The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh Presentation for Symposium Organized by: Guru Nanak Khalsa college Daroli kalan district , Jalandhar
By
Ashima Sahni
Head Department of Political Science, Public Administration and Human Rights
KANYA MAHA VIDAYALYA AUTONOMUS COLLEGE,JALANDARSome Associated Facts
Bhagat Singh (born September 28, 1907, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India (now in Pakistan)—
Revolutionary hero of the Indian independence movement.
He attended Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School and National College, both located in Lahore.
He worked as a writer and editor in Amritsar for Punjabi and Urdu-language newspapers espousing Marxist theories.
He is credited with popularizing the catchphrase “Inquilab zindabad”.His grandfather, Sardar Arjun Singh, a scholar in sanskrit, Persian and Urdu, actively participated in the social work and religious reform movements . Though from the family of Jat Sikhs, he adopted the ideals of the Arya Samaj
In 1906, his three sons founded the Bharat Mata Society'
When Bhagat Singh was born , his father Sardar Kishan Singh was undergoing imprisonment in the Lahore Central Jali because of his active participation in the agitation against Colonisation Act.
His father and uncles were all released from the prison after his birth . It was because of this happy and welcome coincidence that he was named as Bhagarn Wala( lucky child) by his grand-mother
one of his uncle , Sardar Ajit Singh was going through torture in the Jail, 2; Bhagat Singh's spontaneous nationalistic feelings were intensified by the suffering of his aunt Harnam Kaur who used to weep most of the time because of the absence of her husband. In 1928 Bhagat Singh plotted with others to kill the police chief responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, during a silent march opposing the Simon Commission. Instead, in a case of mistaken identity, junior officer J.P. Saunders was killed, and Bhagat Singh had to flee Lahore to escape the death penalty.
In 1929 he and an associate lobbed a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest the implementation of the Defence of India Act and then surrendered.
He was hanged at the age of 24 for the murder of Saunders.Martyrdom : March 23, 1931, Lahore (now in Pakistan)
Human history from the times of Charvaka and Spartacus is illuminated with a galaxy of shining martyrs who have died for noble and progressive causes, the life and work of Bhagat Singh and his death by hanging at Lahore at the hands of British imperialism on March 23, 1931, has been a great saga of inspiration to all those who cherish sovereignty, secularism and socialism
Welcome to a comprehensive journey into the life and legacy of one of India's most iconic revolutionary figures, Bhagat Singh. Considered a symbol of fearlessness, patriotism, and youth rebellion, Bhagat Singh played a pivotal role in transforming India's struggle for independence.
From his audacious acts against British colonial rule to his unwavering determination in the face of adversity, this biography delves deep into the fascinating story of a man who continues to inspire generations with his revolutionary spirit.
Join us as we uncover the fearless soul behind the name Bhagat Singh and explore the incredible impact he made on the freedom movement of India.
Welcome to a comprehensive journey into the life and legacy of one of India's most iconic revolutionary figures, Bhagat Singh. Considered a symbol of fearlessness, patriotism, and youth rebellion, Bhagat Singh played a pivotal role in transforming India's struggle for independence.
From his audacious acts against British colonial rule to his unwavering determination in the face of adversity, this biography delves deep into the fascinating story of a man who continues to inspire generations with his revolutionary spirit.
Join us as we uncover the fearless soul behind the name Bhagat Singh and explore the incredible impact he made on the freedom movement of India.
Khushwant Singh - The End of India (2003, Penguin Books) - libgen.lc.pdfTabrezAhmad23
Analysing the communal violence in Gujarat in 2002, the anti-Sikh riots of 1984, the burning of Graham Staines and his children, the targeted killings by terrorists in Punjab and Kashmir, Khushwant Singh forces us to confront the absolute corruption of religion that has made us among the most brutal people on earth. He also points out that fundamentalism has less to do with religion than with politics. And communal politics, he reminds us, is only the most visible of the demons we have nurtured and let loose upon ourselves.
Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary socialist who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. He was born in 1907 in Punjab, India, and became involved in revolutionary politics at a young age.
One of the most notable protests led by Bhagat Singh was the hunger strike he and other political prisoners undertook in 1929 to demand better conditions in jail. The hunger strike lasted for 116 days and received widespread attention in India and around the world.
