The document summarizes the development of colonial society in America before the American Revolution, including the growth of the slave trade and slavery in the southern colonies through the triangular trade and middle passage. It discusses key aspects of colonial society such as the founding of Georgia as a debtor colony, the stratification of colonial society, the colonial economy centered around farming and trade, the impact of the Great Awakening on religion, and differences in education levels across the colonies.
The document summarizes the founding and early history of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It details how the colony struggled at first due to a lack of preparation and farming skills among the colonists. Disease and conflict with the local Powhatan Confederacy led to many deaths in the early years. The colony became more successful after John Smith took control and instituted new rules. The introduction of tobacco as a cash crop by John Rolfe helped the colony become profitable. However, the headright system of rewarding land for transporting colonists led to the rise of indentured servitude and later slavery to meet the need for labor on the large plantations.
Lecture 1 Colonial Society On The Eve Of RevolutionFrank Schiro
Colonial society in the 18th century was stratified, with wealthy merchants, professionals, and large plantation owners at the top. Below them were yeoman farmers, artisans, and hired workers. At the bottom were indentured servants and slaves. While there was some social mobility, the principles of mercantilism and the triangular slave trade enriched many English merchants. Colonial assemblies exercised some self-governance but were limited by the power of royal governors. Religious diversity increased by 1775, though Anglican and Congregational churches held official status in most colonies.
The document summarizes the 13 original colonies divided into three regional groups: New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
New England colonies (NH, MA, CT, RI) were settled primarily by Puritans and Pilgrims with strong religious beliefs. Agriculture was poor due to rocky soil. Self-government developed through the Mayflower Compact.
The Middle colonies (PA, NY, NJ, DE) had rich diversity and the most religious variation. Being central made them centers of distribution. Land was more fertile.
The Southern colonies (VA, MD, NC, SC, GA) prioritized cash crops like tobacco grown with slave labor. Life expectancy was lowest due to diseases. Plantations dominated the
1. Pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America had complex societies without large domesticated animals, developing accurate astronomy, a 365-day calendar, and the concept of zero.
2. Their polytheistic religions demanded human sacrifice and warfare between tribes. The Aztec empire was the most advanced city in the world with over 200,000 citizens in Tenochtitlan.
3. Indigenous people were mostly wiped out by European diseases. After human rights abuses, monks were sent to convert the remaining native population to Christianity, baptizing thousands per day and integrating local traditions.
American colonial society was characterized by representative governments in New England and the house of Burgesses in Virginia, though the Crown appointed governors and imposed trade policies. Religious and political tensions increased under King James II before the Glorious Revolution established Protestant rule. The colonies developed independent political and cultural institutions while also facing internal divisions along lines of class, race, and ethnicity. Colonial economies grew through exports of tobacco and imports of slaves but economic hardship and unrest sometimes resulted from instability and inequality in the distribution of profits.
1) Colonial New England and Chesapeake Bay societies differed in their economies, community life, and family structures.
2) New England had a more educated population and tighter-knit communities centered around churches, while the Chesapeake relied on the tobacco trade and utilized indentured servants and slaves on large spread-out plantations.
3) Conflicts arose from the different social hierarchies and economic stresses, like Bacon's Rebellion sparked by tensions between indentured servants and landowners. The shift to slave labor in the Chesapeake also fueled the growth of slavery in the colonies.
The document discusses the history of the American colonies from the 17th century onwards. King James II took interest in the colonies primarily for tax revenue. As royal power was challenged, some colonies lost their charters if they remained loyal to the king. An increase in Atlantic trade helped spread news, while the main exports of the colonies shifted from tobacco and sugar to wheat over time, bringing increased wealth and consumerism. Although some came for religious freedom, colonial towns often persecuted those of other faiths and centered around the local church. Control over native populations was important, as shown during the French and Indian War where France and allied Indians tried but failed to defeat the British colonies.
6.1 - History and Government of The United StatesDan Ewert
The document summarizes the history of the United States, beginning with the migration of nomadic tribes across the Bering Strait land bridge into North America over 12,000 years ago. It then discusses European exploration and colonization by Spain, France, and England starting in the 16th century. The British colonies rebelled and formed the United States, while Canada remained loyal to Britain. Westward expansion continued in the 19th century, aided by the Louisiana Purchase. Sectionalism over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War from 1861-1865, resulting in over 1 million casualties and the abolition of slavery. After the war, urbanization increased as people migrated to cities.
The document summarizes the founding and early history of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It details how the colony struggled at first due to a lack of preparation and farming skills among the colonists. Disease and conflict with the local Powhatan Confederacy led to many deaths in the early years. The colony became more successful after John Smith took control and instituted new rules. The introduction of tobacco as a cash crop by John Rolfe helped the colony become profitable. However, the headright system of rewarding land for transporting colonists led to the rise of indentured servitude and later slavery to meet the need for labor on the large plantations.
Lecture 1 Colonial Society On The Eve Of RevolutionFrank Schiro
Colonial society in the 18th century was stratified, with wealthy merchants, professionals, and large plantation owners at the top. Below them were yeoman farmers, artisans, and hired workers. At the bottom were indentured servants and slaves. While there was some social mobility, the principles of mercantilism and the triangular slave trade enriched many English merchants. Colonial assemblies exercised some self-governance but were limited by the power of royal governors. Religious diversity increased by 1775, though Anglican and Congregational churches held official status in most colonies.
