The sharing of river waters became a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab literally means the
‘land of five rivers’, and as India’s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its waters elsewhere. After
reorganization, Punjab became basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent
upon the vagaries of nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent
upon the centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water. During the decade of sixties, the
Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both in Punjab and Haryana. It lent a sharp
new edge to the simmering canal waters’ dispute between the two states. The Punjab’s argument is that the
issue of river water distribution should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Moreover,
Punjab had also faced the severe crisis of river waters and wants to save the land from becoming a desert,
whereas the condition of Haryana is equally bad. The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab,
but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water, sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana
and Rajasthan. The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions. The Dharam Yudh Morcha (religious crusade) by the Akalis
in the context of digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal and Rajiv-Longowal Accord has the serious
implications in this regard. The water issues have become more sensitive. In the emerging circumstances,
there is urgent need of national strategy on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop
rotation. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the major causes of SYL dispute in Punjab, and to
find out the possible remedies for its earlier disposal.
Probably a few years back, no one could have thought that water could trigger wars between two states and even two countries. It was very much unlikely. Traditionally the wars had been fought over controlling large territories or chunks of land.
Probably a few years back, no one could have thought that water could trigger wars between two states and even two countries. It was very much unlikely. Traditionally the wars had been fought over controlling large territories or chunks of land.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
NOW WHAT ?
INDO-PAK BRINKMANSHIP
Pakistan releasing the downed IAF pilot has clearly put the ball in India’s court. But Imran Khan, too, will have to de-escalate the
situation by dismantling terrorist camps
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
River Interlinking Projects for Socio Economic TransformationShailesh Herale
This presentation highlights the concept of river interlinking, National River Linking Project(NRLP) of India, socio economic benefits, issues and possible alternatives of river interlinking.
Connection among Water, Agriculture, and Human Rights, and Its Concerns in Ba...CrimsonPublishersAAOA
The Ganges Basin communities in Bangladesh are entirely dependent on the Ganges River flow for their agricultural production; river flows determine whether most people will have access to employment, food, education, housing, and health care. For the vast majority of people in this region, this production includes the ability to match cropping strategies effectively to river water flows during both rainy and summer seasons, to utilize a variety of common property resources, such as fisheries, and to augment subsistence food production with some shareholder activities, and agricultural employment. However, this pattern of agricultural production is increasingly undermined by government driven processes of water and agricultural development, many of which, now, follow explicitly neoliberal economic agendas.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Archaeology journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/
Defining Vernacular Architecture through Traditional Water Structures- Case S...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical ImplicationsTIME PRINTER
This article emphasizes the vital role of rivers as the lifeblood of our planet, highlighting their provision of freshwater, support for ecosystems, and essential resources while underscoring the imminent threat of pollution. It introduces World Rivers Day, a global event celebrated annually on the fourth Sunday of September, dedicated to raising awareness about rivers' global significance and advocating for better stewardship.
The event was initiated by Mark Angelo in 2005 and is celebrated worldwide in a decentralized manner. World Rivers Day's objectives include addressing environmental challenges, emphasizing sustainable river management, and promoting collaboration among non-governmental organizations, environmental groups, and local communities to protect and preserve these invaluable water bodies for the planet's health and well-being.
Please visit this very link for Historical News based on Geopolitical viewpoints and rest of this article, https://www.timeprinternews.com
NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
new social media rule web ofsciences.pdfashimasahni3
Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
space
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Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
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This presentation highlights the concept of river interlinking, National River Linking Project(NRLP) of India, socio economic benefits, issues and possible alternatives of river interlinking.
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The Ganges Basin communities in Bangladesh are entirely dependent on the Ganges River flow for their agricultural production; river flows determine whether most people will have access to employment, food, education, housing, and health care. For the vast majority of people in this region, this production includes the ability to match cropping strategies effectively to river water flows during both rainy and summer seasons, to utilize a variety of common property resources, such as fisheries, and to augment subsistence food production with some shareholder activities, and agricultural employment. However, this pattern of agricultural production is increasingly undermined by government driven processes of water and agricultural development, many of which, now, follow explicitly neoliberal economic agendas.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Archaeology journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/aaoa/
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Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
World Rivers Day: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical ImplicationsTIME PRINTER
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The event was initiated by Mark Angelo in 2005 and is celebrated worldwide in a decentralized manner. World Rivers Day's objectives include addressing environmental challenges, emphasizing sustainable river management, and promoting collaboration among non-governmental organizations, environmental groups, and local communities to protect and preserve these invaluable water bodies for the planet's health and well-being.
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NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
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Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
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13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
Abstract
Currently, the second wave of COVID-19 is shaping the contours of Indian politics. Partisan conflicts that have
fueled centre-state tensions have raised many questions over the complexities of the relationship between the two.
The first wave of the pandemic in 2020 consolidated a new phase of federal relations, where states increasingly
embraced the Centre's reform priorities that had not been seen before. But in the year 2021, the major decline in trust
and coordination between the Centre and the states has weighed heavily on the enormity of the crisis. The lack of
respect for each other's authority (centre and state), polarization of media reports and the excessive politicization of
the second wave crippled the ability of otherwise capable states to contain the virus. Conspiracy theories, nationalist
and authoritarian movements in response to the pandemic undermined citizens' trust in both central and state
government, leading to moral and social disruption at the public level. The findings suggest that the current tension
between the Centre and the state is more a result of political forces more raised by media reports than structural
constraints.; The 'health system' will be an important factor in India's future elections. This crisis calls an academic
research on the issue of 'One Nation One Election' to shift 'health' as a subject from the state list to the concurrent
list and fix the responsibility and accountability of both the centre and state governments.
Objective of this paper is to understand: -
1. To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
Key Words: - Covid-19, Governance, Health Communication, Second Wave, Governance.