The three believed in nonviolence but faced different responses. ,Gandhi faced the British rule in India, King sought human rights for the black Americans and Lama for the Tibetan people with the Chinese.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
new social media rule web ofsciences.pdfashimasahni3
Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
space
ferderal structure &issue of SYL canal in punjab.pdfashimasahni3
The sharing of river waters became a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab literally means the
‘land of five rivers’, and as India’s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its waters elsewhere. After
reorganization, Punjab became basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent
upon the vagaries of nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent
upon the centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water. During the decade of sixties, the
Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both in Punjab and Haryana. It lent a sharp
new edge to the simmering canal waters’ dispute between the two states. The Punjab’s argument is that the
issue of river water distribution should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Moreover,
Punjab had also faced the severe crisis of river waters and wants to save the land from becoming a desert,
whereas the condition of Haryana is equally bad. The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab,
but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water, sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana
and Rajasthan. The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions. The Dharam Yudh Morcha (religious crusade) by the Akalis
in the context of digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal and Rajiv-Longowal Accord has the serious
implications in this regard. The water issues have become more sensitive. In the emerging circumstances,
there is urgent need of national strategy on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop
rotation. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the major causes of SYL dispute in Punjab, and to
find out the possible remedies for its earlier disposal.
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
More Related Content
Similar to The Philosophy of shaheed Bhagat Singh PPT ON BHAGAT SINGH.pptx
Khushwant Singh - The End of India (2003, Penguin Books) - libgen.lc.pdfTabrezAhmad23
Analysing the communal violence in Gujarat in 2002, the anti-Sikh riots of 1984, the burning of Graham Staines and his children, the targeted killings by terrorists in Punjab and Kashmir, Khushwant Singh forces us to confront the absolute corruption of religion that has made us among the most brutal people on earth. He also points out that fundamentalism has less to do with religion than with politics. And communal politics, he reminds us, is only the most visible of the demons we have nurtured and let loose upon ourselves.
Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary socialist who played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. He was born in 1907 in Punjab, India, and became involved in revolutionary politics at a young age.
One of the most notable protests led by Bhagat Singh was the hunger strike he and other political prisoners undertook in 1929 to demand better conditions in jail. The hunger strike lasted for 116 days and received widespread attention in India and around the world.
The three believed in nonviolence but faced different responses. ,Gandhi faced the British rule in India, King sought human rights for the black Americans and Lama for the Tibetan people with the Chinese.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
NEP 2020 INITITATIVE FOR CULTURAL AWRARENESS UGC.pdfashimasahni3
The main focus of this study is on the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP) and its implications
for promoting Indian culture in education. Through a comprehensive literature review, the
authors analyze how this policy aims to establish a stronger connection between the present
generation and the rich heritage of Indian culture, ancient wisdom, and traditional skills. The
paper also explores the provisions of NEP 2020 for the preservation and promotion of
endangered Indian languages, with special attention given to unscripted languages that face
the risk of extinction. In addition, the authors provide valuable insights and suggestions for
policymakers to effectively implement NEP 2020 and transform the education system to
reflect Indian values, thoughts, and foster a sense of national integrationINTRODUCTION
The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) has a primary objective of fostering a nationstate that embraces and respects diverse conceptions of a fulfilling life. It acknowledges the
importance of recognizing and respecting different cultures, understanding that diversity can
thrive in such an environment. NEP 2020 seeks to transform the higher education system inIndia by shifting from a teacher-centric to a student-centric approach, from a focus on
information to a focus on knowledge, from a marks-centric system to a skills-centric system,
from an examination-centric approach to an experimental-centric approach, from a learningcentric perspective to a research-centric perspective, and from a choice-centric system to a
competency-centric system. This transformation is in line with the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, as sustainability has become an integral part of international
educational policies. The UN General Assembly's adoption of the 2030 Agenda in 2015
established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. NEP 2020
aligns with these goals, particularly with regards to empowering vulnerable individuals
(Article 23) and ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels (Article 25).
Consequently, NEP 2020 has set forth ambitious goals to establish India as a knowledge
society and a global knowledge superpower. It envisions a comprehensive transformation of
both school and higher education systems to adapt to the demands of the 21st century,
emphasizing flexibility, multidisciplinary, and responsiveness. Furthermore, NEP 2020
recognizes the economic significance of education, aiming to harness higher education as a
catalyst for knowledge creation, innovation, and economic growth. However, the realization
of these goals by 2030 relies heavily on the ability of the government, universities, and
schools to effectively address and overcome the practical challenges that lie ahead.
Implementation strategies, resource allocation, infrastructure development, faculty training,
and stakeholder collaboration will play crucial roles in shaping the success of NEP 2020 in
transforming
new social media rule web ofsciences.pdfashimasahni3
Sales acceleration is not always through the technology upgradation but can be impacted by the environmental
conditions as well. We have seen the forced adoption of Unifiewd Communications as a Service in India due to the
sudden lock down conditions due to Covid-19 in India. The success of a product or service is also accelerated by the
enhancement of features that the product or service is offering. The possibility of sales acceleration through proper
implementation of various strategies pertaining to marketing, technological improvement, creation of proper channels
for sales acceleration and so on bears importance within the highly competitive market. In the case of Indian business
sector, it is evident that technological prosperity achieved by contemporary trading enterprises to conduct business
conferences in a significant manner. Utilisation of UCaaS is significant in this regard to facilitate modern business
units to conduct virtual meetings in a smooth way even amid the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study a comprehensive
discussion regarding the impact of technological growth in the features of UCaaS has been conducted through factual
data and information gathered from authentic resources. A secondary method of data collection has been adopted in
this study to acquire relevant information from scholarly articles, peer reviewed journals and relevant websites
available in the online platform. It is found that there is a significant growth in technical features of UCaaS such as
integration of audio-visual and text data. Along with that several technological advancements, instant messaging,
workflow integration and video conferencing have resulted in increasing the utilisation of UCaaS in India. An
inadequate security issues are also identified in UCaaS during the web-based conferences among business units.