The document summarizes the 13 original colonies divided into three regional groups: New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
New England colonies (NH, MA, CT, RI) were settled primarily by Puritans and Pilgrims with strong religious beliefs. Agriculture was poor due to rocky soil. Self-government developed through the Mayflower Compact.
The Middle colonies (PA, NY, NJ, DE) had rich diversity and the most religious variation. Being central made them centers of distribution. Land was more fertile.
The Southern colonies (VA, MD, NC, SC, GA) prioritized cash crops like tobacco grown with slave labor. Life expectancy was lowest due to diseases. Plantations dominated the
1. Pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America had complex societies without large domesticated animals, developing accurate astronomy, a 365-day calendar, and the concept of zero.
2. Their polytheistic religions demanded human sacrifice and warfare between tribes. The Aztec empire was the most advanced city in the world with over 200,000 citizens in Tenochtitlan.
3. Indigenous people were mostly wiped out by European diseases. After human rights abuses, monks were sent to convert the remaining native population to Christianity, baptizing thousands per day and integrating local traditions.
American colonial society was characterized by representative governments in New England and the house of Burgesses in Virginia, though the Crown appointed governors and imposed trade policies. Religious and political tensions increased under King James II before the Glorious Revolution established Protestant rule. The colonies developed independent political and cultural institutions while also facing internal divisions along lines of class, race, and ethnicity. Colonial economies grew through exports of tobacco and imports of slaves but economic hardship and unrest sometimes resulted from instability and inequality in the distribution of profits.
1) Colonial New England and Chesapeake Bay societies differed in their economies, community life, and family structures.
2) New England had a more educated population and tighter-knit communities centered around churches, while the Chesapeake relied on the tobacco trade and utilized indentured servants and slaves on large spread-out plantations.
3) Conflicts arose from the different social hierarchies and economic stresses, like Bacon's Rebellion sparked by tensions between indentured servants and landowners. The shift to slave labor in the Chesapeake also fueled the growth of slavery in the colonies.
The document discusses the history of the American colonies from the 17th century onwards. King James II took interest in the colonies primarily for tax revenue. As royal power was challenged, some colonies lost their charters if they remained loyal to the king. An increase in Atlantic trade helped spread news, while the main exports of the colonies shifted from tobacco and sugar to wheat over time, bringing increased wealth and consumerism. Although some came for religious freedom, colonial towns often persecuted those of other faiths and centered around the local church. Control over native populations was important, as shown during the French and Indian War where France and allied Indians tried but failed to defeat the British colonies.
6.1 - History and Government of The United StatesDan Ewert
The document summarizes the history of the United States, beginning with the migration of nomadic tribes across the Bering Strait land bridge into North America over 12,000 years ago. It then discusses European exploration and colonization by Spain, France, and England starting in the 16th century. The British colonies rebelled and formed the United States, while Canada remained loyal to Britain. Westward expansion continued in the 19th century, aided by the Louisiana Purchase. Sectionalism over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War from 1861-1865, resulting in over 1 million casualties and the abolition of slavery. After the war, urbanization increased as people migrated to cities.
1) Colonial America developed under the mercantilist system where colonies existed as markets and suppliers for the home country of Britain. Navigation Acts required trade to go through Britain and enumerated products could only be traded between Britain and colonies.
2) The colonies prospered under this system but some complained about restrictions. King James II further centralized control but this led to the Glorious Revolution and ideas of power coming from consent rather than divine right.
3) The four main regions - Plantation South, Middle Colonies, New England, and Frontier - developed differently based on economies, immigration, and governance structures. The Plantation South relied on tobacco and slavery while New England had family-based towns.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the English colonies in North America from the late 1600s to the mid-1700s. It discusses the decline of Puritanism in New England, the growth of slavery and plantation economies in the South, and increasing tensions between the colonies and British authorities. It also covers the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, and influential events like the Zenger trial that helped shape colonial ideas about freedom and rights.
The document summarizes the development of the American colonies between 1700-1750. It describes the distinct characteristics of three main regions: New England relied on subsistence farming, fishing, and trade; the Middle Colonies had fertile land and grew cash crops while also developing cities; and the Southern Colonies used plantation agriculture and slavery, with the population of enslaved Africans growing significantly. It also discusses the diverse settlers of the backcountry region along the Appalachian Mountains.
The document provides an overview of the economic, social, and political differences between the antebellum North and South. The North's economy was based on manufacturing and industry while the South relied on slave labor to grow cash crops like cotton. These diverging economic systems led to conflicts over the expansion of slavery and states' rights, ultimately resulting in the American Civil War.
Chapter 7 provides an overview of the key physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Latin America. The chapter discusses how Latin America shares colonial legacies from Spain and Portugal, as well as languages and independence movements in the 19th century. It then summarizes some of the major environmental, demographic, and development issues facing Latin America, including climate, natural disasters, population growth, urbanization, and economic challenges.