Methodology
Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
525
The methodology used for this paper is descriptive, analytical, and observational. This study is based on secondary
data. Most of the data which is incorporated in the study are the publicly available reports of different think tanks
e.g. Centre for Policy Research, Delhi; Water Conflicts and Governance Centre for Policy Research, Delhi, Forums
of Federation; IDSA; Carnegie India; Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST), The International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Government reports and documents such as Reports of Ministry of Home
Affairs (https://www.mha.gov.in/ & http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/) and Media reports. The data used in this work
also comprise of variables based on the existing literature such as books, journals, online newspaper. The literature
review includes all related publication from 2000 through 2021 in Google Scholar and articles published from 2000
through 2021 using the search terms Center st
The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh PPT ON BHAGAT SINGH.pptxashimasahni3
The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh Presentation for Symposium Organized by: Guru Nanak Khalsa college Daroli kalan district , Jalandhar
By
Ashima Sahni
Head Department of Political Science, Public Administration and Human Rights
KANYA MAHA VIDAYALYA AUTONOMUS COLLEGE,JALANDARSome Associated Facts
Bhagat Singh (born September 28, 1907, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now in Pakistan)—
Revolutionary hero of the Indian independence movement.
He attended Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School and National College, both located in Lahore.
He worked as a writer and editor in Amritsar for Punjabi and Urdu-language newspapers espousing Marxist theories.
He is credited with popularizing the catchphrase “Inquilab zindabad”.His grandfather, Sardar Arjun Singh, a scholar in sanskrit, Persian and Urdu, actively participated in the social work and religious reform movements . Though from the family of Jat Sikhs, he adopted the ideals of the Arya Samaj
In 1906, his three sons founded the Bharat Mata Society'
When Bhagat Singh was born , his father Sardar Kishan Singh was undergoing imprisonment in the Lahore Central Jali because of his active participation in the agitation against Colonisation Act.
His father and uncles were all released from the prison after his birth . It was because of this happy and welcome coincidence that he was named as Bhagarn Wala( lucky child) by his grand-mother
one of his uncle , Sardar Ajit Singh was going through torture in the Jail, 2; Bhagat Singh's spontaneous nationalistic feelings were intensified by the suffering of his aunt Harnam Kaur who used to weep most of the time because of the absence of her husband. In 1928 Bhagat Singh plotted with others to kill the police chief responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, during a silent march opposing the Simon Commission. Instead, in a case of mistaken identity, junior officer J.P. Saunders was killed, and Bhagat Singh had to flee Lahore to escape the death penalty.
In 1929 he and an associate lobbed a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest the implementation of the Defence of India Act and then surrendered.
He was hanged at the age of 24 for the murder of Saunders.Martyrdom : March 23, 1931, Lahore (now in Pakistan)
Human history from the times of Charvaka and Spartacus is illuminated with a galaxy of shining martyrs who have died for noble and progressive causes, the life and work of Bhagat Singh and his death by hanging at Lahore at the hands of British imperialism on March 23, 1931, has been a great saga of inspiration to all those who cherish sovereignty, secularism and socialism
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promot...ashimasahni3
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promotion of Indian Culture ” Objective of this paper is to understand: -
Basic features of NEP 2020
NEP2020 and Promotion of Indian Culture
Methodology
The methodology used for this chapter is descriptive, analytical and observational. This study is based on secondary data. Education system in India
The famous songs :-
1962 movie Anpadh , ‘ Skikander ne porus se ke thee lardyee
tu mai kaya kary….? (question mark on curriculum )
2.Russian Roulette (Revolver game) ( question mark on Examination System)
3. 1971 movie Mere Apne , ‘ hal chal theek thak hai (question mark on employability)
Sab kuch theek thak hai
BA kiya hai MA kiya hai
Lagta hai vo bhee avaye kiya hai
Kaam nahee hai yaha varna aap ki duya se sab thik thak hai ”HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES IN INDIA
India currently has about 845 universities
approximately 40,000 higher education institutions (HIEs),
40% of these small sized institutions are running single programme against the expected multidisciplinary style.
20% of the colleges have annual enrolment less than 100 students making them nonviable to improve the quality of education
only 4% of colleges enroll more than 3,000 students annually due to regional imbalance NEP2020:
NEP is an education policy, a framework, a vision and has not yet attained legal status
Role of State Govts likely to get reduced
21st Century’s first education policy in India
Aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”.
Renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to the Ministry of Education.
NEP2020is only the third major revamp of the framework of education in India since independence after 1968 and 1986.
The NPE also called for realizing compulsory education for every child until the Age of (6-14) but NEP (3-18 yrs.)
NEP 2020 is aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktant...ashimasahni3
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktantra ki Janani’. This presentation is divided into 3 parts:-
New Initiative by PM Modi
Elements of Indian culture and tradition
Book Review- “India: The Mother of democracy prepared and published by ICHR (Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi )'Samvidhan Divas’, National law Day is celebrated in our country On 26th November. In Nov 26, 1949, Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, which came into effect from 26th January 1950.
PM will launch new initiatives under the e-court project
The initiatives being launched by Prime Minister Modi include ‘virtual justice clock’, ‘JustIS’ mobile app 2.0, digital court and ‘S3WaaS’ websites giving the details of cases instituted, cases disposed and pendency of cases
It is multilingual, citizen friendly and divyang (pople with special needs) friendly Indian element, Culture and Tradition in the Indian constitution
The partition of India in 1947, made this unique land of cultural unity
divided
Most of the people do not know the pictures illustrated in its original
copy of the hand written Constitution of India. Such books are also not
available in the market containing the pictures of Indian Constitution.
The calligraphy in the original constitution was done by Prem Behari
Narain Raizda. It was illuminated by Nandalal Bose and other artists,
which was published and photolithographed by the Survey of India
Offices at Derah Dun.20 pictures so far enshrined in the Constitution of India may be termed as the reflection of Culture and Tradition of Bharat
Lanka Vijay and Sita Uddhar by Lord Ram
Gita Upadesh by Lord Krishna
Vedic Life,
Ganga Anayan by Bhagirata (Bringing Ganages from heaven to the earth by Bhagiratha),
King Vikramaditya
Gautam Buddha
Tirthankar Mahavir
llustration of Nalanda University
Chatrapati Shivaji
Guru Govinda Singh
Rani Lakshmibai
Scene of Himalaya
Global Securities : Issues & Challenges (Post-Covid Scenario)global securiti...ashimasahni3
OBJECTIVES :-
1. Reviewing the current scope and operation of global security.
2.Identifying New Threats to Global Securities that are emerging ( Covid- times & Post- Covid)
3 whether a change in approaches in the context of global security and complex interdependencies is needed? OVERVIEW
1Deepening globalization has resulted in a new form of asymmetric security threats which looks beyond traditional military philosophy .