Hence, suitable technological adaptation and technical growth such as improving artificial intelligence is
recommended in this study. Hence, through these measures adopted by UCaaS, it has been successful in achieving
sales acceleration by creating a clear channel of communication between the organisation and its clients in a virtual
space
ferderal structure &issue of SYL canal in punjab.pdfashimasahni3
The sharing of river waters became a bone of contention, despite the fact that Punjab literally means the
‘land of five rivers’, and as India’s granary, it could ill afford the diversion of its waters elsewhere. After
reorganization, Punjab became basically agricultural state, whose progress and prosperity was dependent
upon the vagaries of nature. The joint control of the Bhakra Dam complex made the new state dependent
upon the centrally-administered Board for its supply of power and water. During the decade of sixties, the
Green Revolution increased the demand for water by farmers both in Punjab and Haryana. It lent a sharp
new edge to the simmering canal waters’ dispute between the two states. The Punjab’s argument is that the
issue of river water distribution should be addressed in consonance with the Riparian principle. Moreover,
Punjab had also faced the severe crisis of river waters and wants to save the land from becoming a desert,
whereas the condition of Haryana is equally bad. The Ravi, Beas and Sutlej Rivers all flow through Punjab,
but an elaborate canal system channels off surplus water, sending it south to irrigate dry areas in Haryana
and Rajasthan. The Inter-State and Centre-State differences necessitate frequent consultations and
discussions for reaching acceptable solutions. The Dharam Yudh Morcha (religious crusade) by the Akalis
in the context of digging of Sutlej-Yamuna Link canal and Rajiv-Longowal Accord has the serious
implications in this regard. The water issues have become more sensitive. In the emerging circumstances,
there is urgent need of national strategy on food security, soil preservation, sustainable water use and crop
rotation. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the major causes of SYL dispute in Punjab, and to
find out the possible remedies for its earlier disposal.
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
01.How COVID-19 Second WaveAffected Centre-State Relations (1).pdfashimasahni3
Abstract
Currently, the second wave of COVID-19 is shaping the contours of Indian politics. Partisan conflicts that have
fueled centre-state tensions have raised many questions over the complexities of the relationship between the two.
The first wave of the pandemic in 2020 consolidated a new phase of federal relations, where states increasingly
embraced the Centre's reform priorities that had not been seen before. But in the year 2021, the major decline in trust
and coordination between the Centre and the states has weighed heavily on the enormity of the crisis. The lack of
respect for each other's authority (centre and state), polarization of media reports and the excessive politicization of
the second wave crippled the ability of otherwise capable states to contain the virus. Conspiracy theories, nationalist
and authoritarian movements in response to the pandemic undermined citizens' trust in both central and state
government, leading to moral and social disruption at the public level. The findings suggest that the current tension
between the Centre and the state is more a result of political forces more raised by media reports than structural
constraints.; The 'health system' will be an important factor in India's future elections. This crisis calls an academic
research on the issue of 'One Nation One Election' to shift 'health' as a subject from the state list to the concurrent
list and fix the responsibility and accountability of both the centre and state governments.
Objective of this paper is to understand: -
1. To discuss the issue of handling of public health during pandemic by the central and state administrations and
transfer of public health from the state to the concurrent list.
2. Whether political rallies and campaigns contributed to the mishandling of the second wave? And, is it time to go
for One Nation, One Election.
Key Words: - Covid-19, Governance, Health Communication, Second Wave, Governance.
Methodology
Ashima Sahni, Palwinder Singh Bhatia, Dr. Jagroop Kaur
525
The methodology used for this paper is descriptive, analytical, and observational. This study is based on secondary
data. Most of the data which is incorporated in the study are the publicly available reports of different think tanks
e.g. Centre for Policy Research, Delhi; Water Conflicts and Governance Centre for Policy Research, Delhi, Forums
of Federation; IDSA; Carnegie India; Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST), The International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Government reports and documents such as Reports of Ministry of Home
Affairs (https://www.mha.gov.in/ & http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/) and Media reports. The data used in this work
also comprise of variables based on the existing literature such as books, journals, online newspaper. The literature
review includes all related publication from 2000 through 2021 in Google Scholar and articles published from 2000
through 2021 using the search terms Center st
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promot...ashimasahni3
Paper Presentation on the “New Education Policy 20202: Initiatives for Promotion of Indian Culture ” Objective of this paper is to understand: -
Basic features of NEP 2020
NEP2020 and Promotion of Indian Culture
Methodology
The methodology used for this chapter is descriptive, analytical and observational. This study is based on secondary data. Education system in India
The famous songs :-
1962 movie Anpadh , ‘ Skikander ne porus se ke thee lardyee
tu mai kaya kary….? (question mark on curriculum )
2.Russian Roulette (Revolver game) ( question mark on Examination System)
3. 1971 movie Mere Apne , ‘ hal chal theek thak hai (question mark on employability)
Sab kuch theek thak hai
BA kiya hai MA kiya hai
Lagta hai vo bhee avaye kiya hai
Kaam nahee hai yaha varna aap ki duya se sab thik thak hai ”HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES IN INDIA
India currently has about 845 universities
approximately 40,000 higher education institutions (HIEs),
40% of these small sized institutions are running single programme against the expected multidisciplinary style.