Chapter 7 provides an overview of the key physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Latin America. The chapter discusses how Latin America shares colonial legacies from Spain and Portugal, as well as languages and independence movements in the 19th century. It then summarizes some of the major environmental, demographic, and development issues facing Latin America, including climate, natural disasters, population growth, urbanization, and economic challenges.
The document describes three economic zones in the Atlantic system: settler colonies, plantations, and Spanish mainland and mixed farming. It focuses on plantations in the Caribbean, which grew cash crops like sugar using slave labor from Africa under brutal conditions. Around 15-20 million Africans were enslaved and transported across the deadly Atlantic, impacting power dynamics in Africa as coastal tribes gained status through the slave trade. New world crops also increased populations in Africa over the long term.
The document discusses the period of colonization in the Caribbean between the 17th-19th centuries. It describes how European powers like Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands colonized various Caribbean islands and established plantation economies dependent on African slave labor. Slavery resulted in the genocide and oppression of Africans, but slaves resisted through maroon communities, revolts, and maintaining aspects of their culture. The document also covers emancipation in the 1800s, the use of indentured servants from Asia, and how newly freed groups established independent communities and economic activities in the post-slavery period.
The cotton gin led to a massive expansion of slavery in the American South. Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 automated the labor-intensive process of separating cotton fibers from seeds, vastly increasing production. Cotton production grew from 13,000 bales in 1792 to over 1 million bales by 1840. The demand for slave labor to cultivate and pick cotton grew tremendously, reversing the expectation that slavery would die out, and the South became increasingly dependent on the institution of slavery to maintain its economy. By 1860 over 4 million slaves, making up over 1/3 of the population in the Southern states, were kept as human property to support the cotton industry.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "America: Pathways to the Present". It covers four main sections: 1) An Empire and Its Colonies, discussing how the English Civil War and mercantilism impacted colonial development. 2) Life in Colonial America, describing colonial society, occupations, education, and women's roles. 3) African Americans in the Colonies, focusing on slavery, the Middle Passage, and laws controlling slaves. 4) Emerging Tensions, covering western expansion, reactions from Native Americans and the French, and religious tensions in the colonies. Assessment questions are included at the end of each section.
The document summarizes key differences between life in the Northern and Southern colonies. The Northern colonies had a more diverse economy based on trade, shipping, and small independent farms. The Southern colonies had an agricultural economy dominated by plantation owners growing cash crops like rice, tobacco, and indigo using intensive slave labor. Women in both regions had no legal rights but Southern women generally received less education and faced harder work. England implemented mercantilist policies through Navigation Acts to profit from the colonies by restricting trade and requiring goods pass through England first, though enforcement was loose, allowing colonial autonomy to grow.
- The North, South, and West developed very differently economically and socially in the early 1800s. The North industrialized while the South remained agricultural and relied on slavery. The West was focused on farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation.
- These regional differences led to conflicting political interests around issues like tariffs and the expansion of slavery into new territories. The Compromise of 1850 temporarily resolved some of these issues but reinforced the concept of "popular sovereignty" that exacerbated tensions.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, effectively opening Kansas and Nebraska to slavery and sparking violent clashes known as "Bleeding Kansas" that further divided the North and South. This
The document provides definitions for various groups that lived in the colonial regions of North America. It discusses farmers who worked the land according to the region and relied on family labor. It also discusses large landowners who relied on indentured servants and slavery and were sometimes educated. The document also defines artisans as craftsmen who worked in towns and plantations, living in small villages and cities.
The document discusses how various groups migrated to and settled in early America. It describes how Native American tribes lived in diverse communities across the land prior to European contact. It then outlines key European explorers and colonizers, including the Norse, Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro and the English. The English established colonies for religious, economic and population relief reasons. The earliest English colonies struggled but eventually thrived through the development of cash crops like tobacco and systems of land distribution. Religion played a strong role in colonial life and the Great Awakening impacted political views. The economies of the northern, middle and southern colonies differed based on their environments and trade networks.
The document provides information on the economic, social, and political differences between the North and South in antebellum America that contributed to growing tensions between the regions. It notes that the North's economy was based on manufacturing, industry, and free labor while the South relied on slave labor to support its agricultural plantation economy focused on cash crops like cotton. It describes the rise of urbanization and industrialization in the North compared to the rural society of the South, and how these diverging economic models affected factors like transportation, social classes, cities, and labor practices in each region, ultimately leading Americans to turn to civil war to resolve their disagreements.
- The document provides a timeline of Aboriginal history in Canada from pre-1700 to 2000, outlining the thriving economies and societies that existed before European contact and the subsequent disruption, discrimination, and oppression they faced over the following centuries.
- Key events included the establishment of the fur trade in the 1600s-1800s, wars and disease outbreaks in the 1600-1700s, the Indian Act of 1876 which formalized the reserve system and band governance, and residential schools being made mandatory in the 1920s.
- The conclusion notes that a accurate understanding of this history helps explain modern socio-economic issues facing Indigenous peoples and the importance of recognizing the impacts of centuries of mistreatment despite their resilience.
