1143 kg harm (GauriDada)
Pokhara 684 kHz
Surkhet 576 kHz
Dipayal 810 kg harm
OwnershipControl
Soul decision making over the structureof Radio Nepal is over the current
Government. Though department representatives have their own responsibility
and control over their departments for smooth and effictive operation of Radio
Nepal.Department Heads carry our their responsibility to meet Radio Nepal’s
objectives.
Finiancial Aspects
Whole expenses of Radio Nepal is carried out by Government.Besides its
governmentsupportover financial help Radio Nepal also earns its expenses from
Advertisement.Advertisements in Radio Nepal are mostly fromthe Government
Departmetns where they on-air Ads in order to informpeople about their plans
and policy wherethey seek for peoples support.Besides governmental
announcements its gives commercials of Detergents, soaps, colleges and hospitals
etc.
Departments
Radio Nepal covers nationwide. Itis only governmentowned radio. Ithas more
responsibility than any other radios.To cover its responsibilities it has several
departments which help to function in its regualar task.Becauseof its departments
only Radio Nepal is able to meet its objectives towards its citizens.Below
8. mentioned are the departments of Radio Nepal.:-
Engineering
News
Program
Administration
Financial Administration
Business
Each departments have their own responsiblity defined. If one doesnt work to
meet its task than whole function of Radio Nepal will get affectd.
Engineering departments keep Radio Nepal’s equipments updated and use new
and better equipments for easier, cheaper and effecient delivery of radio program
contents.News department deliver accurateand true news everyday so that
people are well informed about world around.Programsin Radio Nepal are
desimilated for peoples education , information and entertainment.
Administrativeand financial administration work on need of staff and thier
payments and expenses. Business is also a part of Radio Nepal . They go out in
market and find advertisements for revenue collection for extra supportto radio
function.
In this Radio Nepal s severaldepartments works together to meet its objectives
and reach to citizens of the nation.
Target Audience:
Radio Nepal is targeted for welfare of citizens.Its contents and materials are for
Education
Awarness
Information
Encouragement
Entertainment etc
By its programcontents we can have clear idea who are its target
audiences.Radio Nepal aim to reach as medium of communication for rural
people .Who cannot be reached directly by other means of communication.
Radio Nepal acts as “voice of voiceless” .Radio Nepal targets rural, illetrate mass
people to informand awareabout government’s action and plans for their
benefits and encourages to participate in people opinions.Also Radio Nepal
informs people about Internationalhappenings and awars people whereworld has
9. moved forward which encourages peopleto move on for development and come
to competition.
Radio Nepal’s Boardof Directors
Mr. Dhruba Prasad Sharma Mr. SureshKumar Karki
Chairman & Secretary of Member Secretary & Executive Director,
Ministry of Information Radio Nepal
and Communication.
Mr. Krishna Prasad Devkota Mr. Hari Shankar Chaudhary Keshab Raj Khanal
Member and Joint Secretary Member member
Ministry of Finance
10. लेखा अधिकृ त
आधिक
महाशाखा
के न्द्रीय प्रसारण
काययकारी निर्देसक
कािुिी सल्लाकार
िायब काययकारी
निर्देसक (इिजििररिंग)
िायब काययकारी
निर्देसक (काययक्रम/समाचार/ बिा
र(
िायब काययकारी
निर्देसक)आधिक/प्र
शासि(
आन्द्तररक लेखा पररकक्षण
इिजििररिंग प्रशासि
महाशाखा
FM ररले के न्द्र
१८ वटा
योििा,बबकाश र
ववस्तार महाशाखा
क्षेत्रइय प्रसारण
के न्द्र
उत्पर्दि
महाशाखा
बिार महाशाखाकाययक्रम महाशाखा
वाररस्त लेखा
अधिकृ त
लेखापाल
प्रशासि
महाशाखा
समाचार महाशाखा
सन्द्चालक सममनत
Organisational chart:-
11. Conclusion
In overall wecan take Radio Nepal as only medium of communication with ruralilletrate
peoples. Radio Nepal has been playing this role since its establishment.Radio Nepal is Voice
of Voiceless. Radio Nepal takes news, views, and actions of Governmentto ruralpeople
and also bring back their opinion and feedbacks on governmentplans and policies.Radio
Nepal is only one medium or middleperson between govenmentand citizens.
Recommendation
Though Radio Nepal is only medium between Governmentand citizens, its reach has not
reached to full population.Radio Nepal’s contents are illetrate people friendly which most
of the people are unawareabout.People(youth) this days rarely listen to Radio Nepal , as
they prefer to hear songs or entertainment based Fms as per their desire.
Radio Nepal to be Voice fo Voiceless need to makeits coverage moreclear with high
frequency so other local Fmstations dont get mix with Radio Nepal’s frequency, also Radio
Nepal need to increase entertainment based programs to increase youth listners and match
their desire and get their opinions for development.
Radio nepal Contact:-
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Information & Communication
Radio Broadcasting Service (Radio Nepal)
G.P.O. Box. No. 634
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: rne@wlink.com.np
engg@wlink.com.np