To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
Centre state relations : Indian Federationashimasahni3
Handling of Public Health during pandemic by Center & State administration and to discuss issue of shifting public health from State to concurrent list.From the perspective of Centre-State relations, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights :-
Sharp asymmetries between Center and State fuelled by power tussles
significant weaknesses in the infrastructure of center-state relations, which are at the heart of Indian governance challenges.
Indian citizens have been let down both by center and state government alike
Major transition is expected where Center Govt., is likely to acquire more power, surveillance on healthcare sector will be more.
National Health System is likely to emerge as a key actor in measuring the power of political party in coming elections.
Anti-India; Media narrative during the crisis reveals the international conspiracy and the need for strict new social media rules.
India’s response to first wave was highly centralized and was criticized by many, as the country adopted a similar approach with all states despite differences in infection rates and health system capacity.
second wave of COVID-19 in India, the Centre’s response has seen a marked shift, with key areas such as vaccine procurement and distribution being decentralized. The reaction of the center looks similar to that of Brazil or the US during the first wave.
Center –State blame game intensifying the center-state conflict in an already hyper-partisan context for inter-governmental relations MIGRANT WORKERS
Closing of the inter-State borders
Emergence of new form of regional stigmatization which acted as a detrimental to inter-State cooperation.
Inter-State economic and cultural disruption
challenge of inter-State discordanceCENTER –STATE RELATION: PUBLIC HEALTH &ACCOUNTABILITY
As per the Constitution, Schedule 7, Entry 6, “Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries” fall within the domain of states. Also, Schedules 11 and 12 spell out the powers of Panchayats and Nagarpalikas in maintaining “health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and dispensaries.” NITI Aayog Action Agenda 2017-2020 Report and the National Health Policy 2017 and calls for more decentralized health planning.
“There is wisdom in shifting health to the concurrent list so that both Centre and state can manage it,” says Oommen C. Kurian, public health fellow at the Observer Research Foundation. “Almost all major health initiatives in India over the last two decades have been driven by the Centre. Any serious initiative towards the right to healthcare will be immensely helped if health is shifted to the concurrent list,” he says
Of the 97 items mentioned in the union list, item number 28 related port quarantine, item number 58 related to manufacturing and distribution of salt and item 81 related to interstate migration and quarantine, is of relevance to p
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to impact
people’s health and livelihood systems around the globe. As governments roll
out mass vaccination programs in their respective jurisdictions, it is uncertain whether herd immunity can be achieved at the soonest time, given the
mutations and emergence of new COVID-19 variants and vaccine hesitancy
on the part of citizens. Meanwhile, political leaders have straddled the thin
line between imposing mobility restrictions to save lives and reopening the
economy to save jobs. This raised fundamental concerns about the political
responses at both domestic and international levels toward the crisis.
This paper introduces the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) propounded by the His Majesty the forth king of Bhutan, Jigme Singay wangchuk. The paper particularly explores more on the Good Governance which is one of the four pillars and nine domains of the Gross National Happiness (GNH). It further elaborates on four dimensions of good governance. Under those dimensions the concepts like, how GNH is being politically pursued in Bhutan basically in terms of maintaining good governance? Whether GNH is flourishing or floundering under the new political climate of parliamentary democracy? Will also be discussed with respect to assuring good governance as desired by its people.
5 Insights on Future Challenges Facing Governments.pdfWajidKhanMP
What are the government's most pressing challenges in the second half of 2020? We asked 700 selected national and local politicians and officials from our network to participate in the survey. Wajid khan Mentioned The following five insights from our network's responses demonstrate an interesting prioritization of the problem.
1. The government will keep her busy in 2020 by solving budget problems and creating jobs.
The Covid-19 pandemic and its side effects are hitting the economy. That has a negative impact not only on job numbers but also on government tax revenues and, thus, budgets at all levels. Mayors, elected politicians, and civil servants are working to reduce the negative impact on budgets and government services. In addition, finding ways to stimulate local, regional and national economies and help businesses create new jobs is crucial for governments. These efforts will continue for the rest of the year and remain on the 2020 political agenda.
2. Aside from mitigating the impact of the corona crisis,
politicians and officials are divided over other policy areas the government will occupy in 2020. Aside from budgets and jobs, there has yet to be a consensus among politicians and officials on other pressing issues that will settle government in the second half of 2020. On the one hand, politicians assume that health and care issues will continue to be high on the agenda. On the other hand, civil servants focus on digitization and climate change. This is a direct reflection of the working environment of the two groups.
Politicians are thinking about how to make systems (such as health and care) more resilient to future crises, while governments are wondering how (their) day-to-day operations will be digitized. I am more concerned about what measures need to be implemented.
3. Politicians feel better equipped than officials to deal with pressing problems
Only a quarter of officials believe they will have the necessary resources to address their most pressing policy issues in the second half of 2020. In addition to more financial resources and better infrastructure, they are demanding new ways of bringing expertise and knowledge to the government (e.g., cooperation). Other governments, citizens, and scientists). By contrast, nearly half of the politicians surveyed believe they have the resources to address key policy challenges in 2020.
4. Politicians and officials want to learn how to manage the climate crisis from other governments.
Again, politicians and officials need a complete consensus on what policy areas they would like to learn from other governments. Politicians focus on education and climate policy, but officials want to know more about digitalization and how different governments plan to meet their climate goals. Climate change remains a top priority for governments, and the coronavirus crisis has only partially changed attitudes toward related projects and policies.
Centre state relations : Indian Federationashimasahni3
Handling of Public Health during pandemic by Center & State administration and to discuss issue of shifting public health from State to concurrent list.From the perspective of Centre-State relations, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights :-
Sharp asymmetries between Center and State fuelled by power tussles
significant weaknesses in the infrastructure of center-state relations, which are at the heart of Indian governance challenges.
Indian citizens have been let down both by center and state government alike
Major transition is expected where Center Govt., is likely to acquire more power, surveillance on healthcare sector will be more.
National Health System is likely to emerge as a key actor in measuring the power of political party in coming elections.
Anti-India; Media narrative during the crisis reveals the international conspiracy and the need for strict new social media rules.
India’s response to first wave was highly centralized and was criticized by many, as the country adopted a similar approach with all states despite differences in infection rates and health system capacity.
second wave of COVID-19 in India, the Centre’s response has seen a marked shift, with key areas such as vaccine procurement and distribution being decentralized. The reaction of the center looks similar to that of Brazil or the US during the first wave.
Center –State blame game intensifying the center-state conflict in an already hyper-partisan context for inter-governmental relations MIGRANT WORKERS
Closing of the inter-State borders
Emergence of new form of regional stigmatization which acted as a detrimental to inter-State cooperation.
Inter-State economic and cultural disruption
challenge of inter-State discordanceCENTER –STATE RELATION: PUBLIC HEALTH &ACCOUNTABILITY
As per the Constitution, Schedule 7, Entry 6, “Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries” fall within the domain of states. Also, Schedules 11 and 12 spell out the powers of Panchayats and Nagarpalikas in maintaining “health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and dispensaries.” NITI Aayog Action Agenda 2017-2020 Report and the National Health Policy 2017 and calls for more decentralized health planning.
“There is wisdom in shifting health to the concurrent list so that both Centre and state can manage it,” says Oommen C. Kurian, public health fellow at the Observer Research Foundation. “Almost all major health initiatives in India over the last two decades have been driven by the Centre. Any serious initiative towards the right to healthcare will be immensely helped if health is shifted to the concurrent list,” he says
Of the 97 items mentioned in the union list, item number 28 related port quarantine, item number 58 related to manufacturing and distribution of salt and item 81 related to interstate migration and quarantine, is of relevance to p
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to impact
people’s health and livelihood systems around the globe. As governments roll
out mass vaccination programs in their respective jurisdictions, it is uncertain whether herd immunity can be achieved at the soonest time, given the
mutations and emergence of new COVID-19 variants and vaccine hesitancy
on the part of citizens. Meanwhile, political leaders have straddled the thin
line between imposing mobility restrictions to save lives and reopening the
economy to save jobs. This raised fundamental concerns about the political
responses at both domestic and international levels toward the crisis.
This paper introduces the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH) propounded by the His Majesty the forth king of Bhutan, Jigme Singay wangchuk. The paper particularly explores more on the Good Governance which is one of the four pillars and nine domains of the Gross National Happiness (GNH). It further elaborates on four dimensions of good governance. Under those dimensions the concepts like, how GNH is being politically pursued in Bhutan basically in terms of maintaining good governance? Whether GNH is flourishing or floundering under the new political climate of parliamentary democracy? Will also be discussed with respect to assuring good governance as desired by its people.
5 Insights on Future Challenges Facing Governments.pdfWajidKhanMP
What are the government's most pressing challenges in the second half of 2020? We asked 700 selected national and local politicians and officials from our network to participate in the survey. Wajid khan Mentioned The following five insights from our network's responses demonstrate an interesting prioritization of the problem.
1. The government will keep her busy in 2020 by solving budget problems and creating jobs.
The Covid-19 pandemic and its side effects are hitting the economy. That has a negative impact not only on job numbers but also on government tax revenues and, thus, budgets at all levels. Mayors, elected politicians, and civil servants are working to reduce the negative impact on budgets and government services. In addition, finding ways to stimulate local, regional and national economies and help businesses create new jobs is crucial for governments. These efforts will continue for the rest of the year and remain on the 2020 political agenda.