This document provides an overview of the political, economic, and social developments in the American colonies from the mid-17th century through the French and Indian War. It describes the rise of plantation economies and slavery in the South, as well as the growth of commercial industries and urban centers in the North. It also discusses the weakening of royal authority over colonial governors and the emergence of Enlightenment and Great Awakening ideas that challenged traditional authority. The document concludes by outlining the French and Indian War between Britain and France, resulting in British control of most of North America east of the Mississippi River.
The document discusses the exploration and colonization of the New World by Spain and England in the 1500s-1600s. It summarizes that Spain's colonization in the 1500s was driven by desires for gold, glory, and spreading Christianity, leading Columbus to discover the Americas in 1492. England's colonization began in the 1600s after defeating Spain's Armada in 1588, with the first permanent English colony being Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The colonies that developed had different economies, societies, and levels of religious freedom depending on their location.
The document discusses slavery and the antebellum South. It describes how the South was mainly agricultural with little industry and how power shifted to the Lower South as cotton became very profitable due to the invention of the cotton gin. Slavery was integral to the Southern economy and way of life, with over 4 million slaves by 1860 producing most of the world's cotton. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman advocated for ending slavery, but the South strongly defended the institution of slavery. This set the stage for the future clash over the issue of slavery that would lead to the Civil War.
1) Colonial America developed under the mercantilist system where colonies existed as markets and suppliers for the home country of Britain. Navigation Acts required trade to go through Britain and enumerated products could only be traded between Britain and colonies.
2) The colonies prospered under this system but some complained about restrictions. King James II further centralized control but this led to the Glorious Revolution and ideas of power coming from consent rather than divine right.
3) The four main regions - Plantation South, Middle Colonies, New England, and Frontier - developed differently based on economies, immigration, and governance structures. The Plantation South relied on tobacco and slavery while New England had family-based towns.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the English colonies in North America from the late 1600s to the mid-1700s. It discusses the decline of Puritanism in New England, the growth of slavery and plantation economies in the South, and increasing tensions between the colonies and British authorities. It also covers the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, and influential events like the Zenger trial that helped shape colonial ideas about freedom and rights.
The document summarizes the development of the American colonies between 1700-1750. It describes the distinct characteristics of three main regions: New England relied on subsistence farming, fishing, and trade; the Middle Colonies had fertile land and grew cash crops while also developing cities; and the Southern Colonies used plantation agriculture and slavery, with the population of enslaved Africans growing significantly. It also discusses the diverse settlers of the backcountry region along the Appalachian Mountains.
The document provides an overview of the economic, social, and political differences between the antebellum North and South. The North's economy was based on manufacturing and industry while the South relied on slave labor to grow cash crops like cotton. These diverging economic systems led to conflicts over the expansion of slavery and states' rights, ultimately resulting in the American Civil War.
Chapter 7 provides an overview of the key physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Latin America. The chapter discusses how Latin America shares colonial legacies from Spain and Portugal, as well as languages and independence movements in the 19th century. It then summarizes some of the major environmental, demographic, and development issues facing Latin America, including climate, natural disasters, population growth, urbanization, and economic challenges.
Chapter 7 provides an overview of the key physical, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of Latin America. The chapter discusses how Latin America shares colonial legacies from Spain and Portugal, as well as languages and independence movements in the 19th century. It then summarizes some of the major environmental, demographic, and development issues facing Latin America, including climate, natural disasters, population growth, urbanization, and economic challenges.
The document describes three economic zones in the Atlantic system: settler colonies, plantations, and Spanish mainland and mixed farming. It focuses on plantations in the Caribbean, which grew cash crops like sugar using slave labor from Africa under brutal conditions. Around 15-20 million Africans were enslaved and transported across the deadly Atlantic, impacting power dynamics in Africa as coastal tribes gained status through the slave trade. New world crops also increased populations in Africa over the long term.
The document discusses the period of colonization in the Caribbean between the 17th-19th centuries. It describes how European powers like Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands colonized various Caribbean islands and established plantation economies dependent on African slave labor. Slavery resulted in the genocide and oppression of Africans, but slaves resisted through maroon communities, revolts, and maintaining aspects of their culture. The document also covers emancipation in the 1800s, the use of indentured servants from Asia, and how newly freed groups established independent communities and economic activities in the post-slavery period.
The cotton gin led to a massive expansion of slavery in the American South. Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 automated the labor-intensive process of separating cotton fibers from seeds, vastly increasing production. Cotton production grew from 13,000 bales in 1792 to over 1 million bales by 1840. The demand for slave labor to cultivate and pick cotton grew tremendously, reversing the expectation that slavery would die out, and the South became increasingly dependent on the institution of slavery to maintain its economy. By 1860 over 4 million slaves, making up over 1/3 of the population in the Southern states, were kept as human property to support the cotton industry.
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "America: Pathways to the Present". It covers four main sections: 1) An Empire and Its Colonies, discussing how the English Civil War and mercantilism impacted colonial development. 2) Life in Colonial America, describing colonial society, occupations, education, and women's roles. 3) African Americans in the Colonies, focusing on slavery, the Middle Passage, and laws controlling slaves. 4) Emerging Tensions, covering western expansion, reactions from Native Americans and the French, and religious tensions in the colonies. Assessment questions are included at the end of each section.
