This document analyzes the economic and non-economic factors of Vietnam's business environment and how supportive it is to foreign investors. It discusses factors such as Vietnam's strong economic growth rates, inflation, exchange rates, unemployment, and balance of payments. Non-economic factors examined include Vietnam's political system, social and cultural aspects like language and education, and legal and technological environment. The document also analyzes challenges and supportive factors for foreign investors in Vietnam.
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
China has the second largest economy and is the most populous country. It has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% over the last 30 years due to reforms allowing private sector growth and foreign investment. China uses fiscal and monetary policies like government spending on infrastructure, adjusting required reserve ratios, and managing the yuan's exchange rate to influence economic stability and growth. These allowed China to recover quickly from the 2008 financial crisis through measures such as lowering interest rates and enacting a $650 billion stimulus package. While still having some state-owned sectors, China has transitioned significantly from a centrally planned to more market-based economy.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
The document compares key economic indicators of China and the United States, including:
- A healthy GDP growth rate is 7.5% for China and 3% for the US.
- Healthy unemployment rates are 4% for China and 5% for the US.
- Healthy inflation rates are ≤2% for China and ≤3% for the US.
The document also analyzes China's foreign trade relationships and investments.
The document discusses China's economic development and unemployment rate. It notes that China experienced rapid economic growth after economic reforms in 1978. China joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's factory due to its large labor force and resources. In 2009, China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. However, inflation increased to its highest level from 2009 to 2011 despite government efforts. While China has high GDP growth, its average worker income remains below international standards, and economic development has not always benefited workers.
1) Japan has a $4.17 trillion economy focused on manufacturing, particularly motor vehicles, electronics, and machinery.
2) Japan experienced rapid economic growth following World War 2, becoming the world's second largest economy by the late 1970s through the 1980s due to high growth rates of 5-10% annually.
3) While Japan's economy has slowed in recent decades, manufacturing remains the primary economic sector, accounting for around 20% of GDP.
The Maoist era from 1949-1978 saw tight control of finances and the nationalization of the banking system. Agricultural reforms eliminated landlords and the Great Leap Forward occurred. From 1978-1990, China began economic reforms to introduce capitalist aspects and encourage personal income and consumption. Special economic zones permitted foreign investment starting in 1978. In the 1990s, China continued rapid growth over 10% annually though faced issues like inflation and bad loans. Reforming state enterprises and the banking system remained challenges into the 2000s. Since 2010, China has been the world's largest creditor nation and goods exporter but faces a slowing economy and loss of skilled professionals.
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
China has the second largest economy and is the most populous country. It has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% over the last 30 years due to reforms allowing private sector growth and foreign investment. China uses fiscal and monetary policies like government spending on infrastructure, adjusting required reserve ratios, and managing the yuan's exchange rate to influence economic stability and growth. These allowed China to recover quickly from the 2008 financial crisis through measures such as lowering interest rates and enacting a $650 billion stimulus package. While still having some state-owned sectors, China has transitioned significantly from a centrally planned to more market-based economy.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
The document compares key economic indicators of China and the United States, including:
- A healthy GDP growth rate is 7.5% for China and 3% for the US.
- Healthy unemployment rates are 4% for China and 5% for the US.
- Healthy inflation rates are ≤2% for China and ≤3% for the US.
The document also analyzes China's foreign trade relationships and investments.
The document discusses China's economic development and unemployment rate. It notes that China experienced rapid economic growth after economic reforms in 1978. China joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's factory due to its large labor force and resources. In 2009, China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. However, inflation increased to its highest level from 2009 to 2011 despite government efforts. While China has high GDP growth, its average worker income remains below international standards, and economic development has not always benefited workers.
1) Japan has a $4.17 trillion economy focused on manufacturing, particularly motor vehicles, electronics, and machinery.
2) Japan experienced rapid economic growth following World War 2, becoming the world's second largest economy by the late 1970s through the 1980s due to high growth rates of 5-10% annually.
3) While Japan's economy has slowed in recent decades, manufacturing remains the primary economic sector, accounting for around 20% of GDP.
The Maoist era from 1949-1978 saw tight control of finances and the nationalization of the banking system. Agricultural reforms eliminated landlords and the Great Leap Forward occurred. From 1978-1990, China began economic reforms to introduce capitalist aspects and encourage personal income and consumption. Special economic zones permitted foreign investment starting in 1978. In the 1990s, China continued rapid growth over 10% annually though faced issues like inflation and bad loans. Reforming state enterprises and the banking system remained challenges into the 2000s. Since 2010, China has been the world's largest creditor nation and goods exporter but faces a slowing economy and loss of skilled professionals.
China has the world's largest population of 1.35 billion people and has transitioned to a socialist market economy. It has the second largest economy globally based on GDP and is the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's economy was previously based on communism under Mao but has since implemented economic reforms, shifting from agriculture to industry and services. While China has seen strong growth, its economy is now slowing, due in part to weak external demand from the US and Europe and issues like high domestic debt levels, inflation, and corruption.
The Power-point discusses the macroeconomics of china. It discusses the inflation, unemployment in china, fiscal and monetary policy of china and the foreign exchange rate mechanism of china. It also discusses what can be the endgame for china for changing in its policy.