20% of the colleges have annual enrolment less than 100 students making them nonviable to improve the quality of education
only 4% of colleges enroll more than 3,000 students annually due to regional imbalance NEP2020:
NEP is an education policy, a framework, a vision and has not yet attained legal status
Role of State Govts likely to get reduced
21st Century’s first education policy in India
Aims at making “India a global knowledge superpower”.
Renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to the Ministry of Education.
NEP2020is only the third major revamp of the framework of education in India since independence after 1968 and 1986.
The NPE also called for realizing compulsory education for every child until the Age of (6-14) but NEP (3-18 yrs.)
NEP 2020 is aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktant...ashimasahni3
Mother of Democracy :Tracing the roots of Indian democracy ‘Bharat: Loktantra ki Janani’. This presentation is divided into 3 parts:-
New Initiative by PM Modi
Elements of Indian culture and tradition
Book Review- “India: The Mother of democracy prepared and published by ICHR (Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi )'Samvidhan Divas’, National law Day is celebrated in our country On 26th November. In Nov 26, 1949, Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, which came into effect from 26th January 1950.
PM will launch new initiatives under the e-court project
The initiatives being launched by Prime Minister Modi include ‘virtual justice clock’, ‘JustIS’ mobile app 2.0, digital court and ‘S3WaaS’ websites giving the details of cases instituted, cases disposed and pendency of cases
It is multilingual, citizen friendly and divyang (pople with special needs) friendly Indian element, Culture and Tradition in the Indian constitution
The partition of India in 1947, made this unique land of cultural unity
divided
Most of the people do not know the pictures illustrated in its original
copy of the hand written Constitution of India. Such books are also not
available in the market containing the pictures of Indian Constitution.
The calligraphy in the original constitution was done by Prem Behari
Narain Raizda. It was illuminated by Nandalal Bose and other artists,
which was published and photolithographed by the Survey of India
Offices at Derah Dun.20 pictures so far enshrined in the Constitution of India may be termed as the reflection of Culture and Tradition of Bharat
Lanka Vijay and Sita Uddhar by Lord Ram
Gita Upadesh by Lord Krishna
Vedic Life,
Ganga Anayan by Bhagirata (Bringing Ganages from heaven to the earth by Bhagiratha),
King Vikramaditya
Gautam Buddha
Tirthankar Mahavir
llustration of Nalanda University
Chatrapati Shivaji
Guru Govinda Singh
Rani Lakshmibai
Scene of Himalaya
Global Securities : Issues & Challenges (Post-Covid Scenario)global securiti...ashimasahni3
OBJECTIVES :-
1. Reviewing the current scope and operation of global security.
2.Identifying New Threats to Global Securities that are emerging ( Covid- times & Post- Covid)
3 whether a change in approaches in the context of global security and complex interdependencies is needed? OVERVIEW
1Deepening globalization has resulted in a new form of asymmetric security threats which looks beyond traditional military philosophy .
2 current security challenges and risks in global security environment are of a military and non-military nature. Global security
1“Absence of Threat”
2Political, Military, and Economic Trends in World
3 Military and Diplomatic Measures that Nations & I- organizations take to ensure mutual safety and security
3 To study sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment.
4 How a range of different security agents interact, cooperate and compete, to produce new institutions, practices and forms of security governance. G. G brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at global level to provide public goods, peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
The leading institution in charge of G.G is the United Nations
Bretton Woods institutions (W. Bank & IMF)
Regional coordinators (EU & ASEAN)
Strategic or Economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative .
Defense or economic integration such as APEC or ANZU
World Economic Forum G20, the G7
Multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards such as Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). GLOBAL GOVERNANCE : CONCERNS IN COVID TIMES
World’s global and national institutions are increasingly incapable of managing stresses to the system.
Pandemic has highlighted the failed roles of international organization like W.H.O.
U.N. was unsuccessful to bring all the nations to a common platform, thus failing to do its primary role. So, a paradigm shift will be visible in thinking about the collective security system and I. Organizations.