The document summarizes key differences between life in the Northern and Southern colonies. The Northern colonies had a more diverse economy based on trade, shipping, and small independent farms. The Southern colonies had an agricultural economy dominated by plantation owners growing cash crops like rice, tobacco, and indigo using intensive slave labor. Women in both regions had no legal rights but Southern women generally received less education and faced harder work. England implemented mercantilist policies through Navigation Acts to profit from the colonies by restricting trade and requiring goods pass through England first, though enforcement was loose, allowing colonial autonomy to grow.
- The North, South, and West developed very differently economically and socially in the early 1800s. The North industrialized while the South remained agricultural and relied on slavery. The West was focused on farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation.
- These regional differences led to conflicting political interests around issues like tariffs and the expansion of slavery into new territories. The Compromise of 1850 temporarily resolved some of these issues but reinforced the concept of "popular sovereignty" that exacerbated tensions.
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, effectively opening Kansas and Nebraska to slavery and sparking violent clashes known as "Bleeding Kansas" that further divided the North and South. This
The document provides definitions for various groups that lived in the colonial regions of North America. It discusses farmers who worked the land according to the region and relied on family labor. It also discusses large landowners who relied on indentured servants and slavery and were sometimes educated. The document also defines artisans as craftsmen who worked in towns and plantations, living in small villages and cities.
The document discusses how various groups migrated to and settled in early America. It describes how Native American tribes lived in diverse communities across the land prior to European contact. It then outlines key European explorers and colonizers, including the Norse, Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro and the English. The English established colonies for religious, economic and population relief reasons. The earliest English colonies struggled but eventually thrived through the development of cash crops like tobacco and systems of land distribution. Religion played a strong role in colonial life and the Great Awakening impacted political views. The economies of the northern, middle and southern colonies differed based on their environments and trade networks.
The document provides information on the economic, social, and political differences between the North and South in antebellum America that contributed to growing tensions between the regions. It notes that the North's economy was based on manufacturing, industry, and free labor while the South relied on slave labor to support its agricultural plantation economy focused on cash crops like cotton. It describes the rise of urbanization and industrialization in the North compared to the rural society of the South, and how these diverging economic models affected factors like transportation, social classes, cities, and labor practices in each region, ultimately leading Americans to turn to civil war to resolve their disagreements.
- The document provides a timeline of Aboriginal history in Canada from pre-1700 to 2000, outlining the thriving economies and societies that existed before European contact and the subsequent disruption, discrimination, and oppression they faced over the following centuries.
- Key events included the establishment of the fur trade in the 1600s-1800s, wars and disease outbreaks in the 1600-1700s, the Indian Act of 1876 which formalized the reserve system and band governance, and residential schools being made mandatory in the 1920s.
- The conclusion notes that a accurate understanding of this history helps explain modern socio-economic issues facing Indigenous peoples and the importance of recognizing the impacts of centuries of mistreatment despite their resilience.
This document provides an overview of the political, economic, and social developments in the American colonies from the mid-17th century through the French and Indian War. It describes the rise of plantation economies and slavery in the South, as well as the growth of commercial industries and urban centers in the North. It also discusses the weakening of royal authority over colonial governors and the emergence of Enlightenment and Great Awakening ideas that challenged traditional authority. The document concludes by outlining the French and Indian War between Britain and France, resulting in British control of most of North America east of the Mississippi River.
The document discusses the exploration and colonization of the New World by Spain and England in the 1500s-1600s. It summarizes that Spain's colonization in the 1500s was driven by desires for gold, glory, and spreading Christianity, leading Columbus to discover the Americas in 1492. England's colonization began in the 1600s after defeating Spain's Armada in 1588, with the first permanent English colony being Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The colonies that developed had different economies, societies, and levels of religious freedom depending on their location.
The document discusses slavery and the antebellum South. It describes how the South was mainly agricultural with little industry and how power shifted to the Lower South as cotton became very profitable due to the invention of the cotton gin. Slavery was integral to the Southern economy and way of life, with over 4 million slaves by 1860 producing most of the world's cotton. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman advocated for ending slavery, but the South strongly defended the institution of slavery. This set the stage for the future clash over the issue of slavery that would lead to the Civil War.
1. AIM: How far did Colonial Society Develop before the Revolution? Do Now: Identify the following: Triangle Trade Middle Passage Georgia Experiment
2.
3. The Carolinas and Georgia Impact of the West Indies – sugar and slaves Rice – major crop of south James Oglethorpe – founder – Georgia – last colony (haven for debtors)
4. Colonial Slavery West Africans Low Survival Rate Slave Codes Slave Life Slave Rebellions (1739) Stono Rebellion – largest slave revolt 25 Whites killed, scores of slaves killed in retaliation
7. Colonial Society Population Growth- immigration and Fertility Stratification Small Upper Class Yeoman Farmers Lesser Tradesmen Indentured Servants Slaves Professionals
8. Colonial Economy Triangular Trade (Illegal) Land Speculation - $$$ Farming Manufacturing – secondary to farming Trade – First British, then others Transportation – roads and waterways
9. Religion Toleration The Great Awakening – personal spiritual connection Jonathan Edwards - 1734 New vs. Old Light
10. Education New England Strongest Bible Reading Middle Some Public South Privileged College
Editor's Notes
Review Map and Chart (A)/ Read Historians’ Views (B)In what ways were the southern colonies different than the New England and middle colonies? According to the historians, why was the South a logical place for the development of the slave system? In your opinion, could the South have prospered without African slaves?