2 current security challenges and risks in global security environment are of a military and non-military nature. Global security
1“Absence of Threat”
2Political, Military, and Economic Trends in World
3 Military and Diplomatic Measures that Nations & I- organizations take to ensure mutual safety and security
3 To study sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment.
4 How a range of different security agents interact, cooperate and compete, to produce new institutions, practices and forms of security governance. G. G brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at global level to provide public goods, peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
The leading institution in charge of G.G is the United Nations
Bretton Woods institutions (W. Bank & IMF)
Regional coordinators (EU & ASEAN)
Strategic or Economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative .
Defense or economic integration such as APEC or ANZU
World Economic Forum G20, the G7
Multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards such as Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). GLOBAL GOVERNANCE : CONCERNS IN COVID TIMES
World’s global and national institutions are increasingly incapable of managing stresses to the system.
Pandemic has highlighted the failed roles of international organization like W.H.O.
U.N. was unsuccessful to bring all the nations to a common platform, thus failing to do its primary role. So, a paradigm shift will be visible in thinking about the collective security system and I. Organizations.
There will be shift from a Collective Security Arrangement to a more Individualistic approach .
New threats -Restrictive measures and tools to contain Pandemic
Restrictive Measures- will challenge values such as freedom, democracy & religious practice, which if added to populist movements can increase pre-existing fractures of states .
Political exploitation of post-COVID crisis will be legitimized through military and non-military meansAim of G.H.S - To Build Collective International public health system for action and averting bio-terrorism &containing risks from infectious disease.
Evolution of G.H.S- 1.A concept that has evolved over the past 30 yrs.Tradit
Freedom of Expression in Social Media: Implications on Democracyashimasahni3
Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England has first time used the phrase ‘freedom of speech.’
The freedom of speech is of recent origin in America. In the early decades of the 20th century the famous cases Schenck v. United States and Abram’s v. United States (1919)
But identical ideas of freedom of speech prevailed during ancient Greek (Athenian) Socrates : freedom of thought implies the freedom to teach. He also justified this claim both as a duty that he owed the Gods and a benefit that he conferred upon the state. In ancient Greek Athenian literature the term parrhêsia was used in the context of today’s freedom of expression
The Significant doctrine of freedom of expression is also vividly portrayed in theories of social contract.
Thomas Hobbes, in his classic work Leviathan (1651)
John Locke’s second book titled Treaties on Government (1681)
Jean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) laid down the notion of separation of power.
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England viewed a man can speak as per his free will using reason and law of nature is the legitimate restriction up on it.
John Stuart Mill, an icon of advocacy of liberty,
Thomas Paine ; Paine while arguing in favour of liberty (freedom of speech) has gone to such an extent that he considers it is our duty to protect this right of our enemy also.
Karl Marx has praised importance of freedom of press . He points that the free press (form of expression) has been recognized as vigilant eye of a people’s soul.Thomas Jefferson, who was statesman, diplomat, Lawyer & who served as third president of United States from 1801 to 1809 said “The press is the only tiscon of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of general efforts are taken away Professor Thomas Emerson views freedom of expression is essential as a means of assuring individual self-fulfilment.
The First Amendment with regard to right to freedom of expression is a defining feature of American society, In shaping the free speech jurisprudence ,Americans took the help :-
English background
Theory of natural rights
social contract
common law Ancient Classical Literature:
The Vedas i.e. Shrut means to hear and Smriti means to memorize.
Atharva Veda [Book VIII hymn X] refers the evolution of democracy during Vedic period.
According to Shankaracharya the Bhagvad Gita that one can enrich his own wisdom (Jnana) through freedom of speech and expression.
Nyâya Sûtra, propounded by philosopher Gotama, provides us science of logic to deduce the principles through discussion. He employed the logic to discover the knowledge of truth. The concepts “Tarka-vidyâ” the science of reasoning and “Vâdârth” the science of discussion must be needed to be looked into.
Centre state relations : Indian Federationashimasahni3
Handling of Public Health during pandemic by Center & State administration and to discuss issue of shifting public health from State to concurrent list.From the perspective of Centre-State relations, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights :-
Sharp asymmetries between Center and State fuelled by power tussles
significant weaknesses in the infrastructure of center-state relations, which are at the heart of Indian governance challenges.
Indian citizens have been let down both by center and state government alike
Major transition is expected where Center Govt., is likely to acquire more power, surveillance on healthcare sector will be more.
National Health System is likely to emerge as a key actor in measuring the power of political party in coming elections.
Anti-India; Media narrative during the crisis reveals the international conspiracy and the need for strict new social media rules.
India’s response to first wave was highly centralized and was criticized by many, as the country adopted a similar approach with all states despite differences in infection rates and health system capacity.
second wave of COVID-19 in India, the Centre’s response has seen a marked shift, with key areas such as vaccine procurement and distribution being decentralized. The reaction of the center looks similar to that of Brazil or the US during the first wave.
Center –State blame game intensifying the center-state conflict in an already hyper-partisan context for inter-governmental relations MIGRANT WORKERS
Closing of the inter-State borders
Emergence of new form of regional stigmatization which acted as a detrimental to inter-State cooperation.
Inter-State economic and cultural disruption
challenge of inter-State discordanceCENTER –STATE RELATION: PUBLIC HEALTH &ACCOUNTABILITY
As per the Constitution, Schedule 7, Entry 6, “Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries” fall within the domain of states. Also, Schedules 11 and 12 spell out the powers of Panchayats and Nagarpalikas in maintaining “health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and dispensaries.” NITI Aayog Action Agenda 2017-2020 Report and the National Health Policy 2017 and calls for more decentralized health planning.