There will be shift from a Collective Security Arrangement to a more Individualistic approach .
New threats -Restrictive measures and tools to contain Pandemic
Restrictive Measures- will challenge values such as freedom, democracy & religious practice, which if added to populist movements can increase pre-existing fractures of states .
Political exploitation of post-COVID crisis will be legitimized through military and non-military meansAim of G.H.S - To Build Collective International public health system for action and averting bio-terrorism &containing risks from infectious disease.
Evolution of G.H.S- 1.A concept that has evolved over the past 30 yrs.Tradit
Freedom of Expression in Social Media: Implications on Democracyashimasahni3
Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England has first time used the phrase ‘freedom of speech.’
The freedom of speech is of recent origin in America. In the early decades of the 20th century the famous cases Schenck v. United States and Abram’s v. United States (1919)
But identical ideas of freedom of speech prevailed during ancient Greek (Athenian) Socrates : freedom of thought implies the freedom to teach. He also justified this claim both as a duty that he owed the Gods and a benefit that he conferred upon the state. In ancient Greek Athenian literature the term parrhêsia was used in the context of today’s freedom of expression
The Significant doctrine of freedom of expression is also vividly portrayed in theories of social contract.
Thomas Hobbes, in his classic work Leviathan (1651)
John Locke’s second book titled Treaties on Government (1681)
Jean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) laid down the notion of separation of power.
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England viewed a man can speak as per his free will using reason and law of nature is the legitimate restriction up on it.
John Stuart Mill, an icon of advocacy of liberty,
Thomas Paine ; Paine while arguing in favour of liberty (freedom of speech) has gone to such an extent that he considers it is our duty to protect this right of our enemy also.
Karl Marx has praised importance of freedom of press . He points that the free press (form of expression) has been recognized as vigilant eye of a people’s soul.Thomas Jefferson, who was statesman, diplomat, Lawyer & who served as third president of United States from 1801 to 1809 said “The press is the only tiscon of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of general efforts are taken away Professor Thomas Emerson views freedom of expression is essential as a means of assuring individual self-fulfilment.
The First Amendment with regard to right to freedom of expression is a defining feature of American society, In shaping the free speech jurisprudence ,Americans took the help :-
English background
Theory of natural rights
social contract
common law Ancient Classical Literature:
The Vedas i.e. Shrut means to hear and Smriti means to memorize.
Atharva Veda [Book VIII hymn X] refers the evolution of democracy during Vedic period.
According to Shankaracharya the Bhagvad Gita that one can enrich his own wisdom (Jnana) through freedom of speech and expression.
Nyâya Sûtra, propounded by philosopher Gotama, provides us science of logic to deduce the principles through discussion. He employed the logic to discover the knowledge of truth. The concepts “Tarka-vidyâ” the science of reasoning and “Vâdârth” the science of discussion must be needed to be looked into.
Centre state relations : Indian Federationashimasahni3
Handling of Public Health during pandemic by Center & State administration and to discuss issue of shifting public health from State to concurrent list.From the perspective of Centre-State relations, the COVID-19 pandemic highlights :-
Sharp asymmetries between Center and State fuelled by power tussles
significant weaknesses in the infrastructure of center-state relations, which are at the heart of Indian governance challenges.
Indian citizens have been let down both by center and state government alike
Major transition is expected where Center Govt., is likely to acquire more power, surveillance on healthcare sector will be more.
National Health System is likely to emerge as a key actor in measuring the power of political party in coming elections.
Anti-India; Media narrative during the crisis reveals the international conspiracy and the need for strict new social media rules.
India’s response to first wave was highly centralized and was criticized by many, as the country adopted a similar approach with all states despite differences in infection rates and health system capacity.
second wave of COVID-19 in India, the Centre’s response has seen a marked shift, with key areas such as vaccine procurement and distribution being decentralized. The reaction of the center looks similar to that of Brazil or the US during the first wave.
Center –State blame game intensifying the center-state conflict in an already hyper-partisan context for inter-governmental relations MIGRANT WORKERS
Closing of the inter-State borders
Emergence of new form of regional stigmatization which acted as a detrimental to inter-State cooperation.
Inter-State economic and cultural disruption
challenge of inter-State discordanceCENTER –STATE RELATION: PUBLIC HEALTH &ACCOUNTABILITY
As per the Constitution, Schedule 7, Entry 6, “Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries” fall within the domain of states. Also, Schedules 11 and 12 spell out the powers of Panchayats and Nagarpalikas in maintaining “health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and dispensaries.” NITI Aayog Action Agenda 2017-2020 Report and the National Health Policy 2017 and calls for more decentralized health planning.
“There is wisdom in shifting health to the concurrent list so that both Centre and state can manage it,” says Oommen C. Kurian, public health fellow at the Observer Research Foundation. “Almost all major health initiatives in India over the last two decades have been driven by the Centre. Any serious initiative towards the right to healthcare will be immensely helped if health is shifted to the concurrent list,” he says
Of the 97 items mentioned in the union list, item number 28 related port quarantine, item number 58 related to manufacturing and distribution of salt and item 81 related to interstate migration and quarantine, is of relevance to p
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. INTELLECTUAL LEGACY OF BHAGAT
SINGH JEE
PHILOSOPHY OF SHAHEED BHAGAT
SINGH
BHAGAT SINGH AND KMV COLLEGE
JALANDHAR
3. 115th Birth Anniversary of Bhagat Singh
Some Associated Facts
Bhagat Singh (born September 28, 1907, Lyallpur,
western Punjab, India (now in Pakistan)—
Revolutionary hero of the Indian independence
movement.
He attended Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School and
National College, both located in Lahore.
He worked as a writer and editor in Amritsar for
Punjabi and Urdu-language newspapers espousing
Marxist theories.
He is credited with popularizing the catchphrase
“Inquilab zindabad”.
4. • His grandfather, Sardar Arjun Singh, a scholar in sanskrit,
Persian and Urdu, actively participated in the social work and
religious reform movements . Though from the family of Jat
Sikhs, he adopted the ideals of the Arya Samaj
• In 1906, his three sons founded the Bharat Mata Society'
• When Bhagat Singh was born , his father Sardar Kishan Singh
was undergoing imprisonment in the Lahore Central Jali
because of his active participation in the agitation against
Colonisation Act.
• His father and uncles were all released from the prison after his
birth . It was because of this happy and welcome coincidence
that he was named as Bhagarn Wala( lucky child) by his grand-
mother
• one of his uncle , Sardar Ajit Singh was going through torture
in the Jail, 2; Bhagat Singh's spontaneous nationalistic feelings
were intensified by the suffering of his aunt Harnam Kaur who
used to weep most of the time because of the absence of her
husband.
5. In 1928 Bhagat Singh plotted with others to kill
the police chief responsible for the death of Lala
Lajpat Rai, during a silent march opposing the
Simon Commission. Instead, in a case of mistaken
identity, junior officer J.P. Saunders was killed,
and Bhagat Singh had to flee Lahore to escape the
death penalty.
In 1929 he and an associate lobbed a bomb at the
Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi to protest
the implementation of the Defence of India Act
and then surrendered.
He was hanged at the age of 24 for the murder of
Saunders.
6. Martyrdom : March 23, 1931,
Lahore (now in Pakistan)
Human history from the times of Charvaka
and Spartacus is illuminated with a galaxy of
shining martyrs who have died for noble and
progressive causes, the life and work of
Bhagat Singh and his death by hanging at
Lahore at the hands of British imperialism on
March 23, 1931, has been a great saga of
inspiration to all those who cherish sovereignty,
secularism and socialism
7. SHAHEED BHAGAT SINGH:
INTELLECTUAL LEGACY
Nobody tries to understand bhagat Singh in depth
He is the most misunderstood and misrepresented
freedom fighter
He was an intellect of high order, and was well
versed with British, European, Russian and
American literature.
Before his arrest its estimated that he had read 250
books and after his arrest he read more than 300
books.
He was a ferocious writer and his articles appeared in
the magazine like Akali, Kirti, veer arjun, Pratap
8. 1923 in his prize winning article based on Bani of Sant
Kabir and quoted by Guru Gobind Singh , ‘ Surra so
pechaniyea Jo larde deen ke het purja purja a
Kat mare kabhoo na chadde khet’
1n feb,1931; political revolution is indispensable but ultimate
objective should be socialist revolution . he had a strong
affiliations with :-
1. Inkalaab zindabad
2. Workers of the world unite
3. Down with imperialism
During their trials bhagat Singh use to often chant
Long live socialist revolution
Down with imperialism
9. In 1924 in one of his articles “visav prem” published
by Calcutta based magazine “Matawala”, He talks
about internationalism; he praises the idea of Vasudev
katumkam from Rigveda and Mahaupanishad. He talks
about enmity between Germany & France and that of
Japan & America which is similar to the one between
India and Pakistan of today’s world order
In 1927 in his article “religious rights and their
solution’’ he talks about egalitarianism urges to stop
communalism and felt that people need to be realized
about their poverty and they need to be deviated from
communal hatred.
In 1928 Kirti magazine “naya netayo ke naya vichar’’
he applauds the ideas of Pt Nehru based on logic and
not emotions.
10. PHILOSOPHY OF BHAGAT
SINGH
Bhagat Singh was very much
influenced by Karl Marx, Lenin and
was deeply impressed with
philosophy of socialism. Bhagat
Singh’s philosophy can be
understood under three categories: -
1.Socialism
2.Atheism
3.Internationalism
11. Bhagat Singh was very much
influenced by karl Marx, Lenin
and was deeply impressed with
philosophy of socialism. Bhagat
Singh’s philosophy can be
understood under three categories:
-
1.Socialism
2.Atheism
3.Internationalism
12. The Concept of Universal Brotherhood
Bhagat Singh imagined a world where “all of us being one and none is the other. It will really
be a comforting time when the world will have no strangers.”
All those who are busy “othering” and creating strangers out of their own fellow citizens
need to grapple with Bhagat Singh’s views, instead of merely glorifying him as a martyr. He
emphatically exclaimed that “as long as words like black and white, civilized and uncivilized,
ruler and the ruled, rich and poor, touchable and untouchable, etc., are in vogue there was no
scope for universal brotherhood”.
He went on to say, “We will have to campaign for equality and equity. Will have to punish
those who oppose the creation of such a world.” Among the heroes of our freedom struggle,
he was perhaps the only one who had this vision at such a young age.
In today’s world with the growing xenophobic, racialist and antiimmigrant trend the idea of
‘Universal Brotherhood’ is what the world is in dire need of.
13. A Plural and Inclusive India
Today we see that religion and communal forces are
becoming part of our state politics. Indian society faces
communal disharmony, frequent collision of faiths and
ideas. In such circumstances, we should learn from the
ideas of Bhagat Singh. The decade of the 1920s saw a
rise in communal politics, from both Hindu and Muslim
groups. However, Bhagat Singh steadfastly remained
committed to the idea of a plural and inclusive India.
.
14. SCIENTIFIC THINKING
A majority of present day youths in India lack this quality of critical
and independent thinking. We see distorted ideologies imposed on
our youths by opportunist leaders based on some old age faith. It is
good to see that a vast majority of Indian youths celebrate Bhagat
Singh as their role model but at the same time it is also sad to see
that they selectively adopt the qualities of this legend. It is
completely not their fault. It is the post-independence political
organisations of our country which had started appropriating the
freedom fighters and using them for their personal profit.
15. The Vision of a Classless Society
• One of his last messages from prison on March 3rd, 1931 was ,”
The struggle in India would continue so long as a handful of
exploiters go on exploiting the labor of the common people for
their own ends. It matters little whether these exploiters are
purely British capitalists, or British and Indians in alliance, or even
purely Indian”.
• Inquilab Zindabad was not merely an emotional war cry but was
a lofty ideal to end class distinctions and which would give birth
to a new state and a new social order.
16. BHAGAT SINGH ON RELIGION
Bhagat Singh wanted to free people from the bondage of religion and
superstition. He became an atheist, abandoning all his religious
philosophies. In his article, ‘Why I am an Atheist’ he criticised
religious beliefs and urged people to question each and every aspect
of religion. He also said that any man who stands for progress has to
criticise, disbelieve and challenge every item of the old faith.
Gandhian version of secularism : Government should be impartial
towards religion but Bhagat Singh was more inclined towards French
version of secularism to keep distance between religion and politics .
17. . RELIGION AND POLITICS
He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha in Lahore in 1926, whose manifesto said,
“Religious superstitions and bigotry are a great hindrance in our progress. They have proved
an obstacle in our way and we must do away with them. ‘The thing that cannot bear free
thought must perish’.
Bhagat Singh was acutely conscious of the divisiveness of mixing religion with politics. In
an article in 1928 he wrote, “If religion is separated from politics, then all of us can jointly
initiate political activities, even though in matters of religion we might have many
differences with each other. We feel that the true well-wishers of India would follow these
principles and save India from the suicidal path it is on at present.”
18. CASTE BASED DISCRMINATION
In 1928, he wrote, “Our country is in a really bad shape; here the strangest
questions are asked but the foremost among them concerns the untouchables...
For instance, would contact with an untouchable mean defilement of an upper
caste? Would the Gods in the temples not get angry by the entry of untouchables
there? Would the drinking water of a well not get polluted if untouchables drew
their water from the same well? That these questions are being asked in the
twentieth century, is a matter which makes us hang our heads in shame.” He was
aghast that we claimed to be a spiritual country.
19. Protecting Rights of Minority
The greatest challenge today :-
democratic principles and to beware of the tyranny by the majority.
Along with political tyranny by the majority there is fear of social and cultural tyranny,
with attempts to stifle minority voices and an imposed regimentation of thought and
values.
The challenge is how to get the majority to act according to principles so no community
in the country is insulated, discriminated against and is deprived of economic
opportunities that will only reinforce a sense of social alienation among a large number
of young people.
Bhagat Singh's life is inspiring as India today struggles to put into practice the principle
that rights of all citizens are respected including those of the majority and of the
minority.
20. HIS VIEWS ON ANARCHISM
It cannot be denied that Bhagat Singh was a rebel against the foreign despotic rule over the country, not one
who took to arms in order to subvert democratic government working according to the rule of law and will of
the people.
While discussing the political movements in Europe and Russia, he draws our attention to the fact that the
revolutionaries who were trying to bring about a political change through peaceful means were compelled to
resort to anti-state ‘terrorist’actions as it was the state repression that made it impossible to conduct any
peaceful and open political activities.
He was aware of international revolutionary struggles as well.
In his three-part article on anarchism (1928) Bhagat Singh observed: “Our retrogressive thinking is
destroying us. We keep ourselves entangled in futile discussions about God and heaven and remain busy in
talking about the soul and God. We are quick to dub Europe as capitalist and don’t think about their great ideas or
pay any attention to them. We love divinity and remain aloof from the world.” This is what an anarchist stood
for. He reaffirmed that he was not a blood-thirsty young man who believed in the bomb and the pistol, as the
colonial government labelled all revolutionaries
21. Bhagat Singh concluded his last testament:
“ you shall have to be very sober. . . . It requires neither the
emotion nor the death, but the life of constant struggle, suffering and
sacrifice.’’
Crush your individuality first. Shake off the dreams of personal
comfort. Then start to work. Inch by inch you shall have to proceed.
It needs courage, perseverance and very strong determination.
No difficulties and no hardships shall discourage you. No failure
and betrayals shall dishearten you. No travails imposed upon you
shall snuff out the revolutionary will in you. Through the ordeals of
sufferings and sacrifice you shall come out victorious. And these
individual victories shall be the valuable assets of the Revolution.
24. Kumari Lajjawati Rakhi letter to Bhagat Singh which was banned by British
Kumari Lajjawati was one of the leading freedom fighters and Congress activist of India. She was academician as
well and was in faculty of Kanya Mahavidyalaya(KMV) College Jalandhar and its Principal for longtime. She was
secretary of Bhagat Singh Defence committee and having a massive campaign to get Bhagat Singh-Rajguru-
Sukhdev execution stopped. She was directly reporting her activities to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and was regularly
meeting Bhagat Singh in Lahore Jail Nehru Memorial Museum and Library(Teenmurthy) had her long interview
recorded in its oral history cell, which throws light on her activities.
Perhaps her place in Jalandhar even provided shelter to Bhagat Singh during his underground life. When Bhagat
Singh was arrested on 8th April 1929 along with B K Dutt after throwing harmless bombs in Central Assembly
Delhi. Lajjawati sent his Rakhi on that year's Raksha Bandhan festival, she wrote a letter with Rakhi which was
published by Hindi journal Swatantar from Calcutta. The British got the letter and got it translated in English and
found it seditious, so proscribed the letter.
Dr. Gurdev Singh Sidhu from Mohali, who is working on Banned literature on Bhagat Singh acquired its copy from
National Archives in Delhi and published it in Punjabi Tribune by translating in Punjabi. This letter is produced
here courtesy Dr. Gurdev Singh Sidhu and his Punjabi article is also attached in this post.
25.
26. Satvinder Singh Juss, is a law professor and practising
barrister in London, His book The Execution of Bhagat Singh:
Legal Heresies of the Raj Juss’s book was first published by
Amberley Publishing in the UK in 2020 and its Indian edition
was published by HarperCollins Publishers India in 2021. The
title to the preface of the book’s Indian edition is ‘Why Bhagat
Singh Matters’ and begins by referring to the historic and the
largest labour protest in history of 125,000 farmers.
Subsequently, Juss refers to Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh, who led a
similar farmer’s protest against anti-farmer laws in 1907.
27. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the official historian of the Congress, wrote that “it is no
exaggeration to say that at that moment Bhagat Singh’s name was as widely known all
over India and was as popular as Gandhi’s.” In the same vein, a confidential Intelligence
Bureau report of the British government, Terrorism in India (1917-1936) declared
about Bhagat Singh that “for a time, he bade fair to oust Mr. Gandhi as the foremost
political figure of the day.”
A.G. Noorani concludes his book The Trial of Bhagat Singh – Politics of Justice with the
words: “What distinguished Bhagat Singh from all others, besides his courage,
patriotism and commitment to moral values, was his intellectual strength. A voracious
reader, he was also willing to rethink. He had the capacity to brood and to torment his soul
over the past. That led him to renounce terrorism, and to advise the young to follow suit;
indeed, to counsel moderation and readiness to compromise. S
He was only 23 when he was hanged. One wonders had he lived, might have had an
incalculable impact on the course of India’s politics.”
28. Bhagat Singh and other revolutionary leaders led a violent socialist
revolutionary movement in Northern parts of India. It was not a mass
movement, unlike Congress. But, this movement spread deep patriotism,
courage, determination, sense of sacrifice and nationalist ideas among Indians.
He had encouraged his social and political consciousness to keep transforming
for the better.
His focus was on the education and enlightenment of the youth for a
revolutionary transformation and for political mobilisation against the
exploitation of any one person by another.
His intellectual bequest should be a beacon to build a new India. Bhagat Singh “
lagata hai phir se anna pardega’’ along with profile pics people should read about
his ideas and follow his values.