The CarolinasImpact of the British West IndiesWest Indies, especially Barbados, developed sugar plantation economy.Slaves in British West Indies outnumbered whites 4 to 1.Slave codes adopted in Barbados to control slaves.West Indies increasingly relied on mainland British America for foodstuffs.As sugar plantations began to crowd out small farmers, many came to Carolina with their slaves to farm.Carolina adopted slave code in 1696American colonization interrupted during English Civil War (1640s) and Cromwell's Protectorate (1650s)New colonies not founded until restoration to the throne of Charles II (1660-1685)New restoration colonies included the Carolinas, New York and PennsylvaniaCarolina created in 1670 after restoration and named after Charles II.Goals: grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados and export non-English products like wine, silk, and olive oil.Exported Indians as slaves to West Indies and New England colonies (perhaps as many as 100,000).Rice became main cash crop in Carolina for export; by 1710 blacks outnumbered whites.Charles Town (Charleston) became most active seaport in the South.Became a center for aristocratic younger brothers of English aristocrats (who inherited father's fortune due to primogeniture laws)Religious toleration existed.Indians and Spanish soldiers attacked southern Carolina settlements; resented British intrusion into the region.North Carolina created officially in 1712 as a refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters from Carolina and Virginia.Became most democratic, independent and least aristocratic of original 13 colonies (similar to Rhode Island).Yet, treated Indians ruthlessly and sold many into slavery.Georgia became last British American colony founded (1733).Founded by James OglethorpeFounded as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state against Spanish and Indian incursions from the South.Savannah emerged into a diverse community (included German Lutherans and Scottish Highlanders; but no Catholics)
Colonial SlaveryMost slaves came from West African coast (Senegal to Angola)Originally captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to European & American buyers. -- Estimated 40% of slaves captured by Africans in interior died en route to coast.Estimated 50 million Africans died or became slaves during 17th & 18th c.Of about 10-15 million Africans sent into slavery in the New World, 400,000 ended up in North America. (Majority sent to Spanish and Portuguese South Am. or to W. Indies)Between 20% to 1/3 of slaves died during the “Middle Passage”Horrific conditions:Slaves often chained by neck and extremities to deck floor.Packed into spaces about the size of a coffin; lay in own excrementIn some cases, next deck only 18” above deck floor; slaves could not turn over; lay on their back the entire voyage.Survivors eventually sold at auction blocks at ports like Newport, RI, or Charleston, SC (giant slave market)Most slaves came after 1700Some came to Jamestown as early as 1619 but only 2,000 in Virginia in 1670 -- Accounted for about 7% of southern plantation population in mid 17th c.Rising wages in England in 1680's reduced immigration to America. -- By 1680's, black slaves outnumbered white servants.1698, Royal African Co. lost its monopoly on the slave trade.Some Americans, esp. from RI, took advantage of lucrative slave tradeNumbers of slaves in America dramatically increased. -- Accounted for more than 1/2 Virginia population by 1750 -- In SC, outnumbered whites 2 to 1.A few slaves gained their freedom & some even became slave owners. -- However, this fact should not be over exaggerated! Constituted minuscule number relative to entire slave population.Slave CodesAs Africans grew in numbers, threatened whites passed laws to severely control the slave population.Most common codes stated:blacks and their children were property for life of white masters.it was a crime to teach literacy to slaves.conversion to Christianity was not grounds for freedom.South Carolina’s inherited Barbados slave codes influenced codes in other colonies.Slavery became the root of racism in America as a distinct color line was drawn. -- The notion of inferiority based on skin color was imbedded in U.S. law until the 1960s!Slave LifeSlavery harshest in the deepest South (esp. SC); least harsh in the middle colonies.Brutal & isolated conditions in rice and indigo farming led to many deathsFresh import of slavery needed to sustain productivityTobacco-growing in middle south less deadlyPlantations larger and closer together -- Afforded slaves more contact with friends and relativesIncrease of female slave populations made family life more possible by 1720.Slave pop. increased through higher birthrate.America became one of few slave societies in history to grow by natural reproduction.Slave culture became a mixture of American and African folkwaysGullah language evolved on islands off South Carolina coast. -- Blended English with several African languages: Yoruba, Ibo, HausaBanjo and bongo drum imported to America from Africa Ringshout dance contributed to development of Jazz.Religion a combination of Christianity and African rituals -- The free afterlife became a beacon of hope; story of Exodus particularly appealingSlave rebellions -- approx. 250 instances when minimum of ten slaves joined in a revolt or conspiracy. -- Stono Rebellion (1739): largest slave revolt in history of the 13 coloniesSC slaves tried to march to Spanish Florida after Spanish authorities offered freedom to any slave who reached Florida.Stopped by militia after 25 whites killed; eventually scores of slave rebels killed by militia and settlers.