“There is wisdom in shifting health to the concurrent list so that both Centre and state can manage it,” says Oommen C. Kurian, public health fellow at the Observer Research Foundation. “Almost all major health initiatives in India over the last two decades have been driven by the Centre. Any serious initiative towards the right to healthcare will be immensely helped if health is shifted to the concurrent list,” he says
Of the 97 items mentioned in the union list, item number 28 related port quarantine, item number 58 related to manufacturing and distribution of salt and item 81 related to interstate migration and quarantine, is of relevance to p
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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ferderal structure &issue of SYL canal in punjab.pdf
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FEDERAL STRUCTURE, INTER-STATE RIVALRY AND SYL ISSUE IN PUNJAB:
EMERGING IMBROGLIO
Dr. Iqbal Singh
1
Ashima Sahni2
Dr. Prabhjot Kaur3
Abstract
The sharing of river waters became a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab literally means the
‘land of five rivers’, and as India’s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its waters elsewhere. After
reorganization, Punjab became basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent
upon the vagaries of nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent
upon the centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water. During the decade of sixties, the
Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both in Punjab and Haryana. It lent a sharp
new edge to the simmering canal waters’ dispute between the two states. The Punjab’s argument is that the
issue of river water distribution should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Moreover,
Punjab had also faced the severe crisis of river waters and wants to save the land from becoming a desert,
whereas the condition of Haryana is equally bad. The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab,
but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water, sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana
and Rajasthan. The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions. The Dharam Yudh Morcha (religious crusade) by the Akalis
in the context of digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal and Rajiv-Longowal Accord has the serious
implications in this regard. The water issues have become more sensitive. In the emerging circumstances,
there is urgent need of national strategy on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop
rotation. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the major causes of SYL dispute in Punjab, and to
find out the possible remedies for its earlier disposal.
Key words: Akali Dal, Federalism, Riparian Law, River water dispute, SYL.
Introduction
The political geography and history of the any region plays a crucial role in its governance. The
ability of the founding fathers to adapt themselves to the new political context after the foundation
of a regional state in the wake of the redrawing of India‟s internal boundaries by the States
Reorganization Commission in 1957 is the crucial parameter for regional governance, which is an
outcome of a diversity of historical contexts, elite initiatives and political pressures generated by
local people.i
The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions.ii
Punjab is predominantly the agriculture based
1
Dr. Iqbal Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya (Autonomous), Jalandhar, Punjab.
Pin Code 144004, Contact: 79731-66337, Email:iqbalsingh2475@gmail.com
2
Ashima Sahni, Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Political Science, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya (Autonomous), Jalandhar,
Punjab. Pin Code 144004, Contact: 62840-83450, Email:sahnisahima1@gmail.com
3
Dr.Prabhjot Kaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. Pin Code 143002,
Contact: 70092-30965, Email: prabhjotpolsci@gmail.com
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economy. The sharing of river waters remained a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab
literally means the „land of five rivers‟, and as India‟s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its
waters elsewhere.iii
Earlier, the word „Punjab‟ described the great plain through which the five
tributaries of the Indus flowed after they burst out of the Himalayas. Since independence, the Indian
Punjab has only two and a half. While the Ravi forms part of the border between Pakistani and
Indian Punjab. Only the Beas and the Sutlej flow for a substantial distance through the present
Punjab state of the Indian Union. The Jhelum and the Chenab are in Pakistan.iv
This agreement was
possible under Indus Water Treaty (1960), but the dispute among Indian states still continues over
the waters of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.v
The gravity of this water crisis can be highlighted by one
simple fact that the total water required to produce just one crop (rice) that Punjab produces is
significantly higher than the total water resources available in Punjab.vi
The exploitation of these
resources in Punjab is already highest in the country at 170 per cent.vii
The Central Water Commission is coordinating the strategies for the regulation, conservation and
usage of water resources throughout the country. The Central government under the section 79 and
80 of the Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 had retained arbitrary powers to allocate waters of the
Beas project.viii
The Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956, provides for the reference of an inter-
State river dispute for arbitration by a Water Disputes Tribunal, whose award would be final under
Art. 262 (2) of the Indian Constitution.ix
There are nationally and internationally accepted principles
of settling water disputes.x
Since 1993, every year World Water Day celebrates on 22 March to
raise the awareness and for solving the water crisis. Describing the importance of water, the
American President John F. Kennedy opines:
Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy
of two Nobel prices; one for peace and one for science.xi
In 1955, the Centre allocated the waters of the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, between three states:
Rajasthan got 8.00 million acre feet (MAF), Punjab (Punjab and Haryana) got 7.2 MAF and
Kashmir got 0.65 MAF.xii
This decision was based on the available river water being 15.85 MAF,
corresponding to the 1924 to 1945 flow series.xiii
After reorganization (1966), Punjab became
basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent upon the vagaries of
nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent upon the
centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water.xiv
The Indus and Jhelum entered
Pakistan before any major extraction was possible, but the other four rivers ran for many miles in
Indian Territory.
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This made it possible for India to regulate their flow and impound water before the rivers reached
the other country. After partition (1947), the governments of East and West Punjab signed a
„Standstill Agreement‟, whereby water continued to flow uninterrupted for both the countries.xv
During the decade of sixties, the Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both
in Punjab and Haryana. In the following years, Punjab served as a food bowl of the country. The
water shortage lent a sharp new edge to the simmering canal waters‟ dispute between the two
states.xvi
In reality, the issues of climate change, demographic growth, urbanization and
industrialization have triggered rapid changes in demand, supply, river flows and water conflicts.xvii
Objectives of the Study
To analyze the nature of Indian federal structure concerning the demands of states.
To understand the origin and nature of rivalry between Punjab and Haryana
regarding the sharing of river waters.
To examine the working of Central legislations and other arrangements meant for
sharing the river waters among states.