China has the world's second largest economy and was the fastest growing major economy over the last 30 years. It began economic reforms in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping and now has an annual GDP growth rate around 6%. China is also the largest trading nation, manufacturer, and exporter in the world. Foreign investment in Chinese stocks and bonds has grown significantly in recent years.
China has experienced rapid economic growth and development since implementing market reforms in 1978. It has transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial and service-based one, with GDP growth averaging around 10% annually. China is now the world's second largest economy and trades heavily, both importing and exporting a wide range of goods. Several economic theories help explain China's growth, such as Lewis model of labor transitioning from agriculture to industry and the Solow model of high savings and investment fueling expansion.
China has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades, transitioning from a centrally planned economy under Mao Zedong to a socialist market economy under Deng Xiaoping. It joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's second largest economy by 2010. Key drivers of growth have included decollectivizing agriculture, promoting trade and foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and investing heavily in infrastructure. However, China still faces challenges such as an incomplete transition to a market economy, overdependence on exports and investment, and severe environmental pollution. Its rise has also had global consequences, including increasing demand for raw materials, competition for exports, and impacts on currency exchange rates and greenhouse gas emissions.
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of this paper was to establish the economic determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. The results showed that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This paper recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors.
The document provides an overview of the Japanese economy. It notes that Japan has a GDP of $5.45 trillion nominal and $4.3 trillion PPP, with GDP growth of 0.3%. Services make up 75.7% of GDP. Exports total $756.2 billion with main partners being China and the US, while imports total $636.8 billion mainly from China and the US. Public debt is 225.8% of GDP, the highest in the world. Major industries are dominated by a few large conglomerates. The government plays an active role in the economy through various ministries and policies.
The economy of Pakistan is the 24th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product
China has experienced significant economic growth since 1980 when families were allowed to keep surplus grain and the economy peaked at 7.1% growth in 1994 with free price movements. China has strengths in its large, cheap labor force and hardworking population, but weaknesses in its underdeveloped rural areas and risk of overvalued property prices. Experts expect China's $5.8 trillion economy will surpass the US as the world's largest within 10 years, though China's GDP per capita of $7,500 remains well below countries like Japan at $34,000.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
Columdae
www.columdae.com
Our goal is to obtain your business expand in other countries. We are an international agency that supports companies in their trading abroad. Columdae offers a wide range of assistance to help you achieve your goal, whether you are new to selling overseas or you are an experienced exporter trying to break into a new market!
CUSTOMER SEARCH / TRADE MISSION / MARKET INFORMATION /EXHIBITION SERVICE / ESTABILISHMENT / BUSINESS WALL
Work local, trade global!
This document provides an overview of China's economic development from 1979 to the present. It discusses how China implemented economic reforms beginning in 1979, including establishing special economic zones, decentralizing economic policymaking, encouraging private businesses and foreign investment. As a result of these reforms, China's economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform period, with an average annual growth rate of around 10% between 1979-2010. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter, achieving unprecedented economic growth and dramatically improving living standards.
The presentation slides provide a superficial glimpse of the economics of Vietnam.
Please do conduct your own study too. This can only be used a reference and not all the information maybe correct
The document summarizes the evolution of China's economy from 1949 to the present. It began with a communist government that instituted a socialist command economy with complete government control over markets and firms. In 1977, China adopted "market socialism" and gradually reduced government control, encouraging private ownership and a move toward a market economy while still controlling heavy industries. By the 2000s, China focused on balanced wealth distribution and social services while experiencing over 10% GDP growth annually, though inequality and environmental damage increased. The government role shifted from total planning to encouraging foreign investment and private sectors while still managing certain industries.
China has a large land area and long borders with many neighboring countries. It has a diverse terrain and climate. The country's economy has grown rapidly in recent decades and it now leads the BRICS economies. China has a socialist market economy and continues to transition from a centrally planned system. The banking, insurance, and securities sectors are important and regulated.
Marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growthAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of the marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growth and labor absorption in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. It begins by providing background on regional autonomy and how this has shifted authority over coastal areas and marine resource management from the central government to local governments. It then analyzes Gorontalo Province's 2000 input-output table to examine the linkages between economic sectors and the contribution of the marine fisheries sector. The analysis finds that the output multiplier for the marine fisheries sector is 155.380, meaning a 1 million rupiah increase in final demand for the sector would lead to a 155.380 million rupiah increase in total regional production. The sector also has a labor coefficient of 0.
National income is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. It includes wages, rent, interest, and profits. There are several concepts of national income including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), personal income (PI), disposable personal income (DPI), and per capita income (PCI). GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically, while GNP includes income earned abroad and excludes income earned domestically by foreigners. NNP is GNP minus depreciation.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
1) National income of India constitutes the total amount of income earned by the whole nation and originated both within and outside its territory during a particular year.
2) Estimates of national income are made using various methods including output, income, and expenditure. Data is provided by government agencies and surveys.
3) India's national income has grown significantly since independence, with the economy experiencing periods of modest growth, recovery, and higher growth during the post-reform period from 1992 onward.