Southern Society -- 18th centurySouthern class structure (from most powerful to least powerful)Plantation owners at top of social ladder --Ruled region's economy and monopolized political power.Small farmers comprised largest social group.Considered far below the prestige and power of the planter class.Most lived meager existences; some owned 1 or 2 slavesModest sized plotsLandless Whites -- most were former indentured servantsIndentured Servants (lowest of whites)Decreased in numbers as black slavery increased (esp. after Bacon's Rebellion)Only black slaves were lower in the class structureConstituted about 20% of colonial population by 1775South remained underdevelopedFew cities emergedLife revolved around southern plantations.Poor transportation -- waterways provided principal means of transportationWhy did the colonies differ from England? (Edmund S. Morgan)Demand for labor of indentured servants in the South (indentured servants)Women came in much smaller numbersImportation of slaves from Africa
Colonial lifestyleMost colonists were farmers (about 80% by the American Revolution)RolesWomen wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for childrenMen cleared land -- fenced, planted, and cropped it; cut firewood, and butchered livestock Children helped with adult tasks as well as being schooled when possible. Compared to most 17th century Europeans, Americans had a higher standard of living. Land was cheap, although less available in southern plantation system Wages were about three times that of Europe
Characteristics of 18th century British Colonial AmericaEnormous population growth: common feature.Demographic changes resulted in shift in the balance of power between the colonies and England. 1700 = less than 300K people; 2.5 million by 1775 (20% black) High fertility rate: ratio of English settlers for each American colonist dropped 20 to 1 in 1700. 3 to 1 in 1775.Largest colonies were Virginia, Mass., Penn., NC, and Maryland Only four major cities: Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston 90% lived in rural areas.America as a melting potMost mixed population in perhaps all the world despite being mainly EnglishSouth held 90% of slavesNew England the least ethnically mixed; predominantly PuritanMiddle colonies most ethnically mixedOutside of New England, about 1/2 of population non-English in 1775 Population breakdown: 1790English & Welsh (66%): English was dominant language; British institutions Scots Irish (and Scots Highlanders) (5.6%) Comprised mainly of Presbyterian Scots Lowlanders who had been transplanted to Northern Ireland decades earlier for promises of land-- Hated the British for uprooting them from Scotland. -- Most were frustrated and poorThousands came to America in early 1700s (mostly in Pennsylvania) Squatted on frontier lands and fought Native Americans. -- Once the Allegheny was reached, they moved south into backcountry of Maryland, western Virginia, & western Carolinas. Led armed marches in 18th century against wealthy easterners: -- Carolina Regulator movement in 1739 -- Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania in 1764Scots Highlanders – smaller in population; loyal to the crown German (4.5%) Fled from religious persecution, economic oppression, and war in early 1700's Settled mostly in Pennsylvania.; comprised 1/3 of its population Primarily Lutheran No loyalty to British crown. Retained German language and customs. Dutch (2.0%): concentrated in New York, New Jersey Irish (1.6%) French (0.4%) All other whites (0.3%) (Swedes, Jews, Swiss) African: 20% of population by 1775; mostly concentrated in the South Structure of Colonial SocietyStratification began to emerge by the mid 18th c.; barriers to mobility had not been as pronounced in previous years. Small Upper-class:Aristocratic plantation owners in South dominated wealth and influence Merchants, lawyers, officials, and clergymen dominated the North Yeoman farmers constituted the majority of the population: owned land Lesser tradesman, manual workers, and hired hands: many did not own land Indentured servants and jailbirds: limited-no influence Slaves: 20% of population; had no rights Americans on average had the highest standard of living in the world.Reasons for stratification Armed conflicts in 1690's & early 1700's benefited merchants in New England & middle colonies. -- Eventually, merchants held prominent positions in their churches & schools Yet, Americans had highest standard of living in world history up until that time. Later generations of farmers struggled as unclaimed land dwindled and the average size of farms shrank. -- Many sons became wage laborers or sought land beyond the Appalachians. Plantation owners bolstered by substantial ownership of slaves -- "Poor whites" increasingly forced to become tenant farmers Steady influx of indentured servants swelled lower class Paupers and convicts came often involuntarily (about 50,000) Slaves completely denied rights; no chance for upward mobility. -- Some southerners wanted to restrict further importation of slaves; crown refusedProfessionals: Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists Christian ministry most honored although less influential than in earlier times Physicians poorly trained and not highly regarded Trained lawyers by 1750 generally viewed positively (defended colonial rights and important in creating new constitutions in the colonies) 90% of population were farmers; most were subsistence farmers, many were tenant farmers. Fishing and whaling also important, especially in New England
Commerce and TradeTriangular trade (illegal trade designed to circumvent Navigation Laws)New Englanders exported timber, fish, cotton goods, and light manufacturing to French Caribbean in return for molasses.New England ships brought molasses back home to be distilled for rum production. -- RI in 1763 became the center for rum distillation in the colonies. Rum from New England shipped to West Indies where slave ships that had disposed of their human cargo, took rum to Gold Coast of Africa. Slave traders bartered with chieftains for slaves; rum used to stupefy native blacks and lure them on ships. Slaves transported on the Middle Passage to the colonies (e.g. Newport, RI) Land speculation made many investors wealthy Manufacturing Secondary in importance to farming Small industries such as tailoring, shoemaking, baking, ironworking, rope making’ coppering, and furniture making were part of small industries. Lumbering most important: shipbuilding Women spinners and weavers at home produced large output of cloth. Large variety of other enterprises: naval stores, beaver hats, rum, carpentry Increased trade Growth of American population created increased demand for British goods Once British demand for American products peaked Americans sought other markets Heavy exports to France and West Indies brought in cash to buy British goods. Molasses Act, 1733: British sought to stop colonial trade w/ French West Indies; colonists ignored it Transportation Inland transportation poor by road Waterways most important: Population located near rivers Taverns became important places to discuss politics; crystallized public opinion Postal system emerged by mid 1700s