To evaluate the role of mainstream political parties of Punjab, particularly the Akali
Dal for securing the claims of state in terms of river waters.
To understand the response of Haryana regarding the construction of SYL.
To find out the appropriate remedies within the constitutional framework of India, so
that the democratic rights of the states can be protected.
Research Questions
1. What are the federal arrangements of India, which envisages regional conflicts?
2. Had there been rights in accordance with the claim of Punjab regarding river waters?
3. Had the state of Punjab been able to effect consumptive use of all water of all three
eastern rivers, what would have been the fate and stand of Punjab?
4. What are the implications of the conflict among Punjab and Haryana regarding the
construction of SYL canal?
5. How far the Centre is serious about the democratic rights of Punjab in terms of SYL
dispute?
6. What is the possible solution of current conflict of SYL dispute and what are the
ramifications?
Research Methodology
The study is primarily based on the descriptive-analytical approach to understand the origin,
patterns and dynamics of the conflict between Punjab and Haryana regarding the sharing of river
water, particularly the SYL canal. The documentary analysis and secondary sources like books,
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periodicals, journals, magazines and newspapers have been used for more critical insights into the
study. The role and strategies of the Akali Dal as the mainstream political party of Punjab has been
thoroughly examined. The demand of state autonomy reflected in the Anandpur Sahib Resulution,
Dharam Yudh Morcha has been taken into consideration. Besides, the reaction of Haryana in the
context of river waters, legislations of Centre government and various judgements of Supreme
Court concerning the SYL have also analyzed. The internet sources have also been mentioned for
providing the factual analysis regarding the study.
Results and Discussion
As per the provisions of the Constitution, water is a state subject like agriculture. During the British
rule in India, the rivers and canals were categorized as canal colonies. Since independence, the
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru took various initiatives for building the Dams in the country. The
construction of Bhakra Dam was one of the classical examples of these goals. Later on, these Dams
were described as the “temples of modern India” by Nehru.xviii
Through the Bhakra Dam, a canal
system was created bringing vast stretches of land under irrigation and raising the level of ground
water for tube wells.xix
This project was a form of compensation for the refugee farmers‟ from West
Punjab. In simple terms, the Bhakra-Nangal project gave them „the field and the resources from
which they can rebuild and resettle themselves‟.xx
After the reorganization of Punjab in 1966,
Chandigarh continues to be a Union territory and serves as the joint capital for Punjab and Haryana.
The Bhakra Dam Complex and Pong Dam were also to be administered by a Central Board.xxi
As a
consequence, the section 78 of the Punjab Reorganization Act provides for the distribution of the
rights and liabilities of the Bhakra Nangal and Beas Projects.xxii
Basically, the Haryana had no
riparian right to the water, but some water was given to it anyway on the plea that it was a successor
state. Through yet another administrative verdict, the Centre ordered still more water to be given to
Haryana and for the purpose, a new canal was sanctioned, that was the Satluj-Yamuna Link (SYL)
canal, whereas Haryana is a riparian state to the river Yamuna, but refuses to share its riparian
rights with Punjab.xxiii
Most of the charges that the Akalis have leveled against the Centre in the
post-1977 period, e.g., pertaining to Ravi-Beas waters dispute, transfer of Education to the State list,
complaints of political, economic and cultural discrimination against Punjab during the Congress
rule sound a non-communal tone and are similar to many such charges leveled by certain other
regional parties (like the CPM in West Bengal).xxiv
There is dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka regarding the sharing of water of Cauvery
River. On the same pattern, Krishna River remained the source of tension among Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.xxv
In 1980s, the Bhakra canal (which carries water to Haryana) was
breached twice by militants to protest, what was described as “an act of injustice with the state by
the Centre.” The agro-economist and former Vice Chancellor Sardara Singh Johl has been
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constantly arguing that the state should reduce the area under the paddy crop at least by 10 lakh
hectares from the existing about 27 lakh hectares.xxvi
The sharing of river waters (Ravi and Beas)
has been a contentious issue between Punjab and Haryana.xxvii
Basically, Haryana is in favour of
early completion of the project. The argument of Punjab is that the issue of river water distribution
should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Besides, Punjab has also faced the
severe crisis of river waters and land must be saved from becoming a desertxxviii
, whereas the
condition of Haryana is equally bad.xxix
The Prime Minister Indira Gandhi issued an award, which distributes water between Punjab and
Haryana on equal basis. It was a clear cut violation of the Punjab State Reorganization Act 1966.
The Act had stated clearly that moveable and immoveable property between Punjab and Haryana
would be shared on 60:40 ratios respectively.xxx
The Akalis argued that the Central government was
favouring the states of Haryana and Rajasthan regarding the disposition of Ravi-Beas river waters
by allowing them to take a substantial share of the waters from rivers that flow only through
Punjab.xxxi
On 25 March 1977, Indira Gandhi awarded 3.5 MAF of water to Haryana and 3.5 MAF
to the Punjab. Under the Beas project formulated before 1966, the area which later went to Haryana
was to have 0.90 MAF. That Indira Gandhi was absolutely keen on drawing the Punjab waters into
Haryana is evident from the fact that she awarded 0.20 MAF to Delhi on the bank of the river
Jamuna.xxxii
In the following years, the Akalis took up this matter before the Centre government
under Morarji Desai. He could convince the Rajasthani leaders to this extent that their state was not
a part of the Indus basin, but he was not prepared to change the award.