2. Aside from mitigating the impact of the corona crisis,
politicians and officials are divided over other policy areas the government will occupy in 2020. Aside from budgets and jobs, there has yet to be a consensus among politicians and officials on other pressing issues that will settle government in the second half of 2020. On the one hand, politicians assume that health and care issues will continue to be high on the agenda. On the other hand, civil servants focus on digitization and climate change. This is a direct reflection of the working environment of the two groups.
Politicians are thinking about how to make systems (such as health and care) more resilient to future crises, while governments are wondering how (their) day-to-day operations will be digitized. I am more concerned about what measures need to be implemented.
3. Politicians feel better equipped than officials to deal with pressing problems
Only a quarter of officials believe they will have the necessary resources to address their most pressing policy issues in the second half of 2020. In addition to more financial resources and better infrastructure, they are demanding new ways of bringing expertise and knowledge to the government (e.g., cooperation). Other governments, citizens, and scientists). By contrast, nearly half of the politicians surveyed believe they have the resources to address key policy challenges in 2020.
4. Politicians and officials want to learn how to manage the climate crisis from other governments.
Again, politicians and officials need a complete consensus on what policy areas they would like to learn from other governments. Politicians focus on education and climate policy, but officials want to know more about digitalization and how different governments plan to meet their climate goals. Climate change remains a top priority for governments, and the coronavirus crisis has only partially changed attitudes toward related projects and policies.
Health and health care need to be distinguished from each other for no better reason than that the former is often incorrectly seen as a direct function of the latter. Heath is clearly not the mere absence of disease. Good Health confers on a person or groups freedom from illness - and the ability to realize one's potential. Health is therefore best understood as the indispensable basis for defining a person's sense of well being. The health of populations is a distinct key issue in public policy discourse in every mature society often determining the deployment of huge society. They include its cultural understanding of ill health and well-being, extent of socio-economic disparities, reach of health services and quality and costs of care. and current bio-mcdical understanding about health and illness.
In over fifty years since independence, India has developed
an extensive public delivery system for the provision of
health care. This was preceded in 1946 by the Bhore
Commission that recommended basic health services be
provided for all through Primary Health Centres (PHCs). In
line with the recommendations, PHCs were set up all across
the country, each serving about 30,000 inhabitants in its
vicinity. At the time, the urban population of India was less
than 18 per cent. Since then, the urban population has grown
over fourfold to 285 million of over the 1 billion people
living in India. 22.6 per cent of this 285 million live in slums
(GOI 2001).
As in the case of health services, provision of education for
all in India has also largely been envisaged within the public
delivery system even though this sector has a significant presence
of private providers. Since independence the government has
launched various schemes and programmes for increasing
literacy among all sections of the population, the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan and the Right to Education Bill are the two seminal
steps in this direction. Recently there has been a growing
demand for privatization and growth in the number of private
institutions. This phenomenon is more strongly visible in
the urban areas where there is a greater proportion of literate
23.4 per cent of the urban population was below the poverty
line (as against 76.3 million, that is, 32.4 per cent in 1993–4).
However, variations both across and within economic classes,
castes, and states are high. Many disenfranchized segments
suffer from high levels of deprivation not revealed by aggregate
numbers. This also affects their health indicators.
The Food Insecurity Atlas of Urban India (MSSRF 2002)
suggests approximately 38 per cent of children below the age
of three years in urban India are underweight and more than
35 per cent short for their age. Further, a high proportion of
the urban poor are not able to meet the nutrition norms laid
down by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
It is not clear whether the urban poor are generally better
off than the rural poor. On the one hand, aggregate figures
such as wages, poverty levels, expenditures, all show better
performance of urban areas. It is also believed that access to
schools and health facilities is better in urban areas. On the
other hand casual employment, daily wages, high level of
competition for the few unskilled jobs, all contribute to the
vulnerability of the urban poor.
An aspect of urban poverty rarely captured by published
data relates to the condition of those living at the fringes of the
urban
9 september 2020 the-hindu-editorial-analysis-chahal-academyChahalAcademy1
Chahal Academy teaches have years of experience, which leads to giving many results every year. Join "Chahal Academy" the best IAS coaching in Mohali. To know more please contact us at 8287776460, 9510209003 or visit: https://chahalacademy.com/best-ias-coaching-in-mohali
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Agenda Comparison Grid Template
Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief Assignment Template for Part 1 and Part 2
Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid
Use this Agenda Comparison Grid to document information about the population health/healthcare issue your selected and the presidential agendas. By completing this grid, you will develop a more in depth understanding of your selected issue and how you might position it politically based on the presidential agendas.
You will use the information in the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid to complete the remaining Part 2 and Part 3 of your Assignment.
Identify the Population Health concern you selected.
Mental Health Issue (Depression)
Describe the Population Health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it.
Depression is the foremost cause leading young population to death in the USA. According to Cockerham, depression is a mental disorder, which is caused by psychological, persistent social and biological pain. This leads to disinterest of social life and committing suicide. Yet, if depression is not treated, it may lead to dementia, stroke and heart attack. In the past six to ten years, researchers such as Disease Control and Prevention found that youngsters at the age of 18 to 24 years, experience depression and going through suicidal thoughts. Unlike citizens 45 to 65 years of age, reports have reported that deaths among these particular group have been significantly rising. Mental health illnesses have brought many US presidents attention, which most of them have taken various steps allowing easy access to treatments and medicines.
Administration (President Name)
(Current President)
Donald Trump
(Previous President)
Barack Obama
(Previous President)
George W. Bush
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to this issue for the current and two previous presidents.
- To renovate the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, president Donald Trump came up with a different strategy, a new healthcare bill.
- Diminishing the amount of Medicaid is one of the undertaken steps of Donald Trump’s administration. This way, insurance plan will only cover substance use and mental issues meanwhile majority of them depend on low income.
- Obama signed an act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It is also known to be Obamacare, allowing the extension of federal mental parity to Medicaid.
- The purpose of the act is to support people with mental illnesses and people who are disable. In 2010, president Obama signed the Frank Melville Supportive Housing Investment Act.
- In 2002, George W Bush shaped a commission, which involved experts in the mental health field.
- President George W Bush wanted to bring the anguishes undergone by mentally ill citizens to an end. President George W Bush signed the Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act in 2008. An all-inclusive law that covers health insurance. The act states .
A Review Study upon the Public Administration and its policies in Indiapaperpublications3
Abstract:The objective of this paper is to review the implications of the basic principles of public administration in the Republic of India with the context of public governance and discuss their impact on different administration imperatives upon the Indian masses. The public administrative policies in India have proven to be extremely malicious. The very fabric of the socioeconomic factor of the society is highly affected by it. The prevalence of social evil factors for instance poverty, unemployment, corruption etc. are extremely high. The review study also enlightens the fact that the public administration of the country is highly influenced by the political and the private institutional elites and does not effectively monitors upon the needs of the society. This review also focuses upon the several measures that can be implemented to overcome the problems originated due to inefficient public administration i.e. skilled training of the administrative staff, development of policies and procedures with the consent of general public, liberalization of economic policies, promoting innovation, good governance etc.
Keywords:Public administration, Economy, Developing countries, Good Governance, Policy.
A Review Study upon the Public Administration and its policies in Indiapaperpublications3
Abstract:The objective of this paper is to review the implications of the basic principles of public administration in the Republic of India with the context of public governance and discuss their impact on different administration imperatives upon the Indian masses. The public administrative policies in India have proven to be extremely malicious. The very fabric of the socioeconomic factor of the society is highly affected by it. The prevalence of social evil factors for instance poverty, unemployment, corruption etc. are extremely high. The review study also enlightens the fact that the public administration of the country is highly influenced by the political and the private institutional elites and does not effectively monitors upon the needs of the society. This review also focuses upon the several measures that can be implemented to overcome the problems originated due to inefficient public administration i.e. skilled training of the administrative staff, development of policies and procedures with the consent of general public, liberalization of economic policies, promoting innovation, good governance etc.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
The role of civil society as a partner in the delivery of primary health care is well-established. The pandemic placed a great burden on the existing public health system and civil society stepped forward not only to help the vulnerable population to mitigate challenges that subsequently arose but also to fill the gaps the pandemic exposed in India's health care system.
3 postsRe Topic 4 DQ 1The US health system is complex and c.docxtaishao1
3 posts
Re: Topic 4 DQ 1
The US health system is complex and can be difficult to understand. The system is run by different organizations of private and public entities. Public health system service provision is done mainly by the government working collaboratively with the community nonprofit and faith-based organizations (Green, 2018). Private health care is provided in hospitals, outpatients, mental health, home care, wellness center, long term or residential and other alternative medicine setting (Green, 2018). Nurses, physicians and other professionals are responsible for providing services to patients both in the private and public sector (Kahn, 2011).
According to the National Health Expenditures in 2014, 48 % of health care spending came from private funds, with 28% coming from households and 20 % from coming from private businesses. Financing of health care remains a big challenge in the United States. It is a major topic of debate everyday by politicians, insurance companies and those receiving services. One main method of financing is individuals must pay out of their pocket for services they receive, and most people cannot afford the cost. Most people can receive health service through their health insurance coverage. Health insurance is provided by the government or private company to ensure payment is made for healthcare services such as illnesses, injuries and health conditions (De lew et al. 1992).
Although, the US have the highest expenditure in the world for the provision of health service, however, they do not perform particularly well in terms of gross health outcome (Ridic et al. 2012). The main contributor in the weakness of the American health care outcomes is the fact there are 42 million of American without healthcare insurance. (De lew et al. 1992). This impedes a lot of people to access health care when most needed particularly people on low income bracket. They go to hospital when they are very sick. Another issue with health care provision in America is the inability to control of cost. The advantage of the America health care system is the advanced state of technology. Premature babies have high chance of survival in the US because of advanced technology, high life expectancy after 80 years compares to other countries and US is world leader in pharmaceutical innovation (Ridic et al. 2012).
