The document discusses various figures of speech used in language. It defines 14 different figures: simile, metaphor, alliteration, repetition, personification, transferred epithet, pun, tautology, antithesis, oxymoron, hyperbole, euphemism, onomatopoeia, and inversion. It also covers direct and indirect speech, changes in tenses when converting between direct and indirect speech, and some exceptions to tense changes.

1. FIGURES OF SPEECH
SIMILE
It is a direct comparison
between two different
objects,
things etc. using as /like.
1. He is as brave as a lion.
2. This room is as hot as a
furnace.
METAPHOR
It is an indirect comparison
between two different
objects, things. It is an
Implied Simile.
1.He is a lion.
2.This room is a furnace.

2. FIGURES OF SPEECH
ALLITERATION
In this figure of speech a
letter (sound) is repeated.
The first letter of a word
is repeated.
1.Four fools fell in a
fountain.
2.The bright bird flew.
3.With a simple, sign of
sound, something is
mysterious.
REPETITION
In this figure of speech a
word, a phrase etc is
repeated.
1. Two and two make four.
2. No stir in the air, no stir
in the sea.
3. Water, water, every
where,
nor any drop to drink.

3. FIGURES OF SPEECH
PERSONIFICATION
When any non-living or
inanimate object gets
human action (VERB), it
is Personification.
Human action is given to
non-human or non-living
thing.
1.The roses were smiling
and the wind was telling a
fairy tale.
2.The stars began to peep.
TRANSFERRED EPITHET
When human feeling
(ADJECTIVE) is transferred
to non-living thing or
inanimate object, it is
Transferred Epithet.
Human feeling is
transferred to non-human
or non-living things.
1. Devdutta shot the cruel
arrow.
2. He used his criminal guns
for this crime.

4. FIGURES OF SPEECH
PUN
In this figure of speech one
word has two different
meanings.
1.The happiness of life depends
on ‘Liver’.
Liver= (i) Part of stomach
(ii) One who lives
2. This terrorist lies in the jail.
Lies= (i) stays
(ii) telling lies
TAUTOLOGY
In this figure of speech two
words have one (same)
meaning.
1.The fairy went remote and
far away.
2.With the seers and
prophets , they followed
him.
3. Sign of the filth and the
dirt.

5. FIGURES OF SPEECH
ANTITHESIS
When two words with
opposite ideas are joined
by a conjunction, it will
always be Antithesis.
1. United we stand, divided
we fall.
2. Man proposes, God
disposes.
3. Many are called but few
are chosen.
OXYMORON
When two opposite words
are found together in a
sentence , it will always
be Oxymoron.
1. My life is an open secret.
2. She is the wisest fool.
3. Life is full of aching joy.
4. These ideas are simply
complicated for us.

6. FIGURES OF SPEECH
HYPERBOLE
Hyperbole is an over-
statement or
exaggeration.
Hyper= Exaggerate
Bole = say/ statement
1.The tea is icy cold.
2.She has wept an ocean of
tears.
3. You have eaten the goose
with beaks and bones.
EUPHEMISM
When a sentence expresses
an unpleasant event, idea
etc. in less unpleasant
manner, it is Euphemism.
1.He has passed away.
2.After my departure, I shall
always be remembered.
3.I had heard his last grim
call.

7. FIGURES OF SPEECH
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomatopoeia suggests the
sense of sound.
1. The aero plane is
zooming in the sky.
2. The open window shuts
with a bang.
3. It is the time for jingle-
tinkle.
INVERSION
When a statement is not
written in correct order, it
is Inversion.
1. Never friends makes he in
his class.
2. So many things you have
not dreamed of.
3.In the evening it has died
away.

8. FIGURES OF SPEECH
SYNECDOCHE
It is a substitution of word
used as a part for the
whole.
1.Our hearts are peace.
2.His orchard is his bread.
METONYMY
It is a substitution of name.
1.She must address the
chair.
2.He is addicted to bottle.

9. FIGURES OF SPEECH
LITOTES
In this figure of speech a
negative sentence gives
positive stress to the
meaning of a sentence.
1.I am not an ordinary man.
2.I am no novice in
teaching.
IRONY
In this figure of speech a
positive sentence gives
negative meaning of a
sentence.
1. She is so intelligent that
wisdom is invisible on
the earth.
2. Of course, these
politician were honoured
last year.

10. FIGURE OF SPEECH
INTERROGATION
?
When question is
asked without
expecting any answer,
it is called
‘interrogation’.
1.How I can express it
in words ?
2.Who does not know
Mahatma Gandhi?
EXCLAMATION APOSTROPHE
!
This figure of speech
is used to draw
attention through
surprise.
1. What a horrible
place !
2. What a tragic
character !
O + SOMEBODY !
This figure of speech
is used to address
somebody who is
absent or dead.
1.O God! Please help
me.
2. O my friend! I
miss you.

11. DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH
SENTENCE SAID TO , ‘‘ --------------- ’’
TOLD
ASKED
ASKED
ORDERED,
REQUESTED, ADVISED
EXCLAIMED
WISHED, CURSED,
PRAYED
THAT
IF/WHETHER
‘WH’ –WORD
TO+V1, NOT TO +V1
THAT
THAT
ASSERTIVE
VERBAL
INTERROGATIVE
‘WH’-WORD
INTERROGATIVE
IMPERATIVE
EXCLAMATORY
OPTATIVE

12. DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
When the speaker’s
words are presented
in the same way
without making any
changes, it is called
DIRECT SPEECH.
1. She said, ‘‘ I am very
happy.’’
INDIRECT SPEECH
When the speaker’s
words are presented
by you in your own
words, it is called
INDIRECT SPEECH.
1.She said that she was
very happy.

13. DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PERSENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS
WILL, SHALL, CAN, MAY,
WOULD,SHOULD,COULD,MIGHT
INDIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
NO CHANGE
NO CHANGE
WOULD, SHOULD,COULD,MIGHT
NO CHANGE

14. EXECPTION OF
THE ABOVE
RULES
(i)The TENSE OF
REPORTING SPEECH is
in any PRESENT TENSE
OR any FUTURE TENSE
(ii) The SENTENCE OF
REPORTED SPEECH is
UNIVERSAL TRUTH,
HISTORICAL TRUTH
OR HABITUAL TRUTH.
The
TENSE of
Reported
Speech is
NOT
CHANGED
if >

15. BELIEVE IN THE ALMIGHTY

16. DIRECT INTO INDIRECT
DIRECT SPEECH
THIS
THESE
HERE
NOW
AGO
YESTERDAY
TODAY
TOMORROW
INDIRECT SPEECH
THAT
THOSE
THERE
THEN
BEFORE
THE DAY BEFORE
THAT DAY
THE NEXT DAY

17. CHANGE OF PERSON
S
(SUBJECT)
O
(OBJECT)
N
(NO CHANGE)
REPORTING
SPEECH
1st
PERSON
2nd
PERSON
3rd
PERSON
REPORTED
SPEECH