However, he had no objection to the Punjab going to the Supreme Court for adjudication. The
matter was put forward to the Supreme Court when the Akalis lost the elections in 1980.xxxiii
The
Central government order of 24 March 1976, which instead of determining the rights of the two
states, arbitrarily distributed the entire Ravi-Beas water, based on the flow series, established in
1955.xxxiv
For the acquisition of land for construction of the SYL canal, two notifications were
issued by the government of Punjab on February 20, 1978. Punjab demanded 3 crore rupees from
Haryana under letter no. 7/78-IW (I)-78/23617, dated: 4 July 1978, for starting the construction of
SYL canal. The Haryana government issued a cheque of Rs. 1 crore, which was accepted by the
Punjab government on March 31, 1979.xxxv
This has weakened Punjab‟s stand on the dispute.xxxvi
In
September 1981, a set of forty-five demands was submitted to the Central government by the
Akalis, which later on, reduced to fifteen. The core of these demands concerned the socio-economic
grievances over the centralization policies of the Indian government.xxxvii
In addition, the Akali Dal
demanded the annulment of earlier agreements on the use of river water between Punjab and
neighbouring states and the establishment of new guidelines regarding the river waters.xxxviii
Punjab
went to Supreme Court against the award.
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When the fourth round of talks between Akalis and the Central government ended unsuccessfully in
April 1982, leading Akali participants contended that the issue was not so much discrimination
against Sikhs as against Punjab: unjust attempts to steal its lifeblood, river water. The Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab, but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water,
sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana and Rajasthan.xxxix
The foundation stone of the
canal was laid by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at village Kapoori in Patiala district on April 11,
1982. Two years later, the construction was begun. It was the 214-km-long canal, including 122-
km-long stretch in Punjab, was to take off from Lohand Khad near Kiratpur Sahib in Ropar and
after crossing through Fatehgarh Sahib and Patiala districts, it was to enter Haryana.xl
Sant
Harchand Singh Longowal, President of the Akali Dal (Longowal) and Gurcharan Singh Tohra,
President of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, renamed the civil disobedience
movement formally started on April 25, 1982 as Dharam Yudh (religious war) in the context of
digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal at Kapoori village near Patiala with a view to stop the
discrimination against Sikhs.xli
This phase was marked by the beginning of bloodshed in Punjab.
As to the division of Punjab‟s waters post-Partition, it was attempted on various occasions as
follows:
Distribution of the waters of the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej since independence
State Inter State
award of 1955
PM’s award of
1976
Inter State
agreement of
1981
Justice Eradi
Commission
award of 1987
Punjab (inclusive
of PEPSU)
7.2 3.5 4.22 5.00
Haryana ---- 3.5 3.50 3.83
Rajasthan 8.00 8.00 8.60 8.60
J & K 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Delhi ---- 0.20 0.20 0.20
The total
available water
15.85 15.85 17.17 18.28
(All figures in MAF)
Source: The Tribune, 30 March 2016, p. 9.
The total water availability has gone down from 17.17 MAF to 13.38 MAF, as evidenced by the
following table:
Flow Series Available Water (in
MAF)
1921-1960 17.17
1981-2002 14.37
1981-2013 13.38
(Source: Bhakra-Beas Management Board)
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It is also true that the quantum of surplus water has decreased over the years and as per the 1981-
2013 flow series, the available surplus volume was only 13.38 MAF, instead of previously
estimated figures of 15.85 MAF and 17.17 MAF.xlii
For the solution of the Punjab problems, an
accord was signed between the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Akali leader Harchand Singh
Longowal on July 24, 1985, known as Rajiv-Longowal Accord. The accord promised the inquiry
into the anti-Sikh riots of November 1984 following the assassination of Indira Gandhi; withdrawal
of the Armed Forces „Special Powers Act in force in Punjab; and that merit alone would remain the
criterion for selection in the Army. The Accord delineated eleven points of common consent.xliii
However, the Rajiv-Longowal accord set up the Eradi Tribunal (1987) to re-examine the
contentious issue of SYL. It is estimated that at normal rainfall of 600 mm per year in Punjab, to
counter water table depletion since the 1980s, land under paddy crop will have to be reduced by 25
per cent in the Majha and Doaba regions and 35 per cent in Malwa.xliv
In the Malwa region, the
farmers are dependent on the additional water that legitimately belongs to Haryana.xlv
Punjab has claimed that the water available for distribution is much less than claimed. The most
conservative estimate available for distribution was 15.9 MAF in the 1955 agreement. This initial
estimate was revised upwardly to 18.3 MAF in the report of Eradi Tribunal.xlvi
On July 23, 1990,
three engineers of SYL project were attacked by terrorists in Chandigarh, when they were
conducting a meeting over the progress of work. The then chief engineer, M.L. Sekhri died on the
spot, while another engineer S.K. Goel was injured. Then, a superintendent engineer, Avtar Singh
Aulakh tried to intervene and asked terrorists not to resort to violence, they fired bullets at him from
a point-blank range. He was also died on the way to hospital in Chandigarh. Subsequently, all the
construction work of canal was stopped.xlvii
In 2002, the Supreme Court had pointed out that Rs.