The reforms resulting from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) over the past years have led to increase in health care coverage. According to Martin et al. (2014), about 20 -22 million individuals have obtained health care insurance since 2010 through the expansion of Medicaid and other policy adjustment. However, there still more than 25 million of US residents without health insurance. It is hoped that health care professionals, politicians and the general public will conclude that health care is a basic right for every person and not a privilege for few people. The solution to achieve this goal is a justified cause for modern.
NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
new social media rule web ofsciences.pdfashimasahni3
Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
space
More Related Content
Similar to 01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdf
Health and health care need to be distinguished from each other for no better reason than that the former is often incorrectly seen as a direct function of the latter. Heath is clearly not the mere absence of disease. Good Health confers on a person or groups freedom from illness - and the ability to realize one's potential. Health is therefore best understood as the indispensable basis for defining a person's sense of well being. The health of populations is a distinct key issue in public policy discourse in every mature society often determining the deployment of huge society. They include its cultural understanding of ill health and well-being, extent of socio-economic disparities, reach of health services and quality and costs of care. and current bio-mcdical understanding about health and illness.
In over fifty years since independence, India has developed
an extensive public delivery system for the provision of
health care. This was preceded in 1946 by the Bhore
Commission that recommended basic health services be
provided for all through Primary Health Centres (PHCs). In
line with the recommendations, PHCs were set up all across
the country, each serving about 30,000 inhabitants in its
vicinity. At the time, the urban population of India was less
than 18 per cent. Since then, the urban population has grown
over fourfold to 285 million of over the 1 billion people
living in India. 22.6 per cent of this 285 million live in slums
(GOI 2001).
As in the case of health services, provision of education for
all in India has also largely been envisaged within the public
delivery system even though this sector has a significant presence
of private providers. Since independence the government has
launched various schemes and programmes for increasing
literacy among all sections of the population, the Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan and the Right to Education Bill are the two seminal
steps in this direction. Recently there has been a growing
demand for privatization and growth in the number of private
institutions. This phenomenon is more strongly visible in
the urban areas where there is a greater proportion of literate
23.4 per cent of the urban population was below the poverty
line (as against 76.3 million, that is, 32.4 per cent in 1993–4).
However, variations both across and within economic classes,
castes, and states are high. Many disenfranchized segments
suffer from high levels of deprivation not revealed by aggregate
numbers. This also affects their health indicators.
The Food Insecurity Atlas of Urban India (MSSRF 2002)
suggests approximately 38 per cent of children below the age
of three years in urban India are underweight and more than
35 per cent short for their age. Further, a high proportion of
the urban poor are not able to meet the nutrition norms laid
down by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
It is not clear whether the urban poor are generally better
off than the rural poor. On the one hand, aggregate figures
such as wages, poverty levels, expenditures, all show better
performance of urban areas. It is also believed that access to
schools and health facilities is better in urban areas. On the
other hand casual employment, daily wages, high level of
competition for the few unskilled jobs, all contribute to the
vulnerability of the urban poor.
An aspect of urban poverty rarely captured by published
data relates to the condition of those living at the fringes of the
urban
9 september 2020 the-hindu-editorial-analysis-chahal-academyChahalAcademy1
Chahal Academy teaches have years of experience, which leads to giving many results every year. Join "Chahal Academy" the best IAS coaching in Mohali. To know more please contact us at 8287776460, 9510209003 or visit: https://chahalacademy.com/best-ias-coaching-in-mohali
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Agenda Comparison Grid Template
Agenda Comparison Grid and Fact Sheet or Talking Points Brief Assignment Template for Part 1 and Part 2
Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid
Use this Agenda Comparison Grid to document information about the population health/healthcare issue your selected and the presidential agendas. By completing this grid, you will develop a more in depth understanding of your selected issue and how you might position it politically based on the presidential agendas.
You will use the information in the Part 1: Agenda Comparison Grid to complete the remaining Part 2 and Part 3 of your Assignment.
Identify the Population Health concern you selected.
Mental Health Issue (Depression)
Describe the Population Health concern you selected and the factors that contribute to it.
Depression is the foremost cause leading young population to death in the USA. According to Cockerham, depression is a mental disorder, which is caused by psychological, persistent social and biological pain. This leads to disinterest of social life and committing suicide. Yet, if depression is not treated, it may lead to dementia, stroke and heart attack. In the past six to ten years, researchers such as Disease Control and Prevention found that youngsters at the age of 18 to 24 years, experience depression and going through suicidal thoughts. Unlike citizens 45 to 65 years of age, reports have reported that deaths among these particular group have been significantly rising. Mental health illnesses have brought many US presidents attention, which most of them have taken various steps allowing easy access to treatments and medicines.
Administration (President Name)
(Current President)
Donald Trump
(Previous President)
Barack Obama
(Previous President)
George W. Bush
Describe the administrative agenda focus related to this issue for the current and two previous presidents.
- To renovate the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, president Donald Trump came up with a different strategy, a new healthcare bill.
- Diminishing the amount of Medicaid is one of the undertaken steps of Donald Trump’s administration. This way, insurance plan will only cover substance use and mental issues meanwhile majority of them depend on low income.
- Obama signed an act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It is also known to be Obamacare, allowing the extension of federal mental parity to Medicaid.
- The purpose of the act is to support people with mental illnesses and people who are disable. In 2010, president Obama signed the Frank Melville Supportive Housing Investment Act.
- In 2002, George W Bush shaped a commission, which involved experts in the mental health field.
- President George W Bush wanted to bring the anguishes undergone by mentally ill citizens to an end. President George W Bush signed the Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act in 2008. An all-inclusive law that covers health insurance. The act states .
A Review Study upon the Public Administration and its policies in Indiapaperpublications3
Abstract:The objective of this paper is to review the implications of the basic principles of public administration in the Republic of India with the context of public governance and discuss their impact on different administration imperatives upon the Indian masses. The public administrative policies in India have proven to be extremely malicious. The very fabric of the socioeconomic factor of the society is highly affected by it. The prevalence of social evil factors for instance poverty, unemployment, corruption etc. are extremely high. The review study also enlightens the fact that the public administration of the country is highly influenced by the political and the private institutional elites and does not effectively monitors upon the needs of the society. This review also focuses upon the several measures that can be implemented to overcome the problems originated due to inefficient public administration i.e. skilled training of the administrative staff, development of policies and procedures with the consent of general public, liberalization of economic policies, promoting innovation, good governance etc.
Keywords:Public administration, Economy, Developing countries, Good Governance, Policy.
A Review Study upon the Public Administration and its policies in Indiapaperpublications3
Abstract:The objective of this paper is to review the implications of the basic principles of public administration in the Republic of India with the context of public governance and discuss their impact on different administration imperatives upon the Indian masses. The public administrative policies in India have proven to be extremely malicious. The very fabric of the socioeconomic factor of the society is highly affected by it. The prevalence of social evil factors for instance poverty, unemployment, corruption etc. are extremely high. The review study also enlightens the fact that the public administration of the country is highly influenced by the political and the private institutional elites and does not effectively monitors upon the needs of the society. This review also focuses upon the several measures that can be implemented to overcome the problems originated due to inefficient public administration i.e. skilled training of the administrative staff, development of policies and procedures with the consent of general public, liberalization of economic policies, promoting innovation, good governance etc.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Fairer world for a healthier and safer world
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 1; Page No: 1 – 2
Author: Priyanka Raj CK
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.2021.1112
Affiliation: Deputy Editor-In-Chief, IJMSNR, Associate Professor, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, National University of Science & Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sohar, Al Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. Email ID: priyankaraj@nu.edu.om
Article Summary: Submitted: 02-August-2021
Revised : 30-August-2021
Accepted : 03-September-2021
Published: 30-September-2021
The role of civil society as a partner in the delivery of primary health care is well-established. The pandemic placed a great burden on the existing public health system and civil society stepped forward not only to help the vulnerable population to mitigate challenges that subsequently arose but also to fill the gaps the pandemic exposed in India's health care system.
3 postsRe Topic 4 DQ 1The US health system is complex and c.docxtaishao1
3 posts
Re: Topic 4 DQ 1
The US health system is complex and can be difficult to understand. The system is run by different organizations of private and public entities. Public health system service provision is done mainly by the government working collaboratively with the community nonprofit and faith-based organizations (Green, 2018). Private health care is provided in hospitals, outpatients, mental health, home care, wellness center, long term or residential and other alternative medicine setting (Green, 2018). Nurses, physicians and other professionals are responsible for providing services to patients both in the private and public sector (Kahn, 2011).
According to the National Health Expenditures in 2014, 48 % of health care spending came from private funds, with 28% coming from households and 20 % from coming from private businesses. Financing of health care remains a big challenge in the United States. It is a major topic of debate everyday by politicians, insurance companies and those receiving services. One main method of financing is individuals must pay out of their pocket for services they receive, and most people cannot afford the cost. Most people can receive health service through their health insurance coverage. Health insurance is provided by the government or private company to ensure payment is made for healthcare services such as illnesses, injuries and health conditions (De lew et al. 1992).
Although, the US have the highest expenditure in the world for the provision of health service, however, they do not perform particularly well in terms of gross health outcome (Ridic et al. 2012). The main contributor in the weakness of the American health care outcomes is the fact there are 42 million of American without healthcare insurance. (De lew et al. 1992). This impedes a lot of people to access health care when most needed particularly people on low income bracket. They go to hospital when they are very sick. Another issue with health care provision in America is the inability to control of cost. The advantage of the America health care system is the advanced state of technology. Premature babies have high chance of survival in the US because of advanced technology, high life expectancy after 80 years compares to other countries and US is world leader in pharmaceutical innovation (Ridic et al. 2012).
