this is a nice presentation on figures of speech in our English literature. Only limited figures of speech are added in this presentation.

1. WELCOME

2. ENGLISH HOLIDAY HOME-
WORK

3. TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH
 Under this concept we will learn the following types of figures
of speech-
 Simile
 Metaphor
 Personification
 Hyperbole
 Metonymy
 Irony
 Pun
 Litotes
 These are some types of figures of speech but there are many
other types of figures of speech also.

4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE
LANGUAGE
 Before learning figures of speech, first we have to
understand the difference between-
Literal
and
Figurative
language

5. LITERAL LANGUAGE
 The actual, dictionary meaning of a word; language
that means what it appears to mean.
 Avoiding exaggeration, metaphor, or embellishment.
 Conforming to the most obvious meaning of a word,
phrase, sentence, or story.

6. EXAMPLES OF LITERAL LANGUAGE
 Ex. 1 – The weather is beautiful today.
It means what it exactly says, so this sentence is in
literal language.
 Ex. 2 – The great Battle of Plassey fought in 1757.
It means what it exactly says. So this is in literal
language.
In other words… It means exactly what
it says! Word for word.

7. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
 Language that goes beyond the normal meaning of
the words used.
 Based on or making use of figures of speech;
metaphorical
 Represented by a figure or symbol

8. EXAMPLES OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
 Fragrance always stays in the hand that gives the
rose.
Does it mean that our hand smells good? NO
It means that - Giving to others is gracious and the
good feeling of giving stays with you.
Here the sentence actual meaning is different and an
other meaning is hidden in the sentence, so this
sentence is in figurative language.
In other words… There’s a deeper

9. Now we start our
important and
interesting concept-

10. SIMILE
 A simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike
things, often introduced with the word "like" or "as".
FOR EXAMPLE…
 Friends are like parachutes. If they aren’t there the
first time you need them, chances are, you won’t be
needing them again.
Does this mean that I should jump out of an airplane
with my friend strapped to my back? Absolutely not!
Friends are being compared to parachutes using the
word like.(friends = parachutes).
 Friends and parachutes are dissimilar and unlike
each other, yet we have found a way to relate and
compare them.

11. THE MEANING IS…….
 Parachutes must be there for you the first time you
need them or you will fall to your death. If they are
not there for you the first time you need them, you
will not need them again. You’ll be dead!
 Friends are the same way. If you have a crisis and
need your friend to support you, but he doesn’t come
through, you don’t really need that friend for help
again.

12. METAPHOR
 Unlike simile, metaphor (from the Greek language:
meaning "transfer") is language that directly compares
seemingly unrelated subjects.
FOR EXAMPLE……
 A good laugh is sunshine in a house.
Does this mean that a laugh is actually light from the sun?
Absolutely not!
A good laugh is being compared to sunshine by saying
that it is sunshine. (laugh = sunshine)
A good laugh and sunshine are dissimilar and unlike
things being compared to each other.

13. THE MEANING IS…….
 Sunshine brings joy and happiness to people.
It brightens up a room, a house or where ever
its rays strike.
 Laughter does the same thing. It also brings
joy and happiness to people and brightens up
a room, a house, or where ever it is heard.

14. PERSONIFICATION
 Personification is a figure of speech in which human
characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality,
animal, or inanimate object.
For example…
 The tree bowed and waved to me in the wind.
Does this mean a tree actually recognized I was there and
acknowledged me by taking a bow and waving to me?
Absolutely not!
The tree is being given the human characteristics or
actions of waving and bowing. The tree is being
personified. It now has character.
Again, unlike or dissimilar things are being compared.
(tree = person)

15. THE MEANING IS…….
 This simply draws the picture in our minds that it
must be an extremely windy day for the trees
branches to ‘wave’ and the trunk to bend as if it were
‘bowing.’
 The tree is being given the human characteristics or
actions of waving and bowing. The tree is being
personified. Now it is a character.

16. HYPERBOLE
 A figure of speech in which an exaggeration or
overstatement is made to illustrate a point is called
hyperbole.
For example…
 I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!
and
 Ten thousand suns light up this room.
Does this mean I could actually eat an entire horse or
that this room is blindingly bright from actual suns? Of
course not!
A ridiculous image is being painted in our minds to get
the significance and importance of the point across.

17. THE MEANING IS…….
 The first obviously means that I am extremely
hungry but in no way could I eat a 400 pound
horse!
 The second clearly means that our room is
extremely bright but in no way will we be
blinded by it!