700 crore had already been spent on the construction of the canal (most of it paid by the Centre),
and such a large sum from the national exchequer must not be allowed to go to waste.xlviii
The Punjab Legislative Assembly enacted Punjab Termination of Agreements Act on July 12,
2004,xlix
which was the essence to protect the waters of Punjab.l
Primarily, this move was to
terminate its water-sharing agreements, and effectively stopping the construction of the canal in
Punjab.li
In 2016, the Supreme Court ruled that the 2004 Act was in violation of the constitutional
provisions, the Inter-State Water Disputes Act 1956 and the Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 and
as such did not discharge the state from its obligations under the agreement of December 31, 1981.lii
During his address in the Assembly, the Punjab Governor Kaptan Singh Solanki said, “Agriculture
scientists and meteorological experts are unanimous in their view that if the current trend of reliance
on tube well irrigation continues, the state will turn into a desert in near future. The only solution
lies in Punjab‟s right on the waters of its rivers being safeguarded, for which the state government
has been consistently seeking a solution to this problem since long”.liii
The Congress stalwart,
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Captain Amarinder Singh was of the view; the best constitutional experts in the country should be
hired by the state to represent its case so that the finest solution can be drawn as per the recognized
international riparian laws.liv
On 10 March 2016, the Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal announced that the state
government will pass a legislation to de-notify the 5,376 acres acquired from farmers for the canal
project, and give it back to them, under the plea that state doesn‟t have “even a drop of extra river
water” to share with Haryana. Badal further argued, “The situation has taken a dangerous turn and
tolerating this injustice would tantamount to signing on the death warrant of Punjab and Punjabis. Punjab
does not have a single drop of water to spare for others…no decision would be accepted which amounts to
injustice against the Punjab river waters”.lv
While addressing the State Legislative Assembly, the Deputy
Chief Minister of Punjab Sukhbir Badal said, “Punjab has been deprived of its right through various
agreements and decisions. By violating the riparian law in the country and in the world, any attempt to
impose the decision on the construction of the SYL canal to snatch the Ravi-Beas waters from Punjab will
not be tolerated at any cost”.lvi
The Punjab Cabinet also approved the SYL Canal Land (Transfer of Property Rights) Bill, 2016 on
March 14, 2016lvii
, which envisages the provisions that such landowners and their successors-in-
interest would repay the total amount of compensation and all statutory benefits accrued to them
along with the rate of interest to be notified by the government.lviii
Primarily, the bill was meant to
de-notify the land acquired from the farmers so that the SYL Canal can be filled with earth to block
any flow of water through it.lix
The aim was to nullify the decree of Supreme Court (2004), which
required construction of the SYL Canal for supplying water to Haryana.lx
Contrary to it, the Punjab
government‟s move was described by Haryana as an “unconstitutional and mischievous act of
hindering the process of the Supreme Court”. The resolution was passed unanimously by the
Legislative Assembly of Haryana, thereby states, “Haryana is neither asking for charity nor
demanding Punjab‟s share of water. Haryana only wants a passage to get its allocated share of the
Ravi-Beas waters, and this passage is the SYL canal”.lxi
The resolution, described the SYL land de-notification move as “unilateral, unconstitutional and
denying the authority of the Supreme Court, a step only to draw political mileage”.lxii
Haryana has
sought its “rightful share” in the Ravi-Beas water through the SYL canal and Punjab has
consistently taken „not-even-a drop- to spare‟ stand.lxiii
Apart from this, Punjab has serious water
issues such as sinking water table due to over-exploitation, pollution of water resources and repair
of embankments.lxiv
On March 17, 2016, the Supreme Court ordered for maintaining the status quo
on the canal issue.lxv
Next day, the Punjab assembly passed a resolution against the construction of
the SYL canal that would share waters from the Ravi and Beas rivers with Haryana. About two
decades ago, the rural expert P. Sainath warned about the danger of privatizing rivers, streams and
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canals in the context of what he called “corporatization of agriculture”.lxvi
In February 2017, around ninety-three persons, belonging to Indian National Lok Dal were arrested
while crossing over into Punjab via the Shambhu barrier to dig the defunct SYL canal.lxvii
The
police had set up a multi-ring security cover at key points along the border to tackle protesters from
both sides.lxviii
On 12 April 2017, the Supreme Court again asked the Centre, Punjab and Haryana to
finish their talks on the construction of the SYL canal.lxix
In a meeting of the Northern Zonal
Council held on May 12, 2017, the Chief Minister of Punjab, Capt. Amarinder Singh offered a
negotiated settlement of the SYL dispute.lxx
After assuming office in March 2022, Chief Minister of
Punjab Bhagwant Mann urged the Centre to construct Yamuna-Sutlej Link (YSL) canal, instead of
SYL because of depleting water supply in Punjab.lxxi
IMPLICATIONS FOR FEDERAL STRUCTURE
The regional political parties had raised their concern against the growing centralization of
economic and political power, which ultimately hampered the growth of the states. The states are
not questioning the constitutional framework of Indian federalism; rather they are more concerned
with implementation of the federal provisions, which envisages the centralized planning in India.lxxii
Punjab has lagged behind in the process of industrialization. The Government of India had
announced a National Water Policy in 2013, urging the states to take appropriate measures on water
issues. It was suggested that in each state a Water Regulatory Authority needs to be set up to
regulate the use of ground water resources.lxxiii
In Punjab, the rivalry among the political parties on
the SYL issue is basically against the spirit of nation building.lxxiv
CONCLUDING OBSERVATION
The water issues have assumed grave importance in the states, whose economy is primarily dependent
upon these, because of agriculture related requirements. It is well known fact that Punjab is primarily
agriculture based economy, but it went on a continual downslide. Rather the state had faced the severe crisis
of water shortage. Both states (Punjab and Haryana) are on loggerheads on the issue of sharing of
water of SYL canal, but there are serious repercussions of this crisis on the economy of these states.
In Punjab, rural debt is increasing along with other negative indicators i.e. unemployment and so
forth. An inter-state water dispute can be settled either through dialogue involving all stakeholders
under the aegis of the Centre or through court arbitration. In the emerging circumstances, the national
strategy is required on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop rotation. The
concerted efforts by the governments are essential for conserving the groundwater and introspection the
crucial issues of water management and governance. An amicable solution by both the states is required,
because the sharing of river waters is a matter of serious cause of concern. All policy and judicial
decisions on river water use must grapple with this grave reality. It is time that civil society organizations,
activists, intellectuals and farmers‟ organizations in both states come together to encourage the governments
for the dialogue process.
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References
i
Subrata K. Mitra, The Puzzle of India’s Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory,
London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 82-86.
ii
Report on Centre-State Relations, entitled “Administrative Reforms Commissions”, published by
Government of India on June 1969, p. 32.
iii
Patwant Singh, The Sikhs, New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2010, p. 243.
iv
Robin Jeffrey, What Happening to India? Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, Mrs. Gandhi’s Death and the
Test for Federalism, London: Macmillan Press, 1986, p. 36.
v
Ashok Swain, Struggle Against the State: Social Network and Protest Mobilization in India,
England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2010, p. 31.
vi
Pritam Singh & R. S. Mann, “Punjab‟s water deficit”, The Tribune, 10 August 2017, p. 9.
vii
K. R. Lakhanpal, “SYL solution in present reality, not history”, The Tribune, 20 April 2017, p.
11.
viii
Sangat Singh, The Sikhs in History, Amritsar: Singh Brothers, 2014, p. 342.