The reforms resulting from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) over the past years have led to increase in health care coverage. According to Martin et al. (2014), about 20 -22 million individuals have obtained health care insurance since 2010 through the expansion of Medicaid and other policy adjustment. However, there still more than 25 million of US residents without health insurance. It is hoped that health care professionals, politicians and the general public will conclude that health care is a basic right for every person and not a privilege for few people. The solution to achieve this goal is a justified cause for modern.
NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
new social media rule web ofsciences.pdfashimasahni3
Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
space
ferderal structure &issue of SYL canal in punjab.pdfashimasahni3
The sharing of river waters became a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab literally means the
‘land of five rivers’, and as India’s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its waters elsewhere. After
reorganization, Punjab became basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent
upon the vagaries of nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent
upon the centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water. During the decade of sixties, the
Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both in Punjab and Haryana. It lent a sharp
new edge to the simmering canal waters’ dispute between the two states. The Punjab’s argument is that the
issue of river water distribution should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Moreover,
Punjab had also faced the severe crisis of river waters and wants to save the land from becoming a desert,
whereas the condition of Haryana is equally bad. The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab,
but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water, sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana
and Rajasthan. The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions. The Dharam Yudh Morcha (religious crusade) by the Akalis
in the context of digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal and Rajiv-Longowal Accord has the serious
implications in this regard. The water issues have become more sensitive. In the emerging circumstances,
there is urgent need of national strategy on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop
rotation. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the major causes of SYL dispute in Punjab, and to
find out the possible remedies for its earlier disposal.
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
Abstract
Currently, the second wave of COVID-19 is shaping the contours of Indian politics. Partisan conflicts that have
fueled centre-state tensions have raised many questions over the complexities of the relationship between the two.
The first wave of the pandemic in 2020 consolidated a new phase of federal relations, where states increasingly
embraced the Centre's reform priorities that had not been seen before. But in the year 2021, the major decline in trust
and coordination between the Centre and the states has weighed heavily on the enormity of the crisis. The lack of
respect for each other's authority (centre and state), polarization of media reports and the excessive politicization of
the second wave crippled the ability of otherwise capable states to contain the virus. Conspiracy theories, nationalist
and authoritarian movements in response to the pandemic undermined citizens' trust in both central and state
government, leading to moral and social disruption at the public level. The findings suggest that the current tension
between the Centre and the state is more a result of political forces more raised by media reports than structural
constraints.; The 'health system' will be an important factor in India's future elections. This crisis calls an academic
research on the issue of 'One Nation One Election' to shift 'health' as a subject from the state list to the concurrent
list and fix the responsibility and accountability of both the centre and state governments.
Objective of this paper is to understand: -
1. To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
Key Words: - Covid-19, Governance, Health Communication, Second Wave, Governance.
Methodology
Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
525
The methodology used for this paper is descriptive, analytical, and observational. This study is based on secondary
data. Most of the data which is incorporated in the study are the publicly available reports of different think tanks
e.g. Centre for Policy Research, Delhi; Water Conflicts and Governance Centre for Policy Research, Delhi, Forums
of Federation; IDSA; Carnegie India; Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST), The International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Government reports and documents such as Reports of Ministry of Home
Affairs (https://www.mha.gov.in/ & http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/) and Media reports. The data used in this work
also comprise of variables based on the existing literature such as books, journals, online newspaper. The literature
review includes all related publication from 2000 through 2021 in Google Scholar and articles published from 2000
through 2021 using the search terms Center st
The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh PPT ON BHAGAT SINGH.pptxashimasahni3
The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh Presentation for Symposium Organized by: Guru Nanak Khalsa college Daroli kalan district , Jalandhar
By
Ashima Sahni
Head Department of Political Science, Public Administration and Human Rights
KANYA MAHA VIDAYALYA AUTONOMUS COLLEGE,JALANDARSome Associated Facts
Bhagat Singh (born September 28, 1907, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now in Pakistan)—
Revolutionary hero of the Indian independence movement.
He attended Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School and National College, both located in Lahore.
He worked as a writer and editor in Amritsar for Punjabi and Urdu-language newspapers espousing Marxist theories.
He is credited with popularizing the catchphrase “Inquilab zindabad”.His grandfather, Sardar Arjun Singh, a scholar in sanskrit, Persian and Urdu, actively participated in the social work and religious reform movements . Though from the family of Jat Sikhs, he adopted the ideals of the Arya Samaj
In 1906, his three sons founded the Bharat Mata Society'
When Bhagat Singh was born , his father Sardar Kishan Singh was undergoing imprisonment in the Lahore Central Jali because of his active participation in the agitation against Colonisation Act.
His father and uncles were all released from the prison after his birth . It was because of this happy and welcome coincidence that he was named as Bhagarn Wala( lucky child) by his grand-mother
one of his uncle , Sardar Ajit Singh was going through torture in the Jail, 2; Bhagat Singh's spontaneous nationalistic feelings were intensified by the suffering of his aunt Harnam Kaur who used to weep most of the time because of the absence of her husband. In 1928 Bhagat Singh plotted with others to kill the police chief responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, during a silent march opposing the Simon Commission. Instead, in a case of mistaken identity, junior officer J.P. Saunders was killed, and Bhagat Singh had to flee Lahore to escape the death penalty.
In 1929 he and an associate lobbed a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest the implementation of the Defence of India Act and then surrendered.
He was hanged at the age of 24 for the murder of Saunders.Martyrdom : March 23, 1931, Lahore (now in Pakistan)
Human history from the times of Charvaka and Spartacus is illuminated with a galaxy of shining martyrs who have died for noble and progressive causes, the life and work of Bhagat Singh and his death by hanging at Lahore at the hands of British imperialism on March 23, 1931, has been a great saga of inspiration to all those who cherish sovereignty, secularism and socialism
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promot...ashimasahni3
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promotion of Indian Culture ” Objective of this paper is to understand: -
Basic features of NEP 2020
NEP2020 and Promotion of Indian Culture
Methodology
The methodology used for this chapter is descriptive, analytical and observational. This study is based on secondary data. Education system in India
The famous songs :-
1962 movie Anpadh , ‘ Skikander ne porus se ke thee lardyee
tu mai kaya kary….? (question mark on curriculum )
2.Russian Roulette (Revolver game) ( question mark on Examination System)
3. 1971 movie Mere Apne , ‘ hal chal theek thak hai (question mark on employability)
Sab kuch theek thak hai
BA kiya hai MA kiya hai
Lagta hai vo bhee avaye kiya hai
Kaam nahee hai yaha varna aap ki duya se sab thik thak hai ”HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES IN INDIA
India currently has about 845 universities
approximately 40,000 higher education institutions (HIEs),
40% of these small sized institutions are running single programme against the expected multidisciplinary style.
20% of the colleges have annual enrolment less than 100 students making them nonviable to improve the quality of education
only 4% of colleges enroll more than 3,000 students annually due to regional imbalance NEP2020:
NEP is an education policy, a framework, a vision and has not yet attained legal status
Role of State Govts likely to get reduced
21st Century’s first education policy in India
Aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”.
Renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to the Ministry of Education.
NEP2020is only the third major revamp of the framework of education in India since independence after 1968 and 1986.
The NPE also called for realizing compulsory education for every child until the Age of (6-14) but NEP (3-18 yrs.)
NEP 2020 is aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktant...ashimasahni3
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktantra ki Janani’. This presentation is divided into 3 parts:-
New Initiative by PM Modi
Elements of Indian culture and tradition
Book Review- “India: The Mother of democracy prepared and published by ICHR (Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi )'Samvidhan Divas’, National law Day is celebrated in our country On 26th November. In Nov 26, 1949, Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, which came into effect from 26th January 1950.
PM will launch new initiatives under the e-court project
The initiatives being launched by Prime Minister Modi include ‘virtual justice clock’, ‘JustIS’ mobile app 2.0, digital court and ‘S3WaaS’ websites giving the details of cases instituted, cases disposed and pendency of cases
It is multilingual, citizen friendly and divyang (pople with special needs) friendly Indian element, Culture and Tradition in the Indian constitution
The partition of India in 1947, made this unique land of cultural unity
divided
Most of the people do not know the pictures illustrated in its original
copy of the hand written Constitution of India. Such books are also not
available in the market containing the pictures of Indian Constitution.
The calligraphy in the original constitution was done by Prem Behari
Narain Raizda. It was illuminated by Nandalal Bose and other artists,
which was published and photolithographed by the Survey of India
Offices at Derah Dun.20 pictures so far enshrined in the Constitution of India may be termed as the reflection of Culture and Tradition of Bharat
Lanka Vijay and Sita Uddhar by Lord Ram
Gita Upadesh by Lord Krishna
Vedic Life,
Ganga Anayan by Bhagirata (Bringing Ganages from heaven to the earth by Bhagiratha),
King Vikramaditya
Gautam Buddha
Tirthankar Mahavir
llustration of Nalanda University
Chatrapati Shivaji
Guru Govinda Singh
Rani Lakshmibai
Scene of Himalaya
Global Securities : Issues & Challenges (Post-Covid Scenario)global securiti...ashimasahni3
OBJECTIVES :-
1. Reviewing the current scope and operation of global security.
2.Identifying New Threats to Global Securities that are emerging ( Covid- times & Post- Covid)
3 whether a change in approaches in the context of global security and complex interdependencies is needed? OVERVIEW
1Deepening globalization has resulted in a new form of asymmetric security threats which looks beyond traditional military philosophy .
