This document defines key elements and literary devices used in fiction writing, including setting, characters, plot, conflict, point of view, and theme. It describes setting as including the time, location, weather, social conditions, and mood. It explains that characters can be portrayed through description, thoughts, actions, and what others say. Plot is defined as a sequence of events with introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict can be internal or external. Point of view determines the perspective the story is told from. Finally, theme is the central idea or insight about human nature that the author aims to convey.

1. FICTION
•a narrative in prose that
shows an imaginative
recreation and
reconstruction of life and
presents human life

2. ELEMENTS OF STORY
A. SETTING
includes the time and location
in which a story takes place.
1. Place - geographical
location. Where is the action of
the story taking place?

3. 2. Time - When is the story
taking place? (historical
period, time of day, year,
etc)
3. Weather conditions - Is it
rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?

4. 4. Social conditions - What is
the daily life of the characters
like? Does the story contain
local color (writing that focuses
on the speech, dress,
mannerisms, customs, etc. of a
particular place)?

5. 5. Mood or atmosphere -
What feeling is created at
the beginning of the
story? Is it bright and
cheerful or dark and
frightening?

6. B. CHARACTERS
the representations of human
being in a story
the combination of both inner
and outer self.
They are convincing if they
are: consistent, motivated, and
life-like (resemble real people) .

7. • Characterization is the method used
by the author to reveal the
personality of the character. The
author gives the reader information
about the characters themselves.
The author may reveal a character in
several ways:
- His/her physical appearance
(description of the characters)

8. •What he/she says, thinks, feels
and dreams (thoughts of the
characters)
• What he/she does/does not
(actions of the characters)
• What others say about him/her
and how others react to him/her
(description of other characters)
• Descriptions of the author

9. Kinds of Character
According to Principality:
• Protagonist is the character with
whom the reader empathizes.
• Antagonist is the character that
goes against the main character,
usually the protagonist.

10. According to Development:
• Dynamic is the character that
exhibits noticeable
development.
• Static is the character who
exhibits no changes and
development, a stereotyped
character.

11. According to Personality:
• Round is the character that displays
different/multiple (complex)
personalities throughout the story.
• Flat is the character that reveals the
conventional traits, who remains
the same throughout the story. Its
characterization does not grow.

12. C. PLOT
is the sequence of events in a story
or play.
is a planned, logical series of events
having a beginning, middle, and
end.
The short story usually has one plot
so it can be read in one sitting.

13. five essential parts of plot
a) introduction
- The beginning of the story
where the characters and
the setting are revealed.

14. b) rising action
- The events in the story
become complicated and
the conflict in the story is
revealed (events between
the introduction and
climax).

15. c). climax
- the highest point of interest
and the turning point of the
story. The reader wonders
what will happen next; will
the conflict be resolved or
not?

16. d). Falling action
- the events and complications
begin to resolve themselves. The
reader knows what has
happened next and if the conflict
was resolved or not (events
between climax and
denouement).

17. e). resolution
- the final outcome or
untangling of events in the
story.

18. The Kinds of Plot
a. linear plot
• moves with the natural
sequence of events where
actions are arranged
sequentially

19. b. circular plot
• a kind of plot where linear
development of the story
merges with an interruption
in the chronological order to
show an event that
happened in the past

20. c. En Media Res
•a kind of plot where the
story commences in the
middle part of the action

21. Plot Techniques
a. flashback
It is the writer’s use of
interruption of the
chronological sequence of a
story to go back to related
incidents which occurred prior
to the beginning of the story.

22. b. foreshadowing
– is the writer’s use of hints or
clues to indicate events that will
occur later in the story. The use of
this technique both creates
suspense and prepares the reader
for what is to come.

23. D. CONFLICT
is the opposition of forces which
ties one incident to another and
makes the plot move. Conflict is
not merely limited to open
arguments, rather it is any form
of opposition that faces the main
character.

24. two types of conflict:
1.) internal
- a struggle within one's self;
- A person must make some
decision, overcome pain,
quiet their temper, resist an
urge, etc.

25. 2.) external
- a struggle with a force
outside one's self
* man vs. man
* man vs. circumstances
* man vs. society

26. E. POINT OF VIEW
is the angle from which the story
is told
1. Innocent Eye - The story is told
through the eyes of a child
(his/her judgment being different
from that of an adult) .

27. 2. Stream of Consciousness -
The story is told so that the
reader feels as if they are inside
the head of one character and
knows all their thoughts and
reactions.

28. 3. first person - The story is told by
the protagonist or one of the
characters who interacts closely with
the protagonist or other characters
(using pronouns I, me, we, etc). The
reader sees the story through this
person's eyes as he/she experiences
it and only knows what he/she knows
or feels.

29. 4. third person
The narrator tells the story in
third person (using pronouns
they, she, he, it, etc). The reader
knows only what the character
knows and what the author
allows him/her to tell us.

30. F. THEME
• is the controlling idea or the
central insight in a fiction.
• the author's underlying
meaning or main idea that he
is trying to convey.

31. • may be the author's thoughts
about a topic or view of human
nature – the significant truth
about life and its nature which
take place in the illustrations of
the actions, preoccupations,
and decisions of the characters.

32. • The title of the short story
usually points to what the writer
is saying and he may use various
figures of speech to emphasize
his theme, such as: symbol,
allusion, simile, metaphor,
hyperbole, or irony.

33. Some simple examples of common
themes from literature, TV, and film
are:
- Independence is necessary to grow up,
though it can be scary at times.
- People are afraid of change.
- Love, if taken to extremes, can be
negative rather than positive.
- Love can conquer even the greatest
evil.

34. Principles in Stating the Theme of the Story
• It reports for all major details of the story.
• It may be avowed in more than one way.
• It is stated in complete statements.
• It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
• It avoids statements that condense the
theme to some familiar adage, aphorism,
dictum, maxim, saying, or value.