ix
Durga Das Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, 19th
Edition, New Delhi: Wadhwa and
Company, 2008, p. 344.
x
Editorial, The Tribune, 12 November 2016, p. 10.
xi
The Tribune, 10 May 2017, p. 8.
xii
Swain, n. 5, p. 31.
xiii
The Tribune, 30 March 2016, p. 9.
xiv
Dalip Singh, Dynamics of Punjab Politics, New Delhi: Macmillan India Limited, 1981, p. 37.
xv
Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, London:
Picador, 2008, p. 174.
xvi
Maya Chadda, Ethnicity, Security and Separatism in India, Delhi: Oxford University Press,
1997, p. 129.
xvii
J. S. Samra, “Changing realities and water sharing”, The Tribune, 10 May 2017, p. 9.
xviii
Manohar Singh Gill, “Bitter Waters”, Indian Express, 16 March 2016, p. 10.
xix
Ramesh K. Chauhan, Punjab and the Nationality Question in India, New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Publications, 1995, p. 164.
xx
Guha, n. 15, p. 214.
xxi
R. S. Sethi, Punjab Problem: Is Peace Final?, New Delhi: Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2009, p.
13.
xxii
Ibid., p. 70.
xxiii
Inderjit Singh Jaijee, Politics of Genocide: Punjab 1984-1998, Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1999,
p. 22.
xxiv
Pradeep Kumar, “Communal Dimension of Regionalism in Indian Federation: A Study of
Trends in Akali Politics”, in Akhtar Majeed (ed.), Regionalism: Developmental Tensions in India,
New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 1984, p. 154.
xxv
Editorial, The Tribune, 8 September 2016, p. 8.
xxvi
Sarbjit Dhaliwal, “Do more to depend on Punjab”, The Tribune, 1 May 2016, p. 13.
xxvii
The Tribune,5 March 2016, p. 3.
xxviii
Lt. Gen. Harwant Singh (Retd.), “Water woes of Punjab”, The Tribune, 13 December 2016, p.
9.
xxix
Editorial, Daily Post,17 March 2016, p. 8.
xxx
Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon, India Commits Suicide, Chandigarh: Singh & Singh Publishers, 1992,
p. 50.
xxxi
Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, New Delhi: Sage
Publications, 1991, p. 205.
xxxii
J. S. Grewal, The Akalis: A Short History,Chandigarh: Punjab Studies Publications, 1996, pp.
146-147.
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xxxiii
J. S. Grewal, “Sikh Identity and the Issue of Khalistan”, in Reeta Grewal and Sheena Pal (eds.),
Five Centuries of Sikh Tradition: Ideology, Society, Politics and Culture,New Delhi: Manohar
Publishers and Distributors, 2005, pp. 312-313.
xxxiv
The Tribune, 30 March 2016, p. 9.
xxxv
Sucha Singh Gill, “SYL Canal: Mired in political opportunism”, The Tribune, 5 April 2016, p.
9.
xxxvi
The Tribune, 11 November 2016, p. 1.
xxxvii
Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab, London: Routledge,
2000, p. 102.
xxxviii
Rajiv A. Kapur, Sikh Separatism: The Politics of Faith, London: Allen & Unwin, 1986, p. 223.
xxxix
Jeffrey, n. 4, p. 160.
xl
The Tribune, 13 March 2016, p. 3.
xli
Kuldeep Kaur, Akali Dal in Punjab Politics: Splits and Mergers,New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Publications, 1999, p. 73.
xlii
C. B. Singh Sheoran, “Punjab ignoring natural justice on SYL”, The Tribune, 12 April 2017, p.
9.
xliii
Ram Narayan Kumar and Georg Sieberer, The Sikh Struggle: Origin, Evolution and Present
Phase, Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1991, p. 270.
xliv
K. C. Singh, “Punjab in Deep Water”, The Tribune, 17 March 2016, p. 10.
xlv
Yogendra Yadav, “SYL: Give some, take some”, The Tribune, 24 May 2017, p. 8.
xlvi
Ibid.
xlvii
Hindustan Times, 18 March 2016, p. 2.
xlviii
Nirupama Subramanian, “Flagging a Canal”, Indian Express, 18 March 2016, p. 12.
xlix
The Tribune, 23 February 2017, p. 1.
l
The Tribune, 30 March 2016, p. 9.
li
Raman Mohan, “SYL Canal: Politicians flog a dead horse”, The Tribune, 24 March 2016, p. 9.
lii
The Tribune, 11 November 2016, p. 1.
liii
The Tribune, 9 March 2016, p. 2.
liv
The Tribune, 6 March 2016, p. 3.
lv
Hindustan Times, 11 March 2016, p. 1.
lvi
Ibid., p. 5.
lvii
Sarbjit Dhaliwal, “Nothing beyond the ballot box”, The Tribune, 25 December 2016, p. 4.
lviii
Hindustan Times, 12 March 2016, p. 13.
lix
Gill, n. 35, p. 9.
lx
Editorial, The Tribune, 8 September 2016, p. 8.
lxi
Hindustan Times, 13 March 2016, p. 1.
lxii
Hindustan Times, 15 March 2016, p. 1.
lxiii
Ibid., p. 2.
lxiv
Editorial, The Tribune, 11 November 2016, p. 8.
lxv
Editorial, Daily Post, 19 March 2016, p. 8.
lxvi
Tanya Talwar, “Slowing down to a mere trickle now”, Hindustan Times, 2 April 2016, p. 12.
lxvii
The Tribune, 24 February 2017, p. 1.
lxviii
The Tribune, 23 February 2017, p. 1.
lxix
The Tribune, 13 April 2017, p. 1.
lxx
Yadav, n. 45, p. 8.
lxxi
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/previous-governments-betrayed-people-aap-on-
syl-issue-467727 as accessed on 8 March 2023.
lxxii
Pritam Singh, “Punjab‟s three turning points & federalism”, The Tribune, 1 November 2018, p.
11.
lxxiii
Gill, n. 35, p. 9.
lxxiv
Subramanian, n. 48, p. 12.