2 current security challenges and risks in global security environment are of a military and non-military nature. Global security
1“Absence of Threat”
2Political, Military, and Economic Trends in World
3 Military and Diplomatic Measures that Nations & I- organizations take to ensure mutual safety and security
3 To study sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment.
4 How a range of different security agents interact, cooperate and compete, to produce new institutions, practices and forms of security governance. G. G brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at global level to provide public goods, peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
The leading institution in charge of G.G is the United Nations
Bretton Woods institutions (W. Bank & IMF)
Regional coordinators (EU & ASEAN)
Strategic or Economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative .
Defense or economic integration such as APEC or ANZU
World Economic Forum G20, the G7
Multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards such as Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). GLOBAL GOVERNANCE : CONCERNS IN COVID TIMES
World’s global and national institutions are increasingly incapable of managing stresses to the system.
Pandemic has highlighted the failed roles of international organization like W.H.O.
U.N. was unsuccessful to bring all the nations to a common platform, thus failing to do its primary role. So, a paradigm shift will be visible in thinking about the collective security system and I. Organizations.
There will be shift from a Collective Security Arrangement to a more Individualistic approach .
New threats -Restrictive measures and tools to contain Pandemic
Restrictive Measures- will challenge values such as freedom, democracy & religious practice, which if added to populist movements can increase pre-existing fractures of states .
Political exploitation of post-COVID crisis will be legitimized through military and non-military meansAim of G.H.S - To Build Collective International public health system for action and averting bio-terrorism &containing risks from infectious disease.
Evolution of G.H.S- 1.A concept that has evolved over the past 30 yrs.Tradit
Freedom of Expression in Social Media: Implications on Democracyashimasahni3
Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England has first time used the phrase ‘freedom of speech.’
The freedom of speech is of recent origin in America. In the early decades of the 20th century the famous cases Schenck v. United States and Abram’s v. United States (1919)
But identical ideas of freedom of speech prevailed during ancient Greek (Athenian) Socrates : freedom of thought implies the freedom to teach. He also justified this claim both as a duty that he owed the Gods and a benefit that he conferred upon the state. In ancient Greek Athenian literature the term parrhêsia was used in the context of today’s freedom of expression
The Significant doctrine of freedom of expression is also vividly portrayed in theories of social contract.
Thomas Hobbes, in his classic work Leviathan (1651)
John Locke’s second book titled Treaties on Government (1681)
Jean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) laid down the notion of separation of power.
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England viewed a man can speak as per his free will using reason and law of nature is the legitimate restriction up on it.
John Stuart Mill, an icon of advocacy of liberty,
Thomas Paine ; Paine while arguing in favour of liberty (freedom of speech) has gone to such an extent that he considers it is our duty to protect this right of our enemy also.
Karl Marx has praised importance of freedom of press . He points that the free press (form of expression) has been recognized as vigilant eye of a people’s soul.Thomas Jefferson, who was statesman, diplomat, Lawyer & who served as third president of United States from 1801 to 1809 said “The press is the only tiscon of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of general efforts are taken away Professor Thomas Emerson views freedom of expression is essential as a means of assuring individual self-fulfilment.
The First Amendment with regard to right to freedom of expression is a defining feature of American society, In shaping the free speech jurisprudence ,Americans took the help :-
English background
Theory of natural rights
social contract
common law Ancient Classical Literature:
The Vedas i.e. Shrut means to hear and Smriti means to memorize.
Atharva Veda [Book VIII hymn X] refers the evolution of democracy during Vedic period.
According to Shankaracharya the Bhagvad Gita that one can enrich his own wisdom (Jnana) through freedom of speech and expression.
Nyâya Sûtra, propounded by philosopher Gotama, provides us science of logic to deduce the principles through discussion. He employed the logic to discover the knowledge of truth. The concepts “Tarka-vidyâ” the science of reasoning and “Vâdârth” the science of discussion must be needed to be looked into.
For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdf
1. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
524
Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI)
Volume 12, Issue 4, Month 2021: -525-536
How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
1Ashima Sahni
Head, Dept. Political Science, Kanya MahaVidyalaya, (Autonomous College), Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Email- sahniashima1@gmail.com
2Palwinder Singh Bhatia
Assistant Professor, Dept. Mass Communication & Video Production, DAV College,
Amritsar, Punjab, India
Email- palwinderbhatia89.pb@gmail.com
3Dr. Jagroop Kaur
Professor & Head, Dept. Political Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Email: jagroop63@gmail.com
Abstract
Currently, the second wave of COVID-19 is shaping the contours of Indian politics. Partisan conflicts that have
fueled centre-state tensions have raised many questions over the complexities of the relationship between the two.
The first wave of the pandemic in 2020 consolidated a new phase of federal relations, where states increasingly
embraced the Centre's reform priorities that had not been seen before. But in the year 2021, the major decline in trust
and coordination between the Centre and the states has weighed heavily on the enormity of the crisis. The lack of
respect for each other's authority (centre and state), polarization of media reports and the excessive politicization of
the second wave crippled the ability of otherwise capable states to contain the virus. Conspiracy theories, nationalist
and authoritarian movements in response to the pandemic undermined citizens' trust in both central and state
government, leading to moral and social disruption at the public level. The findings suggest that the current tension
between the Centre and the state is more a result of political forces more raised by media reports than structural
constraints.; The 'health system' will be an important factor in India's future elections. This crisis calls an academic
research on the issue of 'One Nation One Election' to shift 'health' as a subject from the state list to the concurrent
list and fix the responsibility and accountability of both the centre and state governments.
Objective of this paper is to understand: -
1. To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
Key Words: - Covid-19, Governance, Health Communication, Second Wave, Governance.
Methodology
2. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
525
The methodology used for this paper is descriptive, analytical, and observational. This study is based on secondary
data. Most of the data which is incorporated in the study are the publicly available reports of different think tanks
e.g. Centre for Policy Research, Delhi; Water Conflicts and Governance Centre for Policy Research, Delhi, Forums
of Federation; IDSA; Carnegie India; Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST), The International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Government reports and documents such as Reports of Ministry of Home
Affairs (https://www.mha.gov.in/ & http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/) and Media reports. The data used in this work
also comprise of variables based on the existing literature such as books, journals, online newspaper. The literature
review includes all related publication from 2000 through 2021 in Google Scholar and articles published from 2000
through 2021 using the search terms Center state relations.
INTRODUCTION
Second Wave of COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious concerns in the realms of Indian Political system. The
heighten socio-political unrest and pandemic’s aggravation of political - socio-economic disruption categorically
exposed the weaknesses of the Centre- State relationship in dealing with challenges posed by second wave of
pandemic in the year 2021.Primarily, Governance is about bringing together the diverges actors to coordinate
collective action at the level of the Nation and apparently, the present crisis is an upshot of lack of coordination
between center and state. Indian citizens have been let down both by center and state government alike. The goal of
political governance, roughly defined, is to provide public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and
mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One crucial public
good is catastrophic risk management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place to maximally reduce the likelihood
and impact of any event that could cause the death of people, or damage of equivalent magnitude. The leading
institution in charge of governance in India is the central Government and State government; state government
coordinate the policies of center government in their geographical zone, however this institutional arrangement
failed completely during the crisis. During first wave, the country has witnessed an interesting and remarkably
coordinated effort by the Centre and states in addressing a collective challenge. In spite of unilateral response in
terms of imposing a nationwide lockdown, the Centre eventually chose to work carefully with the states. There was
a rapid response by the Government of India and other authorities or government administration officials to the
pandemic of COVID-19. With several initiatives taken, to avoid the mistake of confusing right information with
knowledge and services1
but why such coordination was not sustained during second wave? “Was the country’s
response to the first pandemic was not enough to carve out clear cut roles both for centre and state? Why an
appropriate forum for this purpose not made? It is a time to reconsider the current mechanism of governance in India
and to understand whether or not it is adequately equipped to maintain law and order in the face of new threats.
Clash of interests in the federal structure cannot be allowed at the cost of A-21 Right to life, a fundamental right
which cannot be suspended even during emergency and this right was infringed upon for political interest during this
crisis. In the past, such bickering usually affected only livelihood, this time, it affected lives-of Indians, and of
people around the world.2
Political leaders must acknowledge the fact that citizens are the foundation of not only
Political System and Political Institutions but are also imperative for the very existence of a Nation State. Centre-
State in India has passed through turbulent phases in the past. Hence, cooperation among the Centre and
the States has always been instrumental in governing a diverse polity like India. The crisis of April 2021
show the sharp asymmetries between Center and State fuelled by power tussles and has raised urgent questions
about Centre-state relationship in upcoming times especially in the context of each new wave of pandemic.
CENTER –STATE RELATION: PUBLIC HEALTH & ACCOUNTABILITY
1
Khan, M. G., Yezdani, U., Chakravorty, A., & Shukla, T. (2020). Efforts and Challenges paved by India to
confront of Corona Virus (COVID-19). Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 19, S 88-S 92.
https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v19i0.48198
2
Hindustan Times, May12, 2021 ,P12
3. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
526
(Should Health be shifted from state list to concurrent list?)
The Constitution of India provides a dual polity with a clear division of powers between the Union and the States,
each being supreme within the sphere allotted to it. Indian model reconciles the imperatives of a strong Centre with
the need for State autonomy. It distributes powers, yet does not effect a rigid compartmentalization. Functionally it
is an interdependent arrangement, where Centre and States collectively aspire and work. The powers of the Centre
and the State are divided and they cannot make laws outside their jurisdiction and allotted subjects. The
Constitution lays down areas of responsibilities between the Centre and the states in three lists—a Union List, State
list and concurrent list. The recent crisis of second wave of COVID-19 has questioned the accountability of Center
and state Government with respect to Public Health. As per the Constitution, Schedule 7, Entry 6, “Public health and
sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries” fall within the domain of states. Also, Schedules 11 and 12 spell out the
powers of Panchayats and Nagarpalikas in maintaining “health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health
centers and dispensaries.” Health is a state subject, which means that although some fund allocation, policy and
legislation is done at the central level, states have a wide scope for implementing all of this and for doing more
than what the Centre prescribes. Center-state relations, This is the most crucial aspect in the delivery of health care
services of the country, since the different public authorities - the Central Government and the State Governments
derive their power and functions from the constitutional provisions defining and regulating these relations.3
Of the
97 items mentioned in the union list, item number 28 related port quarantine, item number 58 related to
manufacturing and distribution of salt and item 81 related to interstate migration and quarantine, is of relevance to
public health. Majority of the personal care and public health services are included in the state list. Of the 66 items,
5 items are relevant to the health services. They are item number 6 (public health and sanitation, hospitals and
dispensaries), item number 8 (intoxicating liquors — production, manufacture, possession, transport, sale and
purchase), item number 10 burial 7 cremation and grounds, item number 15 prevention of animal diseases
(indirectly related to zoonotic disease control) item 17 (water-supplies irrigation and canals). Of the 47 items
included in the concurrent list 9 important domains of public health is included, item 16, lunacy and mental
deficiency — reception and treatment, item 18 (adulteration of foodstuffs), item number 19 (drugs and poison-
related to opium), item 20 (economic and social planning), item 23 (social security including employers liability,
workmen’s compensation and maternity benefit), item 25 and 26 (medical education and professions medical and
legal), item number 29 (prevention of extension from one state to another of infectious or contagious diseases or
pests affecting man, animal and plants), item number 30 (vital statistics including registration of births and deaths).4
But possessing jurisdiction over items by the state is not the same as possessing the financial power to make good
that jurisdiction in practice. 5
To address imminent health needs many a times the union government wants to start
national health programs with 100% finance. Though the intention may be based on legitimate epidemiological facts
but much state government feels that the union is imposing/curving its autonomy.6
During first wave of pandemic,
the Centre took the decision to impose a national lockdown all by itself often termed as jhataka politics; there was
no consultation with states. This was justified by the use of the Epidemic Diseases Act (EDA), 1897, and the
National Disaster Management Act (NDMA), 2005, which provides a broad legal architecture to take a variety of
emergency measures to contain the pandemic. Political scuffle over key issues like declaration of the
nationwide lockdown without the consultation of the States, the irregular supply of essential medical
equipment, the plight of the migrant workers and the tackling of the crisis by few opposition ruled States,
came to the forefront, for instance, the decision by Kerala state to allow limited reopening of restaurants and local
public transit has brought it into conflict with the Union Ministry of Home Affairs which has suggested that these
3
https://www.ijph.in/article.asp?issn=0019-
557X;year=2014;volume=58;issue=4;spage=261;epage=266;aulast=Ahmed;type=0
4
Ibid.,
5
Ibid.,
6
Ibid.,
4. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
527
measures violate lockdown guidelines. State government of West Bengal also has raised objections to Centre’s
interventions, having lack of clarity on deploying these teams under Disaster Management Act, 2005. Without
clarifying the criteria for the basis of selection of those districts in west Bengal, the state government believes that
these measures violate the spirit of federalism.7
But, Article 256, which deals with ‘obligation of states and the
Union’, is unambiguous: “The executive power of every state shall be so exercised as to ensure compliance with the
laws made by Parliament and any existing laws which apply in that state, and the executive power of the Union shall
extend to the giving of such directions to a state as may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that
purpose.” Article 257 makes it clear that the states can exercise their executive power only in a way that will not
impede or prejudice the power of the Union.8
If COVID-19 had only a health dimension, the states and local bodies
would have been in charge. However, this threat goes beyond “gates, guards and guns,” and has various dimensions:
national, international, socio-economic, and even security so the center is predominantly involved in the
management of COVID-199
. Fortunately, Subsequent attempts of forging coordination between the Centre
and the States as well as amongst the States mitigated the chances of political acrimony and policy
ambiguity during first wave. But during second wave of pandemic, the variants of the virus were different in
different parts of the country. The measures taken by various states range from very strict, in the form of lockdowns,
to mild, as in advisories and fines etc.,the central government has had no options but to allow the states to implement
lockdown when and as they see fit. In the third week of April 2021, India’s tally of cases went above 20m and the
official death toll to more than a quarter of a million – a figure most experts consider to be a vast
undercount 10
Unfortunately, both Centre and state government didn’t know that situation would be so severe
eventually, this tragic development turned into something of a blame game between center and states. State
government’s wants greater central funds, but also wants to insulate relief efforts from centre’s imprints. It was
wrong on the part of the states to blame the Centre as the role of state governments has been critical in the battle
against COVID-19 but at the same time, it was equally wrong on part of Centre to wash its hands off on the
ground that it is a state subject. Hence, there have been coordination issues between the Centre and states and
among states and this crisis has brought home the indispensability of India’s federal compact. This crisis has given
rise to unprecedented policy challenges that warrants systematic and sincere cooperation and coordination both
between Centre and the States as well as amongst the States especially on the issue of Health and has triggered a
debate- Should ‘Health’ be shifted from state list to concurrent list? There is no denying a fact that the Centre also
spends on health through centrally-sponsored schemes such as National Health Mission (NHM), and Rashtriya
Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) – the National Health Insurance Scheme; However, the report echoes the NITI
Aayog Action Agenda 2017-2020 and the National Health Policy 2017 and calls for more decentralized health
planning, which has been recommended recently by both.11
“There is wisdom in shifting health to the concurrent
list so that both Centre and state can manage it,” says Oommen C. Kurian, public health fellow at the Observer
Research Foundation. “Almost all major health initiatives in India over the last two decades have been driven by
the Centre. Any serious initiative towards the right to healthcare will be immensely helped if health is shifted to
the concurrent list,” he says. The largest proportion of public spending on health actually comes from state
budgets. Many states simply do not allocate enough for health. The National Health Policy recommended
increased public spending on health in the states to more than 8% of the state government budget by 2020.12
7
http://www.forumfed.org/publications/federalism-and-the-covid-19-crisis-federalism-and-the-covid-19-crisis-
centre-state-apposite-relations-in-pandemic-federalism/
8
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/view-covid-is-testing-the-robustness-of-the-relationship-
between-the-centre-and-
states/articleshow/82651681.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
9
http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=5678
10
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/17/everybody-is-angry-modi-under-fire-over-indias-covid-second-
wave
11
https://thewire.in/health/every-state-distinct-health-story-need-individualise-policy-intervention-finds-study
12
Ibid.,
5. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
528
Lalit Dandona, one of the authors of the Lancet study, says, “Many Indian states are bigger than most countries
in the world. It is necessary to plan health interventions based on the specific disease burden situation of each
state, many of which are no less than nations within a nation if the existing major health inequalities between
the states have to be reduced.”13
Despite public health being a state subject, the central government is the key actor
in designing health policies and programmers. This has largely been due greater spending ability and availability of
better technical resources. For instance, to advise the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the government is
assisted by the National Centre for Disease Control, National Health System Resources Centre and the Indian
Council for Medical Research (ICMR). Unfortunately, the state governments have been unable to invest in such
agencies and benefit from their advice, leaving them to rely on the Centre’s aid and advice not only for nationwide
pandemics, but local public health matters as well. 14
ELECTORAL PROCESSES: COVID 1& 2
(Time for One Nation, One Election & Alternatives to voting pattern)
In India, elections are part of daily life; the election processes keep taking place in either part of the country, whether it
is local, state, or general elections or by-election. States exercise franchise through a staggered three-tier structure more
than once in five years addressing: local, civic issues through municipal elections; developmental issues such as health,
housing, infrastructure etc. through state elections; and finance, defense and foreign affairs through central elections.
There is no denying a fact that, these electoral processes interrupts the government from discharging its administrative
duties, yet the electoral processes were not much criticized in the past not even in the year 2020. However, during second
wave Politicians both at center as well as state level were severely criticized by the Indian public as they were more
ambitious to win an elections then saving the lives of the people of their constituencies. In this section of the paper
an attempt has been made to understand firstly, whether or not the ground level politics of governance e.g. political
rallies & campaigns contributed to the current crisis? Secondly, did it impact centre-state coordination to handle the
second wave effectively? And lastly, is it a time to go in for One Nation, One Election.