18. METONYMY
 Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or
concept is not called by its own name, but by the
name of something intimately associated with that
thing or concept.
 A figure of speech in which a part represents a whole
or a whole represents a part.

19. FOR EXAMPLE…
 The dagger of the United States sliced Saddam
Hussein’s army to pieces.
Did just a knife alone destroy Saddam’s armies?
Absolutely not! The knife represents a part of the
whole United States Armed Forces. (knife = U.S.
Armed Forces)
 I pledge my service to the crown.
Do I pledge my service to just a crown that sits atop
the king’s head? No! The solitary crown represents a
part of the whole king and kingdom to whom I pledge
my service. (crown = king and kingdom)

20. THE MEANING IS…….
 It means that the armed force or defense force
of U.S. won victory against Saddam Hussain’s
armed force.
 Next one means that I pledge or serve to
whole kingdom and king.

21. IRONY
 Irony is a figure of speech in which there is a
contradiction of expectation between what is said what
is really meant. It is characterized by a contrast between
reality and appearance.
 Irony is when one outcome is expected, but the opposite
occurs, usually with a coincidental twist of events.
 There are three types of irony : verbal, dramatic and
situational.

22. TYPES OF IRONY
 Verbal Irony -- Where one thing is said, but another,
opposite meaning is inferred.
 Dramatic Irony -- occurs when the audience knows
something a character does not and the outcome or
meaning is the opposite of what the character
expects.
 Situational irony: This refers to the contrast between
the actual result of a situation and what was
intended or expected to happen.

23. FOR EXAMPLE…
 His argument was as clear as mud.
It means that the argument is very complex, complicated
and disgusting like mud, because mud is also sticky,
complicated and disgusting.
 The two identical twins were arguing. One of them told
the other: “You're ugly”
Here both twins are of same faces, so it is a very foolish
statement that one brother says ugly to another.
Here also there is a meaning hidden
inside the sentence which doesn’t
appears clearly.

24. PUN
 A pun is a play on words in which a humorous effect
is produced by using a word that suggests two or
more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding
words having different meanings.
 These words are commonly called homophones or
homonyms.

25. FOR EXAMPLE…
 What is the difference between a conductor and a
teacher? The conductor minds the train and a
teacher trains the mind.
Here train and mind are used as homonyms. “The
conductor minds the train” means the conductor take care of
train and passengers of train and “a teacher trains the mind”
means the teacher gives training to mind and makes the
mind sharp.
 Why do we still have troops in Germany? To keep the
Russians in Czech.
Here check(examine or inspect) and Czech(Czech
republic=a country) are homonyms. So the person is using

26.  A horse is a very stable animal.
The word "stable" has two uses. Stable, the noun, is a
place to keep horses (like a house for them). Stable,
the adjective, means that someone is reliable, or that
they don't change. In this joke, the person saying it is
using "stable" in both ways at the same time.
 Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
"Time flies like an arrow" means that time passes very
quickly just as an arrow flies through the air with great
speed. But saying "fruit flies like a banana"....that is
just telling that a "fruit fly" (a small type of young fly)
likes to eat or fly around bananas or fruit.

27. LITOTES
 Deliberate understatement, especially when
expressing a thought by denying or negating its
opposite.
 Litotes is a figure of speech consisting of an
understatement in which an affirmative is expressed
by negating its opposite.

28. FOR EXAMPLE…
 She is not very beautiful.
and
 This is not a small problem.
 In the first example, beautiful is opposite of ugly and
then beautiful is negated, making it’s meaning that
the girl is ugly.
 In the second example, small is the opposite of big
and then small is negated, making the sentence
meaning that the problem is big.

29. STRUCTURE OF FIRST SENTENCE
 She is not very beautiful.
really means…
 She is ugly.
1.The opposite of ugly is beautiful.
2.Negate beautiful by adding not.
3.Restructure the sentence.
 She is ugly.
becomes…
 She is not very beautiful.

30. STRUCTURE OF SECOND SENTENCE
 This is no small problem.
really means…
 This is a big problem.
1.The opposite of big is small.
2.Negate small by adding not or no.
3.Restructure the sentence.
 This is a big problem.
becomes…
 This is no small problem.

31. MADE BY
A.SHANTANU
CLASS- ix-B
 ROLL NO.- 27
Subject- English
SCHOOL-K.V. Berhampur, ganjam

32. THANK YOU