The automobile industry in India saw strong growth of 15-18% over the last five years but growth has recently dipped to single digits due to high inflation above 12%. Inflation has negatively impacted both demand and costs for the industry. To combat inflation, the government and industry have implemented several policies. The central bank raised interest rates to control inflation, which increased auto loan rates and reduced demand. The industry responded by offering lower loan rates through their financial institutions and increasing cash discounts. The government also banned exports of commodities like steel to reduce prices. The automobile industry introduced more fuel-efficient alternative fuel vehicles, expanded into smaller and more affordable car segments, improved engine technologies, deferred expansion plans, increased exports, and raised
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
China has the world's largest population of 1.35 billion people and has transitioned to a socialist market economy. It has the second largest economy globally based on GDP and is the largest exporter and second largest importer of goods. China's economy was previously based on communism under Mao but has since implemented economic reforms, shifting from agriculture to industry and services. While China has seen strong growth, its economy is now slowing, due in part to weak external demand from the US and Europe and issues like high domestic debt levels, inflation, and corruption.
The Power-point discusses the macroeconomics of china. It discusses the inflation, unemployment in china, fiscal and monetary policy of china and the foreign exchange rate mechanism of china. It also discusses what can be the endgame for china for changing in its policy.
China has the world's second largest economy and was the fastest growing major economy over the last 30 years. It began economic reforms in 1978 under Deng Xiaoping and now has an annual GDP growth rate around 6%. China is also the largest trading nation, manufacturer, and exporter in the world. Foreign investment in Chinese stocks and bonds has grown significantly in recent years.
China has experienced rapid economic growth and development since implementing market reforms in 1978. It has transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial and service-based one, with GDP growth averaging around 10% annually. China is now the world's second largest economy and trades heavily, both importing and exporting a wide range of goods. Several economic theories help explain China's growth, such as Lewis model of labor transitioning from agriculture to industry and the Solow model of high savings and investment fueling expansion.
China has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades, transitioning from a centrally planned economy under Mao Zedong to a socialist market economy under Deng Xiaoping. It joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's second largest economy by 2010. Key drivers of growth have included decollectivizing agriculture, promoting trade and foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and investing heavily in infrastructure. However, China still faces challenges such as an incomplete transition to a market economy, overdependence on exports and investment, and severe environmental pollution. Its rise has also had global consequences, including increasing demand for raw materials, competition for exports, and impacts on currency exchange rates and greenhouse gas emissions.
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of this paper was to establish the economic determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. The results showed that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This paper recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors.
The document provides an overview of the Japanese economy. It notes that Japan has a GDP of $5.45 trillion nominal and $4.3 trillion PPP, with GDP growth of 0.3%. Services make up 75.7% of GDP. Exports total $756.2 billion with main partners being China and the US, while imports total $636.8 billion mainly from China and the US. Public debt is 225.8% of GDP, the highest in the world. Major industries are dominated by a few large conglomerates. The government plays an active role in the economy through various ministries and policies.
The economy of Pakistan is the 24th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity, and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product
China has experienced significant economic growth since 1980 when families were allowed to keep surplus grain and the economy peaked at 7.1% growth in 1994 with free price movements. China has strengths in its large, cheap labor force and hardworking population, but weaknesses in its underdeveloped rural areas and risk of overvalued property prices. Experts expect China's $5.8 trillion economy will surpass the US as the world's largest within 10 years, though China's GDP per capita of $7,500 remains well below countries like Japan at $34,000.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
Columdae
www.columdae.com
Our goal is to obtain your business expand in other countries. We are an international agency that supports companies in their trading abroad. Columdae offers a wide range of assistance to help you achieve your goal, whether you are new to selling overseas or you are an experienced exporter trying to break into a new market!
CUSTOMER SEARCH / TRADE MISSION / MARKET INFORMATION /EXHIBITION SERVICE / ESTABILISHMENT / BUSINESS WALL
Work local, trade global!
This document provides an overview of China's economic development from 1979 to the present. It discusses how China implemented economic reforms beginning in 1979, including establishing special economic zones, decentralizing economic policymaking, encouraging private businesses and foreign investment. As a result of these reforms, China's economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform period, with an average annual growth rate of around 10% between 1979-2010. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter, achieving unprecedented economic growth and dramatically improving living standards.
The presentation slides provide a superficial glimpse of the economics of Vietnam.
Please do conduct your own study too. This can only be used a reference and not all the information maybe correct
The document summarizes the evolution of China's economy from 1949 to the present. It began with a communist government that instituted a socialist command economy with complete government control over markets and firms. In 1977, China adopted "market socialism" and gradually reduced government control, encouraging private ownership and a move toward a market economy while still controlling heavy industries. By the 2000s, China focused on balanced wealth distribution and social services while experiencing over 10% GDP growth annually, though inequality and environmental damage increased. The government role shifted from total planning to encouraging foreign investment and private sectors while still managing certain industries.
China has a large land area and long borders with many neighboring countries. It has a diverse terrain and climate. The country's economy has grown rapidly in recent decades and it now leads the BRICS economies. China has a socialist market economy and continues to transition from a centrally planned system. The banking, insurance, and securities sectors are important and regulated.
Marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growthAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of the marine fisheries sector in promoting industrial growth and labor absorption in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. It begins by providing background on regional autonomy and how this has shifted authority over coastal areas and marine resource management from the central government to local governments. It then analyzes Gorontalo Province's 2000 input-output table to examine the linkages between economic sectors and the contribution of the marine fisheries sector. The analysis finds that the output multiplier for the marine fisheries sector is 155.380, meaning a 1 million rupiah increase in final demand for the sector would lead to a 155.380 million rupiah increase in total regional production. The sector also has a labor coefficient of 0.
National income is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. It includes wages, rent, interest, and profits. There are several concepts of national income including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), personal income (PI), disposable personal income (DPI), and per capita income (PCI). GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically, while GNP includes income earned abroad and excludes income earned domestically by foreigners. NNP is GNP minus depreciation.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
1) National income of India constitutes the total amount of income earned by the whole nation and originated both within and outside its territory during a particular year.
2) Estimates of national income are made using various methods including output, income, and expenditure. Data is provided by government agencies and surveys.
3) India's national income has grown significantly since independence, with the economy experiencing periods of modest growth, recovery, and higher growth during the post-reform period from 1992 onward.
The automobile industry in India saw strong growth of 15-18% over the last five years but growth has recently dipped to single digits due to high inflation above 12%. Inflation has negatively impacted both demand and costs for the industry. To combat inflation, the government and industry have implemented several policies. The central bank raised interest rates to control inflation, which increased auto loan rates and reduced demand. The industry responded by offering lower loan rates through their financial institutions and increasing cash discounts. The government also banned exports of commodities like steel to reduce prices. The automobile industry introduced more fuel-efficient alternative fuel vehicles, expanded into smaller and more affordable car segments, improved engine technologies, deferred expansion plans, increased exports, and raised
This document presents information about inflation from an economics perspective. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels over time that reduces purchasing power. Causes include demand-pull and cost-push factors. Effects are on investment, interest rates, exchange rates, unemployment, and purchasing power. Types are based on degree of government control, political conditions, and scope. Controlling inflation involves monetary measures like interest rates and fiscal measures like taxation. The conclusion is that low inflation enables slow economic growth while excess money leads to higher costs.
The document examines the relationship between inflation and unemployment in Vietnam from 1996 to 2010 based on statistics from that period. It discusses three phases: the Phillips phase where inflation and unemployment have an inverse relationship, the stagflation phase where both inflation and unemployment increase, and the recovery phase where unemployment decreases but inflation remains high. It also notes that in the long run, inflation and unemployment are unrelated according to economic theory, with unemployment remaining at the natural rate.
The document discusses the rapidly growing consumer market in Bangladesh. It finds that 7% of Bangladesh's population is currently middle income, and this segment is expected to reach 17% by 2025. It also notes that Bangladeshi consumers are optimistic about future income growth but wary of taking on debt. The document recommends that companies looking to engage this emerging consumer segment focus on quality, establish their brands well, educate consumers, and develop mobile-centric digital platforms.
Inflation is an increase in the aggregate money price level. In 2015, Vietnam has reached its lowest annual Consumer Price Index (“CPI”) in the last decade of 0.63%. This allowed the country to stimulate production and grow well for a short term. However, the inflation needs to increase to 4-5% for a long-term growth. Thus, the government has made some moves to spike up inflation at a control level in 2016. Along with this action, the increase in the world price of oil and the decrease in Vietnam’s food supply have contributed to the rise of inflation during the first five months of 2016. The inflation rate is projected to grow to more than 5% in the end of 2016 and will continuously grow in 2017.
Group members Ather Abdul Jabbar and Qazi Muhammad Ubaid presented on the topic of inflation's impact on Pakistan's economy. The document defined inflation as an increase in currency supply that causes prices to rise. It discussed several types and causes of inflation including excess money printing, high production costs, and international debts. The effects of inflation were analyzed as both negative, such as reduced purchasing power, and positive, like increased economic activity. Specific issues in Pakistan like rising oil prices and indirect taxes were examined. The conclusion evaluated inflation's wide-ranging impacts and recommended strategies like encouraging domestic production and agricultural development.
Inflation refers to a general rise in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. There are different types of inflation including demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and pricing power inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when demand grows faster than supply, cost-push inflation is caused by increases in the costs of important goods, and pricing power inflation results from businesses increasing prices to boost profits. High inflation hurts consumers and businesses, and poses a threat to the Indian economy by slowing growth and worsening poverty. While India has experienced high food inflation in recent years, the government and RBI are taking steps to bring inflation back down to acceptable levels.
The document discusses the causes and effects of inflation. The main causes are demand pull, cost push, money supply, and wage-price spirals. The effects include depreciation of goods and services, a wider distribution of income gaps between classes as price increases affect groups differently, shifts in spending habits as wages adjust, and speculative spending as people buy more of goods before expected price increases.
This document discusses poverty, including its causes, effects, and the poverty cycle. It defines absolute and relative poverty. The causes of poverty discussed include theories that the poor have little concern for the future or engage in self-defeating behaviors. The effects of poverty on children include higher rates of health problems, accidents, and missed school. Poverty also increases stress levels in families. The cycle of poverty refers to how poverty can span generations as those in poverty lack the resources to escape it.
1) Inflation can be caused by demand-side factors like excess aggregate demand or cost-push factors like external supply shocks.
2) Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds potential output, leading businesses to raise prices to increase profits. Cost-push inflation is caused by increases in input costs like wages, commodities, or exchange rates, forcing businesses to raise prices.
3) The document discusses causes of inflation in the UK including the economic cycle, exchange rates, taxes, and money supply growth for demand-pull inflation and wage growth, import prices, and commodity prices for cost-push inflation.
This document discusses inflation including its definition, types, causes, effects, measurement, and measures to control it. Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in prices or fall in the value of money. The main types are open, suppressed, galloping, and hyper inflation. Key causes include an increase in money supply and deficit financing. Effects include inefficiencies in markets and uncertainty discouraging investment. Inflation is primarily measured using the Consumer Price Index. Measures to control inflation involve monetary, fiscal, and other policies like increasing production and implementing price controls.
This document summarizes a policy paper on developing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Laos. It begins with an overview of Laos' transition to a market economy and current economic situation. It then discusses the country's SME policy evolution, including the 2004 Enterprise Law that defined SMEs and outlined priorities like improving regulations, access to finance, and competitiveness. The policy established bodies like the National SME Promotion and Development Office and Committee to implement initiatives that support the objectives of contributing to economic growth, employment, and standards of living. Overall, the document analyzes Laos' strategy and considerations for stimulating private sector development and SME growth as it continues developing its market economy.
This document discusses international finance issues in Vietnam. It covers 3 main topics: 1) Balance of payments and the current account deficit issues Vietnam faced during the 2008 global crisis, including rising trade and fiscal deficits, unemployment, and inflation. 2) Managing capital flows, including increasing foreign direct investment, official development assistance, and portfolio investment flows into Vietnam. 3) Vietnam's exchange rate policy of unofficially pegging its currency to the US dollar. The document recommends Vietnam focus on institutional reforms, moving up the value chain, improving infrastructure, and strengthening financial supervision and statistics.
Post Cold War Vietnam: Economic and Foreign policyDr. Jason Kassel
Vietnam has pursued three distinct periods of foreign policy since the end of the Cold War:
1) 1975-1991 focused on becoming a member of the international community after withdrawing from the socialist camp
2) 1991-2006 sought to diversify economic and political relations with major powers through multilateral organizations
3) 2006-2015 consolidated an international role through strategic partnerships with world powers and pursuing proactive international integration.
Financial sector has always been potential ingredient in bringing growth in an economy, the indirect impact of
financial markets and institutions through saving mobilization and credit expansion is of extraordinary importance.
By employing Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach impact of financial sector on economic growth of
Tanzania is examined. The results show that, in both long-run and short-run, financial development exerts significant
but negative effect on economic growth contrary to our expectations. The study employs the ratio of broad money to
GDP (financial depth) as a proxy measure of financial development, along with inflation rate, real interest rate, real
exchange rate, share on of investment to GDP, proportion of development expenditure to total expenditure and
dummy for structural reforms as control variables during our estimations. Results also suggest non-existence of
causality between financial development and economic growth. Thus the study suggests strengthening data
availability on flow of credit from financial institution to the public is necessary to materialize the effect of financial
sector in Tanzania
This document provides an overview and analysis of Vietnam's business environment, political outlook, and economic outlook. It finds that Vietnam has a large, low-cost workforce that has attracted foreign investment. However, infrastructure remains inadequate and corruption is still prevalent. The ruling Communist Party maintains stability but faces increasing calls for political reforms and openness. Strong economic growth is forecasted to continue, driven by investment and exports, though inflation and China relations pose challenges.
1) The Philippines experienced slower economic growth and productivity gains compared to its neighbors from 1960-2008. While reforms opened the economy, growth lagged due to low investment and a reliance on consumption fueled by remittances.
2) Weak revenue generation and fiscal deficits have constrained public spending and infrastructure investment. Tax revenues remain low due to loopholes and inefficient collection.
3) Low public spending on education and health have led to insufficient social services and human capital development, hindering inclusive growth.
Strategic economic development planning (SEDP) represents an interactive process to help communities adapt to economic changes through ongoing assessment. The SEDP process involves four stages: 1) organizing stakeholders, 2) analyzing strengths/weaknesses and opportunities/threats, 3) operationalizing the plan through prioritized projects and delegated responsibilities, and 4) ongoing monitoring and evaluation to allow for adaptation. National economic conditions discussed include the contributions of agriculture, industry, and services to GDP in countries like Malaysia, Vietnam, and the US. Social conditions examined unemployment types and human capital development.
Myanmar first citizen's budget 2015 for 52 yearsMYO AUNG Myanmar
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Research Interests: Democracy, Myanmar, Government transparency, military impunity in Myanmar, and myanmar budget
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Final group assignment, presentation, dr. dash, 25,11,2010 (0524)
1. 25/11/2010 1
BUILD BRIGHT
UNIVERSITYGROUP ASSIGNMENT
“Analyze the Economic and Non-
Economic factor of Environment in VN”
How far the Environment is Supportive to foreign
Investors?
2. 25/11/2010 2
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
I- Introduction
II- Objectives of the Paper
III- Methodology of the Paper
IV- Discussion of the Topic
1-Discuss about Economic Factor of Environment in Vietnam
1-A-Economic Growth
1-B-Exchange Rate
1-C-Inflation
1-D-Unemployment
1-E-Balance of Payment
2-Discuss about Non-Economic Factor of Environment in Vietnam
2-A-Political
2-B-Social Cultural
2-C-Legal
2-D-Technological
2-E-Geographical
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors
3-A- Challenge to Foreign Investors
3-B- Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors
V- Conclusion and Recommendations
VI- References:
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
3. 25/11/2010 3
* Vietnam is now among the fastest-
growing economies in Asia.
* 2009, Vietnam still recorded GDP
growth of 6.20%.
* Long term investors maintain that
Vietnam's long term prospects are
good, providing that the government
sticks to its reform plans, overcomes
skills and infrastructure challenges,
and tackles corruption.
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
I- Introduction
4. 25/11/2010 4
II- Objectives of Paper:
The objective of this paper is to find out and discuss
about the economic and non-economic factor of
environment in Vietnam and to find out also the
challenge and supportive factor to foreign investors.
III- Research Methodology:
Base on this research paper on discuss about the
economic and non-economic factor of environment
in Vietnam and to find out the challenge and
supportive factor to foreign investors, we will use
only secondary data by doing research and collect
data from Prof. (Dr.) T.R. Dash's material, some
books and internet websites. The study is relatively
descriptive and explanatory in nature.
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
5. 25/11/2010 5
IV- Discussion of the Topic:
1- ECONOMIC FACTOR
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
6. 25/11/2010 6
Vietnam joined member of WTO in January 2007.
Vietnam is one of the best performing economies in the world
over the last decade .
Real GDP has on average grown by 7.3 percent per year
during 1995-2005 and per capita income by 6.2 percent per
year.
A New Socio-Economic Development Plan for 2006-2010 was
approved by the National Assembly in June 2006.
The SEDP aims at rapid development, carefully balanced
between its four pillars of economic, social, environmental
development, and improved governance and institutions.
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
1-A-Economic Growth:
IV- Discussion of the Topic:
1- ECONOMIC FACTOR
7. 25/11/2010 7
Growth performance was solid in 2007. Economic growth
accelerated slightly, to 8.5 percent, making 2007 the third
consecutive year above the 8-percent benchmark.
GDP growth rate of Vietnam from 2006 to 2010
6.5% (Est.)2010
6.20%2009
7.50%2008
8.50%2007
8.20%2006
GDP Real GrowthYear
1-A- Economic Growth (Continued)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
IV- Discussion of the Topic:
1- ECONOMIC FACTOR
8. 25/11/2010 8
GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP - per capital (PPP):
- $256.90 billion (2009 est.) - $2,900 (2009 est.)
* Rank: 42 * Rank: 167
- $ 243.90 billion (2008 est.) - $ 2,800 (2800 est.)
- $ 229.50 billion (2007 est.) - $ 2,700 (2007 est.)
GNI Per Capita 2009 and PPP GDP - composition by sector:
- $2,850 - Agriculture: 21.3%
- Rank: 160 - Industry: 40%
- Services: 38.7% (2009 est.)
REMARK:
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
Economic Growth (Continued)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
9. 25/11/2010 9
- Vietnam is a two-currency country.
- Both Vietnamese dong and US dollars are legal tender in
the country. But most of the places like market, hospital,
small restaurant,…. are preferred DONG rather than USD.
- The urgent government’s meeting on November 3
evening ended at 9 pm. Several measures were put
forward to deal with the uncertainties on the foreign market
and prevent high inflation.
Exchange Rate on November 15, 2010
-1 USD = 21000 Dong
- 1 Riel = 5.181 Dong
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
1-B-Exchange Rate
10. 25/11/2010 10
1-C-Inflation
- Inflation is a general and sustained increase
in prices.
- It is quoted as a percentage annual figure.
- Vietnamese inflation slowed for a second
month in May 2010, giving policy makers
room to spur growth by boosting credit and
encouraging market interest rates to fall.
- According to figures from the General Statistics
Office in Hanoi, consumer prices climbed 9.05%
in May from a year earlier.
- The inflation rate in April was 9.23 percent.
Prices rose 0.27 percent in May from the
previous month.
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
11. 25/11/2010 11
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
Inflation (Continued)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
72009
23.1152008
8.3492007
7.5032006
8.3942005
7.8952004
3.3032003
4.0792002
InflationYear
12. 25/11/2010 12
1-D-Unemployment
-The rate of unemployment can have a major effect
on the economy.
-The more people who are out of work, the less money
that is circulated into the economy through the purchase
of goods and services.
-Vietnam becomes an export based developing country
once it joined ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 2001.
-Exporting labor to wealthier parts of the world has long
been something in which Vietnam has lagged behind its
Asian neighbors, but the government hopes to change
that soon.
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
13. 25/11/2010 13
Last year, Vietnam exported nearly 22,000 workers,
who sent home some US$220 million.
Most of workers were sent to countries like Japan,
Taiwan, South Korea and Libya.
Employed in construction, industry, sea transport, seafood
processing, health care and agriculture.
Vietnam government is trying best to open up labor services to
private business in the country.
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
Unemployment (Continued)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
14. 25/11/2010 14
April 2009 est.616.50 %2010
2008 est.584.70 %2009
2007 est.534.30 %2008
2006 est.142.00 %2007
2005 est.212.40 %2006
2004 est.121.90 %2005
2003 est.1356.10 %2004
2002 est.3425.00 %2003
Date of
Information
RankUnemployment rate
Year
Remark:
6.5% (April 2009 est.)
- country comparison to the world: 61
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
Unemployment (Continued)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
15. 25/11/2010 15
1-E-Balance of Payment
- 2010 Socio-Economic Report recently announced by
Ministry of Planning and Investment, Vietnam balance
of payment in 2010 may run a deficit of $4 billion.
- Lecturer of Fulbright Economics Teaching Programme
said a powerful solution is needed in order to solve the
deficit problem of the total balance of payment
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
16. 25/11/2010 16
ECONOMIC FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT IN VIETNAM
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
Balance of Payment (Continued)
14.01417.5252010
56.58468.832009
Export (Billion US$)Import (Billion US$)Year
* From Jan to Mar
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2-A-Political In VN
-Form of Government:The Communist state.
-Legal system: based on communist legal theory and French
civil law system
-Political parties and leaders: Monopoly party - Communist
Party of Vietnam (CPV) (Nong Duc Manh, general secretary)
-Political Ideology: Though formally Marxist-Leninist, Moved
towards market reforms in the economy and has permitted a
growing private sector. the party retains a monopoly on power.
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-Role of government:
Planning is a key characteristic of centralized, economic
development guidelines for all its regions.
The first phase, from 1976-1980, incorporated Second
Five-Year Plan (1976-80) the First Five Year Plan
(1960-65) applied to North Vietnam only.
The second phase, called "socialist industrialization,"
was divided into two stages: from 1981-1990 and
from 1991-2005.
The third phase, covering the years 2006-2010, was to
be time allotted to "perfect" the transition.
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-Political Stability In VN
The smooth change in leadership reflects the country's recent
track record.
efficiently resolving socio-economic issues, strengthening
national defense, security, expanding foreign relations,
actively participating in international integration.
New Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung: marks the most
dramatic transfer of mantle to a younger leader. Mr. Dung
received over 92% of the N.A, fight against corruption.
his new post rich experience of managing not only
security issues but also economic affairs.
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2-B-Social Cultural
-Language: Vietnamese, for business: English.
French, Russian, Chinese, Japanese,
German, South Korean.
-Education
In 2003 Vietnam’s literacy rate was 94%.
-Attitudes:
Behaviors in the workplace
Traditional Vietnamese organizations operate
strict hierarchies. Individuals have defined
roles, report to an immediate superior who
will direct his or her work
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2-B-Social Cultural
-Behavior in society
correct deference must be paid to the
representatives of authority. Police officers,
bureaucrats, public officials, should be given an
appropriate gratuity for services rendered.
-Social groups
• Changes in lifestyle for different social groups
• Subject to ruler
• Son to father
• Wife to husband
• Younger brother to elder brother
• Mutual respect between friends
2-Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN
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2-C- Legal
Is based on communist legal theory,
French civil law. In 1981 major reforms
were made to the judicial and legal
system.
Vietnamese legal thought with regard to
the treatment of criminals is the result
of three major influences: classic
Confucianism, the Napoleonic Code,
and Marxism-Leninism.
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2- Non-Economic Environment (Cont.)
Implementation of the digital mapping
technology, including digital aero-
triangulation and digital mapping.
Implementation of DGPS techniques to
promote hydrographic survey and
cadastral mapping. For this purpose, the
first permanent GPS station for MSK
DGPS technology was established in Hai
Phong and its control station in Hanoi.
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2-D. Technology
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Using GPS-controlled aerial photography to
secure timely high quality air photos for map
production and other users, including the
implementation of a GPS-navigation system
for photo flight and a GPS system for the
determination of the coordinates of the photo
projection center.
Upgrading the existing geodetic network
using precise GPS-measurement techniques.
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2-D. Technology (Cont.)
2- Non-Economic Environment (Cont.)
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There are four geographic sections in Vietnam, ranging
from rugged mountains to marshy fertile flatlands.
Vietnam's "S" shape takes it from China, in the north,
the Gulf of Thailand in the south.
In the north, there are mountains that extend up to
3.143 m at Fan Si Pan, the highest point in Vietnam;
the east and southeast consists of the Red River Delta,
an alluvial plain; south of this Delta is the Truong Son
(Annam Highlands) which is considered to be the
backbone of Vietnam.
A plateau (Central Highlands) also occupies this area
and can be found between Cambodia and the South
China sea.
The Mekong Delta is located in the southernmost
portion of Vietnam and makes up a fertile, marshy
flatland that goes from the Central Highlands (north of
it) south to the mangrove swamps on the Ca Mau
peninsula.
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2-E. Geographical
2- Non-Economic Environment (Cont.)
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The Red River and the Mekong River are navigable in their
entirety and are considered to be the two major rivers in
Vietnam. To help prevent flooding in their deltas, a system of
dikes and canals has been erected. This has helped improve
farming in the Mekong Delta due to salt water flooding from
the South China Sea, especially during the long, wet monsoon
season.
The average temperature in the north is about 81 degrees F
(27 degrees C) and in the south a nice 70 degrees F (21
degrees C) and is generally humid.
Two monsoons control the weather, one is considered to be a
dry monsoon which occurs mainly in the north from about
October/November to March.
The other brings wet, warm weather to the entire country,
with the exception of the mountainous areas, from April/May
to October.
July and August are considered to be the hottest and most
humid months.
2-E. Geographical (Cont.)
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3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor
to Foreign Investors:
There are 10 first factors to be considered by investors
when choosing the location for investment:
1) Customers approach
2) A stabilized social and political environment
3) Easy commercial condition
4) Reliability and quality of infrastructure
5) The capacity to hire qualified staff
6) The capacity to hire managers
7) Level of corruption
8) Cost of labor
9) Crime
10)The capacity to hire technical staff
________________________
(Source: MYGA, survey on direct foreign investment, January 2002)
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3-A- Challenge to Foreign Investors in
Vietnam:
Completing the structural reform
agenda, including the implementation
of WTO commitments and the banking
reform roadmap;
Establishing an efficient regulatory
framework for infrastructure while
expanding the capacity to fill the
supply gap in energy, transport and
water;
Protecting the environment and
better managing natural resources;
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3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
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3-A- Challenge to Foreign Investors in Vietnam
(Cont.)
Establishing a public administration
based on principles of efficiency,
accountability and transparency,
Setting up social security systems
that would provide for health care
financing, pensions for retirees and
support for temporary unemployed;
and improving the quality of education
throughout the system; and
Implementing the Anti-Corruption
Law and regulations effectively.
______________
Source: The World Bank,
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAP
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
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3-B- Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors in Vietnam:
To perfect its investment environment, Vietnam
will focus on improving the quality of its
human resources, upgrading infrastructure
and ensure transparency and consistency of
investment policies.
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
“Analyze the Economic and Non-Economic factor of Environment in VN”
Vietnam integrated itself to the region and the world:
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
-Member since 1998
WTO (World Trade Organization),
-Became a WTO member in 2006,
ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA)
-Cutting tariffs to join the AFTA- complete by early 2006
Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic
Cooperation Strategy ACMECS(Thailand):
-Vietnam admitted to ACMECS as an official member in 2005
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3-B- Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors in Vietnam:
Changes in Political and Legal Framework:
Constitution 1992:
private sector granted equal treatment with state sector.
Trade liberalization:
Bilateral Trade Agreement with USA;
AFTA implementation from 2003-06;
targeting accession to WTO in 2006.
Macroeconomic Stability Maintained:
GDP Growth 7.2% in 2003; 7.69% in 2004; 7.5%e in 2005.
Industrial Output increased by 16.1% in 2003; 16% in 2004 and
16% in 2005.
Reasonable interest rates and modest devaluation of VND in spite of
CPI of 9.5% in 2004.
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
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3-B- Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors in
Vietnam (Cont.):
Improved Investment Climate:
Development of about 110 Export Processing Zones,
Industrial Zones, High Tech Zones.
About 5,110 foreign-direct investment projects
(75% wholly-foreign owned, 25% joint ventures) with a
total approved capital of around USD 46bn
In 2003, the monopoly in the telecom sector started
to phase out; internet telephony was allowed; four more
mobile phone operators entered the market.
Infrastructure Projects:
Increasing capacity and efficiency of currently 16
operational and 9 new airports.
Expanding the number of deep sea ports.
Up-grading highways
Improving internet-access, telephone and mobile
phone availability and reduce cost.
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
Telecommunication
Transportation
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3-B- Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors in
Vietnam (Cont.):
Competitive Quality of Workforce:
Over 50% populations are below 25 years old,
60% less than 30 years old
Working-age Population accounts 59.3% of total
Population (46.7m People)
Literacy Rate about 94% in 2003
Special Focus on IT-Training in schools
fuelling software industry development
Vietnamese workers have proven to be skilful,
reliable and highly trainable.
Freedom to repatriate profit after completing
all stipulated obligation with Government (tax
rate is 0%).
Import Tax Exemption for commodity
(goods/luggage) to create fix asset.
Land rental fee reduction
3- Discuss about Challenge and Supportive Factor to Foreign Investors (Cont.)
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V-Conclusions and Recommendations
Vietnam is among fastest growing economy in the
region and the world with many business opportunities,
from both quantitative and qualitative aspect.
Government supports the open door policy, building up
the infrastructure and improve in competitiveness.
Vietnam has witnessed fundamental changes during 13
years of comprehensive reform towards market and the
world economy.
With further strengthening policies on development of
enterprises, abolishment of monopoly of state owned
enterprises, development of production factor
markets, macroeconomic stabilization, acceleration of
integration process, and modernization of public sector,
Vietnam will gain higher benefit from opportunities in
the globalization as well as minimize possible costs and
reach the projected goals.
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VI- References:
A-Books:
1- International Business Environment (Handouts) - Dr. T. R. Dash, BBU, August, 2010
2- International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition- Donald A. Ball, Wendell, Paul, J. Michael and
Michael S. Minor, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, 2004
3-Vietnam's economic development: Opportunities and challenges towards the integration tendency Prof.,Dr.
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen and Prof.,Dr. Bui Anh Tuan, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam
B-Websites:
1- Investment and Trade Promotion Center,
http://www.itpc.gov.vn/investors/news/2010/10/2010-10-28.342326/MISNews_view/?set_language=en
2- MUTRAP, http://www.mutrap.org.vn/en/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?List
=04b7f557-7dc2-4103-91f3-a38d33dc893d&ID=178
3- VOANEWS.VN,
http://english.vovnews.vn/Home/Vietnam-an-attractive-destination-for-foreign-investors/20063/36897.vov
4- Service Industry Promotion Center, http://www.taiwanbiztour.com/global/Content.aspx?id=36
5-The World Bank,
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/VIETNAMEXTN/0,,menuPK:387575~pag
6- http://www.haivenu-vietnam.com/vietnam-culture-attitudes.htm
7- http://www.indexmundi.com/vietnam/unemployment_rate.html
8- http://www.indexmundi.com/vietnam/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html
9-http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-31/vietnam-s-2010-economic-growth
10-http://web.worldbank.org/
11-http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Business/6242/Vietnam-sees-2010-GDP-growth-at-65-7.htm
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