In the year 2020, since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Election Commission of India (ECI) organized
several major elections. State assembly elections of Delhi was held in February when the coronavirus was not yet
perceived as a danger in India, and Bihar in October-November when the pandemic showed a declining trend in the
country. Rajya Sabha (Upper House) elections were also held followed by series of By-elections, local bodies and
panchayat elections in several states. In 2021, State Assembly elections were organized in four Indian states and one
union territory and approximately 185 million eligible voters participated in it. To conduct these elections strict
preventive measures were followed e.g. Extra safety protocols and revised voter education materials. First line workers,
all polling station staff was vaccinated, and absentee/postal voting methods were extended to new groups, including the
elderly (over 80 years), differently abled, those infected by the virus, and those in quarantine to decide the faith of 824
Assembly seats, making these elections one of the largest organized during the pandemic.15
Table:-1 Rajya Sabha Elections on19th
June, 2020 (Phase-1)
13
ibid
14
https://theprint.in/opinion/health-a-state-subject-but-covid-proved-how-dependant-indias-states-are-on-
centre/442602/
15
https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/assam-west-bengal-kerala-tamil-nadu-puducherry-indian-state-assembly-
elections
S. No State No of Seats
1 Andhra Pradesh 4
6. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
529
Source: Election Commission of India16
India’s first major voting exercise during the Covid-19 pandemic was the Rajya Sabha election17
As many as 74 Rajya
Sabha members got elected in 2020, nearly 1,000 legislators voted across these states. Election Commission of India,
after few months of keeping Rajya Sabha (Indirect elections) and Legislative Council elections on
temporary hold, conducted the elections in June, 2020 in many states of India. These elections were held for
19 across eight states — Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and
Mizoram. Elections were conducted amid all precautionary measures in view of the COVID-19 outbreak. Social
distancing was followed and entry of the MLAs was allowed after thermal screening and wearing of masks. Two MLAs
in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan who were in quarantine turned up in PPE gear at their respective state assemblies to
take part in the democratic exercise. However, these elections involved limited participants and so were easier
to conduct during pandemic.
Table-2: State Assembly Elections (2020)
S. No State No Of
Phases
Date
Of Election
No Of
Seats
Voters Turnout In
2020( Covid Times)
Voter Turnout In
Previous Election
In 2015
1. Delhi Single 8 Feb, 2020 70 62.59 % 67.1%
2. Bihar Three 28Oct-29
Nov,2020
243 57.05% 56.66%
India’s first major large-scale direct election was held in the state of Bihar in Oct, 2020 amidst the
pandemic. Taking a cue from the successful model of conducting elections during the pandemic in
countries like South Korea, Singapore and others, the Election Commission in India has brought out strict
precautionary guidelines in order to curb the spread of the infection during the election. 18
Even for mass
16
: https://eci.gov.in/files/file/12051-results-of-rajya-sabha-elections-held-on-19-june-2020-as-declared-by-the-
respective-returning-officers/
17
https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-result-2020-bjp-nda-congress-seats/1997699/
18
https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-challenges-conducting-elections-during-covid19/
2 Gujarat 4
3 Jharkhand 2
4 Madhya Pradesh 3
5 Manipur 1
6 Meghalaya 1
7 Mizoram 1
8 Rajasthan 3
7. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
530
rallies and road shows, limited public participation and reduced number of vehicles with proper social
distancing measures and adequate intervals have been directed by the Election Commission. Conducting
door-to-door campaigns with limited political cadres and having the election nomination process for the
candidates with reduced number of people have also been instructed.19
Seventy-two million people voted in
three phases over 11 days in late October and early November. In the first phase, 71 constituencies went to the polls
with 31,000 polling stations set up. In the second phase, 94 constituencies went to polls with 42,000 polling stations
dedicated for it. In the third phase, 78 constituencies went in for polls having 33,500 polling stations.20
Bihar
recorded 57.05 per cent turnout in the assembly elections, marginally higher than that of 2015 despite the COVID-
19 pandemic, as per official data. However, convincing the electorates to participate in the elections
enthusiastically, despite the Covid-19 threat, the credit goes to the confidence-building measures taken by
the election conducting body, the Election Commission of India.
Table-2: Assembly By-Polls (2020)
S.NO State NO OF SEATS
1 Madhya Pradesh 28
2 Uttar Pradesh 7
3 Gujarat 8
4 Manipur( Nov) 2
5 Telangana 1
6 Odisha 2
7 Nagaland 2
8 Jharkhand 2
9 Karnataka 2
10 Haryana 1
11 Chhattisgarh 1
Source: - https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-all-you-need-to-know-about-56-assembly-seats-
going-to-by-polls-in-11-states-6912662/
By-polls were held in several states in the year 2020 e.g. in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, and
Telangana. Sixty-three seats were vacant in state Assemblies across the country. Just like a general election, a by-
election has rules and timelines to follow. These by-polls were held to fill vacancies owing to defection or death of
sitting legislators.
Table-3: Local Body Elections Dec, 2020.
S.NO STATE LOCAL BODY
1 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
election
2 Kerala. Urban &Local bodies poll
3 Jammu & Kashmir District Development Council (DDC)
polls
4 Rajasthan Urban &Local bodies poll
19
Ibid.,
20
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ec-sets-stage-for-india-s-1st-covid-era-elections-in-bihar/story-
48vK8OgLctnFIgoOkyItdO.html
8. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
531
Adhering to strict Covid-19 protocol, local elections were held besides Assembly and Rajya Sabha elections in the
year 2020. Municipal Corporation (GHMC) election in Hyderabad was held on 1st
December, 2020 and
approximately 1,825 candidates contested from 150 municipal divisions. Elections to municipalities, panchayats,
and corporations were held in Kerala in three phases from 8-14 December 2020 similarly in Rajasthan, panchayat
elections and urban local body elections were also held. The District Development Council (DDC) elections were
held in Nov-Dec, 2020 in Jammu and Kashmir and the first time Union territory went to polls since Article 370 of
the Constitution was abrogated and the state was bifurcated.
Table-4: State Legislative / U.T. Elections in 2021
S.NO STATE/U.T NO.OF SEATS DATE Voter turnout in
covid times 2021
Voter turnout in
Previous election
2016
1 Assam 126 March 27th to April 2 82.04% 87.03%
2 Kerala 140 April 6th 2021 74.06% 77.35
3 West Bengal 294 March 27th to April
29th 2021
75.06% 81.66%
4 Tamil Nadu 234 April 6th 2021 72.84% 74.81
5 Puducherry 30 (plus three nominated
members)
April 6th 2021 81.69% 78.03
In April 2021, Assam, Bengal, Kerala Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu went in for elections in 824 assembly
constituencies W.B. recorded 82%, Assam 83%, Tamil Nadu 74%21
18.68 crore elector’s casted vote at 2.7 lakh
polling stations in these five states. West Bengal witnessed the longest state elections India has ever seen, it was
conducted in eight-phases, spanning 34 days. Voter turnout was more during COVID-19 elections as compared
to previous election except puducherry. The Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued clear instructions that
entry of polling agents and candidates will not be permitted inside the counting hall without a negative COVID-
19 RT-PCR report or Rapid Antigen Test within 48 hours of the start of counting or vaccination certificate for both
doses. EC also prohibited victory rallies.
Table-5: Lok Sabha By-Elections / By-Polls, 2021
S.NO STATE DATE OF ELECTION
1 Andhra Pradesh 17th
April, 2021
2 Karnataka 17th
April, 2021
3 Kerala 17th
April, 2021
4 Tamil Nadu 17th
April, 2021
Table- 5: Assembly Constituencies By-Elections / By-Polls, 2021
S.NO State Constituency Date Of Elections
1 Gujarat Morva Hadaf (ST) 17th
April, 2021
2 Jharkhand s Madhupur 17th
April, 2021
3 Karnataka Basavakalyan 17th
April, 2021
4 Karnataka Maski (ST) 17th
April, 2021
21
Hindustan Times, n-2,p.8
9. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
532
5 Madhya Pradesh Damoh 17th
April, 2021
6 Maharashtra Pandharpur 17th
April, 2021
7 Mizoram Serchhip (ST) 17th
April, 2021
8 Nagaland Noksen (ST) 17th
April, 2021
9 Odisha Pipili 17th
April, 2021
10 Rajasthan Sahara 17th
April, 2021
11 Rajasthan Sujangarh (SC) 17th
April, 2021
12 Rajasthan-1 Rajsamand 17th
April, 2021
13 Telangana Nagarjuna Sagar 17th
April, 2021
14 Uttarakhand Salt 17th
April, 2021
Source: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bypoll-election-results-2021-results-of-bypolls-to-2-lok-sabha-14-
assembly-seats-in-11-states-today-2425892
Controversy of Conducting Polls Amid the second wave
Panchayat elections in the state of Uttar Pradesh started in April 15(first phase), the second phase on April 19, the
third phase on April 26, and the fourth and final phase on April 29. All the phases registered a voter turnout of more
than 70 per cent. On 27th
April, the Allahabad High Court issued a notice to Uttar Pradesh State Election
Commission over the reported Covid-19 related death of around 135 persons, later the Teachers’ union in the state
claimed that 577 persons died from Covid-19 while on panchayat election duties. High Court noted that UP govt
was more interested in polls instead of Covid-19. But the fact is that the state government didn’t even want to
conduct the polls, and it was forced to do so only due to an order by the same Allahabad High Court.22
In the writ
petition number 23377 of 2020 filed by, Vinod Upadhyay against the State of Uttar Pradesh, the Allahabad High
Court in its order dated February 4, 2021, directed the State Election Commission to complete the direct elections
process of the Panchayats by April 30, 202123
The court also rejected the poll panel’s undertaking to hold the rural
civic body elections by May 2021 and noted that as per the mandate of the Constitution, the election of the
panchayat should have been held on or before January 13, 2021. The Election Commission was criticized over
conducting polls amid the Covid pandemic, three Lok Sabha seats and eight seats in state assemblies were up for
election in this round but Election Commission of India deferred the upcoming by-polls in view of the prevailing
covid crisis and all this was not projected by some media channels and showed the one sided image of government
to be eager for conducting election during the pandemic. The upcoming elections were to be held for three
parliamentary constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Khandwa (Madhya Pradesh) and Mandi (Himachal
Pradesh) and eight seats from state assemblies of Kalka and Ellenabad in Haryana; Vallabhnagar in Rajasthan;
Sindgi in Karnataka; Rajabala and Mawryngkneng in Meghalaya, Fatehpur in Himachal Pradesh and Badvel in
Andhra Pradesh.