Religion State of Religion Only about 1 in 7 in the North were church members; less in the South Toleration came about in large part due to non-church members. Two major issues: Rights of dissenters in established churches Religious style and conviction during the Great Awakening Eventually, campaign for full religious rights led to separation of church and state after the Revolution except for New EnglandDifferent religious groupsAnglican Church -- Church of England; tax supported Official faith in Virginia, Maryland, N & S Carolina, Georgia, & part of NY Church was a branch of royal authority Faith was less fierce and more worldly in contrast to Puritan faith Weakened by lack of a resident bishop in US who could ordain young ministers -- An attempt by the crown to create a bishopric met with intense protest by non-Anglicans who saw it as a conspiracy to impose royal power Established College of William and Mary in Virginia to train ministers, 1693 Congregational Church (Grew out of the Puritan church) Prominent in New England Initially, all citizens, regardless of faith, supported the church through taxes -- Eventually, non-members of other well- known denominations protested and became exempted. Emphasized Church of Christ's existence in each individual Congregation. Presbyterian Church Closely associated with the Congregational Church -- both were Calvinist Contrast to Congregationalists: Presbyterians believed all Presbyterian churches constituted a unified body Not an official religion in any of the colonies Quakers Quakers existed in large numbers in PA, NJ, DE, and Rhode Island. Avid protesters of New England slave trade as Newport, RI, was one of its centers. -- Became important in the emerging 18th century abolition movement. Jews First Jews arrived in mid-17th century; located in RI, NY, PA, MD, and SC. approximately 1500 in the colonies by mid-18th century.The Great Awakening -- 1730s-1740s First mass social movement in American History -- Spread principally throughout the middle and southern colonies. Main issue was religious style: personal faith, church practice, and public decorum. Two primary issues: Crisis within the ministry (to what degree should organizational purity be maintained) Crisis between the clergy and the laity (e.g. ministers' salaries, degree of political control exercised by the Congregation) Great Awakening was a reaction against the elaborate theological doctrines, emotional stagnation, & liberal doctrines (arminianism) of established churches -- Arminianism: Directly challenged Calvinism’s predestination doctrine and was supported increasingly by liberal ministers -- Stated man is not helpless in achieving regeneration; his will can be an effective force in his being saved Enthusiasts saw themselves as beneficiaries of a direct inspiration from God: became the driving force behind the Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) Credited with starting the Great Awakening (c. 1734) in Northampton in 1734 -- Most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement. Blasted the idea of salvation through good works (arminianism); dependence on God's grace is paramount Emphasized eternal damnation Style was learned and reasoned; not emotional like other "new lights" George Whitefield (1714-1770) Brilliant English orator; made 7 trips to the American colonies and traveled extensively His basic appeal was to the Bible Most influential figure of the Great Awakening; founded Methodism in GA and SC "Old Light" vs "New Light" Old Lights -- orthodox and liberal clergymen deeply skeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of the revivalists. -- Believed emotionalism threatened their usefulness and spiritual authority. \\New Lights -- supported the Awakening for revitalizing American religion and used emotionalism to move followers. Congregationalists and Presbyterians split over the issue Baptists attracted believers in conversion who longed for emotion in religion. Results Created schisms in other denominations which increased competitiveness of American churches. Brought religion to many who had lost touch with it Undermined the older clergy Encouraged a new wave of missionary work among the Indians and slaves Founding of "new light" colleges: Dartmouth, Brown, Rutgers, & Princeton. Laid the foundation for anti-intellectualism as part of the American character.
EducationNew England was most fervently in favor of education Stressed Bible reading by the individual worshiper -- Primary goal of clergy was to make good Christians rather than good citizens Primary and secondary schools established early (Massachusetts School of Law) Literacy much higher in New England than the Chesapeake region or deep South where only the privileged enjoyed the benefit of education. Middle coloniesAlso had primary and secondary education Some tax-supported, some privately owned Diffusion of population made establishment of effective school systems difficult Many well-to-do families sent their sons to colleges in England South Educational opportunities limited for most people except the privileged. Wealthy planters hired tutors to teach their children. Population dispersed = longer distances to travel to school = decentralized system Higher education Primary focus on the training of new clergy, not academics -- Emphasis placed on religion and on the classical languages, Latin and Greek Improvement in higher education occurred with what became Univ. of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin helped establish it First American college free from denominational control -- More modern curriculum: "live" languages, experimentation, reason Nine important colleges emerged during the colonial period (others existed as well) -- Harvard, William & Mary, Yale, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth