Experts play an important role in advancing scientific knowledge if knowledge is defined as justified belief rather than true belief. This is because scientific reasoning relies on assumptions, and it is reasonable to accept the assumptions of experts who have extensively studied an area rather than having to personally verify every assumption. However, experts are not crucial for finding ultimate truth, since all humans, including experts, are limited by their senses, reasoning abilities, emotions, and use of language. Experts also have self-interests like recognition and are subject to biases, so their opinions should still be questioned rather than accepted absolutely. Ultimately, there are varying levels of expertise and no clear definition of what qualifies someone as an expert.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
"Join me on my YouTube channel for more insightful topics! Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and share with your friends to stay updated on all the latest content!"
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lecture 29 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes parapsychology, Freudian psychology
Lesson in Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person
"Join me on my YouTube channel for more insightful topics! Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and share with your friends to stay updated on all the latest content!"
https://www.youtube.com/@JehnSimon
lecture 29 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes parapsychology, Freudian psychology
IB ToK Essay Sample - Is there a trade off between skepticism and successful ...Writing Metier
APA style IB ToK Essay Example
Topic:
"Is there a trade-off between skepticism and successful production of knowledge?" written by WritingMetier.com
IB Diploma November 2019 topic.
1 Running head THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES .docxhoney725342
1
Running head: THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
The Ethics of Elephants in Circuses
Dr. Christopher Foster
PHI103: Informal Logic
Ashford University
Annotated example for Week One Assignment
2
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
This is the argument in
Standard Form.
Standard Form means
putting each premise
and conclusion on a
separate line, as
observed here. Labeling
the premises P1, P2, etc.
is also helpful to be able
to refer to them later.
The next four
paragraphs
provide
support for
each premise
of the
argument.
The topic of
each
paragraph is
clear from the
opening
sentence.
It is good to
provide
clarification of
the meaning of
premises as well
(as indicated in
the instructions).
P1: Elephants are highly intelligent animals.
P2: Putting elephants in circuses requires them to live their
lives in extreme confinement.
P3: Anything that requires highly intelligent animals to
live their lives in extreme confinement is wrong unless it serves
a purpose that outweighs the suffering involved.
P4: Putting elephants in circuses does not serve a purpose that
outweighs the suffering involved.
C: Therefore, putting elephants in circuses is wrong.
The first premise has been widely known for decades by those who
have studied elephants. Scientific studies have shown that elephants are
able to independently discover novel methods to figure out how to retrieve
food, and they have recently been shown to be able to enlist the help of
other elephants in situations that require cooperation (Jabr, 2014).
The second premise is justified by looking at how elephants are
treated in circuses. When not performing or being transported, circus
elephants are kept on a short chain that prevents them from being able
to move around or even lie down normally. This is what is meant by
‘extreme confinement’: captivity so severe that the animal is not able
to get proper exercise and stimulation. In addition to the captivity, there
3
THE ETHICS OF ELEPHANTS IN CIRCUSES
have been many reports, and footage, of abuse of circus elephants with bullhooks, electrocution, and
other forms of cruelty (Nelson, 2011).
The third premise makes a strong moral claim. Given the intelligence of elephants, and their
natural use of vast savannahs of space, life spent on a tiny chain will involve a tremendous amount of
suffering. They develop “stereotypic behaviors” such as constant swaying back and forth, indicating
severe psychological distress (Wildlife Advocacy Project, n.d.). President of PAWS, Ed Stewart, expresses
it well:
Elephants should not be in captivity – period … The social structure isn’t correct, the space is not
right, the climate is not right, the food is not right … They are unbelievably intelligent. With all of
that brainpower – to be as limited as they are in captivity – it’s a wonder they cope at all. (Jabr,
2014)
My final premise states ...
How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge?Megan Kedzlie
An essay for my Theory of Knowledge/Philosophy class that I take in the IB. Looks at the value society puts onto experts and the definition of an expert.
L-name 1
Your name
My name
Course (including section)
Date
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, what knowledge is, what we can know and how we can know it. The two main parts of Epistemology are Empiricism and Rationalism. The disagreement between rationalism and empiricism is the way in which we gain knowledge. Rationalism is a theory that reason is the basis of all certainty of knowledge whereas empiricism is based on the principles that all knowledge comes from experience especially that from our senses and that the knowledge we acquire is the basis of our understanding. Rational knowledge occurs in any situation where we are taught something. Impersonal or propositional knowledge are examples of rational knowledge for the reason that through both logic is used to acquire knowledge. Rational knowledge requires the mind to be active in gaining knowledge whereas experience is downplayed. Descartes is a key rationalist thinker.
Empiricists share the view that there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that instead knowledge is derived from experience either sensed via the five senses or reasoned via the brain or mind. A key Empiricist is John Locke. Each theory, however, has a problem of knowledge because you can never solely have empirical or rational knowledge. This essay will explore the arguments for each theory in turn.
The fundamental idea of Empiricism is that we can only be sure of something once it has been tested, proven and experienced. An Empiricist would argue that we ought to only make decisions once a person has got the information needed in order to make fact, usually by using the five senses. Empiricism has been used to explain aspects in philosophy and science. Empiricism in philosophy focuses on the roles of experience and evidence and the use of humans’ sensory awareness. In science, empiricism is associated with the knowledge that is based upon evidence, which has been gained through scientific experiment in order to prove.
It may be argued that Empiricism is ‘simpler’, as rationalism has one more entity that exists which is innate knowledge. According to empiricism, the innate knowledge is unobservable and inefficacious, it does not do anything. It is knowledge that may never be used. Using ‘Ockham’s Razor’, a principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible, Empiricism is easily the simpler theory.
Another argument, is the argument of color. Those with a sight impairment would be unable to know what colors look like as they would be unable to see them. The only way to have known about colors would be to see them and experience them. However, Descartes and Plato would reject this argument, arguing that we have innate knowledge of the forms [mathematical objects and concepts], moral concepts [goodness, beauty, virtue and piety] and possibly color. Descartes believes that the idea of God, or perfection and infinity and knowledge of ...
Psychology as a Science
Is Psychology A Science?
Essay about Definition of Psychology
The Science of Psychology Essay
Essay about Psychology is a Science
Is Psychology A Science?
Is Psychology A Science?
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The Science of Psychology Essay
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Scientific research and it's characteristics- Methods of acquiring knowledge, Intuition, Authority, Rationalism, Empiricism, The Role of the Scientist in Psychological Research, curiosity, patience, objectivity, tolerant of change, induction, deduction, Characteristics of Scientific research, Control, Operationalism, Replication and summary
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Mint Achanaiyakul
How important are the opinions of experts in
the search for knowledge?
An expert can be defined as a person who specializes in one or more areas of
knowledge. For example, chemists, biologists and physicists are experts in their
respective fields of natural sciences. Knowledge can be defined as justified true belief
(K = JTB). However, when talking about the natural sciences, it may be argued that
knowledge is not necessarily true but it just has to be justified belief (K = JB) because it
is impossible to know whether something is true and if it is true, it is impossible to know
that it will be true all the time. This essay will focus on the importance of experts in the
search for knowledge about the natural sciences. Experts are necessary in the search
for knowledge if knowledge is defined as justified belief (K = JB). However, they are not
important if knowledge is defined as justified belief (K = JTB) because all people,
including experts are subject to the same limitations of the four ways of knowing and
are unable to know the truth or ultimate reality.
Experts are necessary in the search for knowledge if knowledge is justified
belief. This is because there is a lot of reasoning involved in the natural sciences.
Deductive reasoning is reasoning from general to particular. For example, all metals
expand when heated. If A is a metal, then it will expand when heated. This type of
reasoning is based on assumptions or premises. For example, in the syllogism
mentioned, the premises are that all metals expand when heated and that A is a metal.
If we did not make those assumptions that we would be unable to reach the conclusion
that A will expand when heated. What if the assumptions came from experts and you
choose to rely on experts because you think that experts are not necessary in the
search for knowledge? You would have to verify the assumptions to reach your
conclusion. This is a simple example, but what if you did not believe in experts at all?
If you did not believe that the earth went around the sun, then you would have to verify
this assumption yourself. We would all need to each go out and verify all your
assumptions before reaching a conclusion. It is impossible for you to live long enough
to verify all your assumptions. The best that you can do to make any progress is to
listen to experts and take their word for the theories that they have tested and the
assumptions that they have made. However, you should achieve a balance between
being reasonable and being too skeptical because if you did not question your
assumptions at all then major scientific breakthroughs may not happen. Scientific
revolutions happen when people question the current scientific theories.
Experts are not important in the search for knowledge if knowledge is justified
true belief and because experts are not any better at finding out truth than are normal
people. This is because they are subject to the same limitations of the four ways of
knowing as those who are nonspecialists in the same area of knowledge. All experts
cannot avoid the limitations of perception, reason, emotion and language in their
search for knowledge. Human perception is limited by human sense organs. According
to the theory of scientific realism, we do not see the world exactly the wayit is: the world
exists as an independent reality. For example, the color red is not actually red. It is red
because our eyes interpret it is red. We do not know what red looks like in ultimate
reality. Also, reason is limited because, as research has shown, humans are not very
good at abstract reasoning and it is liable for them to make all kinds of errors.
Furthermore, emotion and language also have many limitations and these may prevent
experts from finding out actual knowledge. We may think that experts may have access
to better equipment and that they have spent more time studying their areas of
knowledge but they still cannot actually know what ultimate reality actually is because
of their imperfect sense organs. Basically, there is no way of finding out the truth
2. Mint Achanaiyakul
(ultimate reality), and experts are not helping us to search for truth. However, the
purpose of natural sciences is not to find truth but to look for models and these models
may not necessarily be true.
Experts are not important in the search for knowledge, because they, like all
human beings, are acting in their own self-interest. According to the self-interest
theory, human beings are always and everywhere selfish. According to the definitional
argument, people can be labeled as “selfish” if they do what they want to do. As much
as we would like to think that experts in the natural sciences want to find out truth but
there have been many cases in history in which experts have been motivated by
ambition and vanity. For example, there have been numerous people who have
claimed to find out new theories or to carry out bizarre experiments just because they
wanted to receive recognition and claim a Nobel Prize. This may have to do with
emotion because it is feelings that interfere with their concern for ethics and
knowledge. Another reason why experts are not important is that there are also many
levels of expertise or knowledge. A person may have a superficial grasp, a good
understanding, or “expert” mastery of a subject. It is impossible to know exactly when a
person goes from being in the “good understanding group” to the “expert group”. There
is no absolute scale on which expertise can be weighed: it is not quantifiable. Then
what are experts? The word “expert” is only a label. The word “expert” may have
different definitions for different people. This is a problem that has to do with language,
one of the ways of knowing. We can conclude that, basically, there are no “experts” in
science.
To conclude, experts are not important in the search for knowledge if we agree
that Plato’s definition of knowledge is right (K=JTB). They are necessary in the search
for knowledge if knowledge is justified belief. However, if knowledge is justified true
belief then they are not crucial. This is because they cannot avoid the limitations of the
ways of knowing and like all human beings, experts act in their own self-interest. There
are also many levels of expertise and the definition of expert may not be the same for
everyone.