Did Elections Contributed to Second Wave?
22
https://www.opindia.com/2021/04/allahabad-hc-had-ordered-up-panchayat-polls-dismissed-pil-to-postpone/
23
https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/yogi-government-blames-high-court-for-panchayat-polls
10. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
533
Elections- the lifeline of democracy became a major bone of contention between politicians and Election
commission on one hand and Judiciary on the other side. Conducting elections in April, 2021 was blamed for
intensifying the spread of second wave and this became the most debatable issue in the electoral history of India.
Unfortunately, India's daily case numbers began rising at the end of February after falling steadily from mid-
September 2020.The cases picked up sharply in March, and reached record highs, the rate of growth outpaced the
rate seen in the first wave which hit India in 2020.24
At the same time, India's political parties were busy
campaigning for a series of state elections in West Bengal, Assam, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, as well as local council
elections in some parts of Uttar Pradesh and Telangana states since early March, with voting starting at the end of
March, and carrying on through April, hence on 22 April, restrictions were placed on big public events, limiting
political meetings to 500 people. On April 26, coming down heavily on the Election Commission (EC) for “not
stopping political parties” from violating Covid protocols during their campaign rallies for Assembly polls in four
states, the Madras High Court said that murder charges should probably be imposed on the constitutional body for
being “the only institution responsible for the situation that we are in today”. The scathing observations came four
days after the Calcutta High Court had censured the EC for not doing enough to ensure that political parties were
following appropriate Covid protocols amid the surging second wave.25
However there was lot of hue and cry across
India and the major argument articulated against election commission and politician was; the politicians invested
more time in elections rallies then in solving the crisis. Election commission of India was also criticized; the ECI
could have averted the tragedy by putting off the elections. Tamil Nadu polls ended on April 4 and “fortunately, the
second wave of COVID-19 was yet to be visible fully by that time.”26
Table-6: Five states with highest daily cases did not went for Polls State
State Daily cases
on April 28
Daily cases on
February 26
Total case on
April 28
Total case on
February 26
% increase in cases
between February 26 and
April 28
Positivity rate
on April 28
Positivity rate on
February 26
Maharashtra 63309 8333 4473394 2138154 109% 23.2% 9.7%
Karnataka 39047 571 1439822 950207 52% 22.7 0.7%
Kerala* 35013 3671 1495378 1052358 42% 25.3 5.4%
Uttar
Pradesh
29751 118 1182848 603350 96% 15.9% 0.1%
Delhi 25986 256 1098051 638849 72% 31.8% 0.4%
*Kerala also went to polls on April 6
Source:https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/is-the-election-commission-responsible-for-the-second-
wave-of-covid-cases-1796437-2021-04-29
Table-7: states/ U.T. Went for Polls in April, 2021
24
https://www.bbc.com/news/56858980
25
https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/is-the-election-commission-responsible-for-the-second-
wave-of-covid-cases-1796437-2021-04-29
26
Enforcing COVID-19 rules is State’s responsibility: Election Commission of India
11. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
534
Source:https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/is-the-election-commission responsible-for-the-second-
wave-of-covid-cases-1796437-2021-04-29
Above tables shows that situation was not as alarming in state like Tamil Nadu and Assam that went to polls.
Assam’s positivity rate jumped from 0.3 per cent to 5.4 per cent and Tamil Nadu from 0.9 per cent to 12.8 per cent.
While the three non-election states—Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh showed much more alarming spike
in positivity rate. The campaign for the Tamil Nadu polls ended on April 4 and “fortunately, the second wave of
COVID-19 was yet to be visible fully by that time.”27
Timeframe for surges in case numbers was by no means
unique to four states that went for polls as it was also found in non-polling states for example, there were big case
numbers with significant spikes over short periods of time in Maharashtra and Karnataka, neither of which have held
election campaigns.28
But there is no denying a fact that election require intense public interaction and mass
communication, the apprehension is that the precautionary norms like social distancing and avoidance of crowded
gatherings has impede the hassle-free conduct of elections. Hence it’s hard to answer weather elections were solely,
responsible for spreading second wave this, given the number of factors involved. Firstly, virus’s spreader equally
in states where there were no elections. Secondly, ECI conducted elections with strict covid guidelines and
trajectory of the virus varied and so did the capacity of each Indian state to respond to the virus and its catastrophic
impact.
Delaying or Going Ahead with Elections during Pandemic
The Election Commission is confident of holding the five assembly polls due early next year, including in Uttar Pradesh
and Punjab, on time as the poll panel has gained a lot of experience from the electoral exercise in Bihar, West Bengal
and four other assemblies amid the coronavirus pandemic, Chief Election Commissioner Sushil Chandra has asserted.29
Table-8: Tentative Date of Next Legislative Assembly 2022
Syno
d
STATE TENURE ELECTIONS DUE
IN
NO OF
SEATS
1 Goa 15 Mar, 2017 - 14 Mar, 2022 2022 40
2 Gujarat Dec 2017 - Dec 2022 2022 182
3 Himachal Pradesh Dec 2017- Dec 2022 2022 68
4 Manipur 15 Mar, 2017 - 14 Mar, 2022 2022 60
5 Punjab 16 Mar, 2017 - 15 Mar, 2022 2022 117
6 Uttar Pradesh 19 May, 2017 - 18 Mar, 2022 2022 403
7 Uttarkhand 18 Mar, 2017 - 17 Mar, 2022 2022 70
27
Election commission of India, n- 26
28
https://www.bbc.com/news/56858980
29
https://www.livemint.com/
State Daily cases
on April 28
Daily cases on
February 26
Total case on
April 28
Total case on
February 26
% Increase in cases
between February 26 and
April 28
Positivity rate
on April 28
Positivity rate
on February 26
West Bengal 17207 216 793552 574716 38% 31.3% 1.1%
Tamil Nadu 16665 481 1130167 850577 32% 12.8% 0.9%
Assam 3045 34 246847 217518 13% 5.5% 0.3%
Pondicherry 1258 20 56305 39697 42% 18.4% 1
12. Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
535
Source - https://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.htm
The terms of the legislative assemblies of Goa, Manipur, Punjab and Uttarakhand are coming to an end in March
2022, while the term of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly is scheduled to end in May. Elections for office of
President and vice-president of India are also due in 2022.
According to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
(IDEA)’s overview; While holding elections in the context of COVID-19 certainly presents a challenge for voters, it
also presents an important choice for them: who is going to be in charge the lead them out of this situation.30
As
countries adapt their voting systems to ensure public safety during the pandemic, it could also be a chance to
consider how to address more structural challenges such as inclusivity, transparency, and accountability in the
electoral process.31
There are different views about it for instance according to some , going ahead with an election
and delaying an election both come with risks - not just to public health, but to democracy. Toby James, a professor
of politics and public policy at the University of East Anglia, declared that “intuitively, we think postponing an
election sounds anti-democratic, […] but actually democracy in some ways could be undermined by holding an
election in these times". 32
He also mentions that we cannot forget that elections take years to be planned, from
logistics to technology and security of the ballots. On the other hand, “elections are necessary to keep the public's
trust and to maintain the legitimacy of law-making” 33
In the year 1999, the Law Commission of India headed by Hon'ble Justice B.P. Jeevan
Reddy in its One Hundred Seventieth Report on Reform of Electoral Laws recommended simultaneous elections to
Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. The Department related Parliamentary Standing committee on
Personnel, Public grievances, Law and justice in its 79th report (submitted to the Parliament in December 2015) had
also examined the feasibility of holding simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. The
Committee recommended an alternative and practicable method of holding simultaneous elections. 34
For the
implementation of ‘One Nation One Election, some state assemblies must resolve early or come under the president
rule. A suitable suggestion here would be for the government to give the current state governments an extension, keeping
them in power until the vaccine rollout is more or less complete. Or, imposing a president’s rule in the state is an equally
viable option given the current circumstances. Elections in India pose formidable challenges on account of large
electorate, geographical and linguistic diversity and differing climatic conditions.The pandemic has indeed turned into a
test for the ECI to stand up to its motto of ‘No Voter Left Behind’. It will set another milestone in its 70 years of
path-breaking journey.
CONCLUSION
Second wave of pandemic has compelled us to revisit the media debates around the federal organization of powers
under the Constitution’s Seventh Schedule. The country’s response to the pandemic has shown that carving out roles
for centre & state through consensus can address new challenges. Ruling and opposition parties must strike a
balance between politicization and responsibility. Both Centre and state must respect each other’s authority and
follow institutional procedures. COVID-19 has brought the spotlight on issues that have been plaguing the public
health system in India for many years this crisis is an opportunity to garner political will to invest in heath sector.
30
https://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/director-s-graph-for-thought/the-virus-and-
the-votes--how-is-covid-19-changing-voter-turnout-.html
31
Ibid.,
32
https://www.minsait.com/ideasfordemocracy/en/elections-during-pandemic-covid-19s
33
Ibid.,
34
https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/Note%20on%20Simultaneous%20Elections.pdf
13. How COVID-19 Second Wave Affected Centre-State Relations
536
This crisis may force both the political system and media to recognize that ‘Health’ is most integral part of any
nation and importance to health issues must be given first before any political debates or discussions.
References
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2. Asplund, E., ‘International IDEA: Elections and Covid-19: How special voting arrangements were
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how-special-voting-arrangements-were-expanded-2020>
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