The document summarizes feminist counseling theory and principles. It discusses the key concepts of feminist counseling including viewing personal issues as political, commitment to social change, creating egalitarian relationships, honoring women's voices, focusing on strengths rather than distress, and awareness of all forms of oppression. It also outlines the goals of feminist counseling as empowering clients and enhancing social transformation. The document describes the counselor's role in eliminating inequalities and the client's experience of gaining a restored sense of dignity. It analyzes perspectives of human nature and personality development within feminist theory and outlines four approaches to feminist counseling.
This document provides an overview of feminist theory and some prominent feminist thinkers. It begins with definitions of feminism and discusses the goals of feminism. It then outlines some major branches of feminist theory, including liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and postmodern feminism. The document also summarizes the work and ideas of influential feminist scholars Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, and Carol Gilligan.
Feminist theory aims to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. It seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in areas like education and employment. The history of modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves - the first wave focused on women's suffrage in the late 19th/early 20th century, the second wave promoted legal and social equality starting in the 1960s, and the third wave began in the 1990s as a reaction to perceived failures of the second wave. There are three basic forms of feminism - liberal feminism focuses on individual choice and action, socialist feminism addresses both public and private oppression, and radical feminism seeks to abolish patriarchy through challenging social norms
Feminists seek to challenge unequal power structures and gender roles in society. They argue that society is patriarchal, meaning it is dominated by male rule and power. The media plays a key role in shaping dominant ideas about appropriate gender roles and stereotypes. Traditional stereotypes present femininity as caring, nurturing, emotional and passive, while masculinity is depicted as tough, rational, and active. However, some argue newer stereotypes have simply replaced old ones without truly empowering women. Feminist movements have aimed to challenge these stereotypes and fight for women's social, political, and legal equality.
WHAT IS HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY?
is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human experiences as a means to understand the question what is to be human.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY EDMUND HUSSERL
is an inquiry on how human mind can grasp the true nature of things as experienced in the world.
Phenomenological perspective tells us to
remove our preconceved ideas in order to
arrive at a pure description of our
experiences.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY MARTIN HEIDEGGER
states that human are born in a particular historical period, country, community, and background.
Hermeneutic circle- the process wherein
one's influences affect his or her
experiences of the world.
HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE
Feminism aims for political, economic, personal, and social equality between sexes. It incorporates that society prioritizes the male point of view and treats women unjustly. Mary Wollstonecraft is seen as a founder of feminism due to her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in which she argues women should have equal rights to education and influence in society as men since they have equal ability to reason. The document discusses the history of feminism through its first, second, and third waves which focused on property rights, anti-discrimination, and issues facing women of color respectively.
This document provides an overview of three major sociological theories: structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic interactionism. It defines structural functionalism as a framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability. Marxism is defined as a method of socioeconomic analysis focusing on class relations and conflict. Symbolic interactionism is outlined as a theory that people respond to their environment based on subjective meanings created through social interaction. The document also discusses various sociologists and concepts associated with each theory.
Thorstein Veblen is considered the founder of institutionalism. He developed a critique of orthodox economic theory and argued that human behavior is governed by instincts and habits formed by institutions, which are socially shared mental patterns. In his 1899 book The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen analyzed conspicuous consumption as a display of status rather than satisfying real needs. New institutionalism in the 1980s revived a focus on institutions across various disciplines like economics and political science. It views institutions as lenses for understanding these fields and reacted against approaches that neglected historical and social contexts. Traditional institutionalism deals with enduring social structures and the processes through which norms and rules become established guidelines for behavior over time.
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level social theory that focuses on how people learn culture and how culture structures everyday experiences through symbolic meanings. It originated in the 1920s at the University of Chicago. George H. Mead was influential in arguing that the human mind develops through social interaction and the use of symbols to create shared meanings. He believed that symbols, developed socially, act as filters that allow people to understand themselves, others, and society. Later theorists like Blumer built upon Mead's work to outline three core premises of symbolic interactionism: that people act based on the meanings of things in their environment, those meanings come from social interactions, and meanings are interpreted and modified during social encounters.
This document provides an overview of feminist theory and some prominent feminist thinkers. It begins with definitions of feminism and discusses the goals of feminism. It then outlines some major branches of feminist theory, including liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and postmodern feminism. The document also summarizes the work and ideas of influential feminist scholars Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, and Carol Gilligan.
Feminist theory aims to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. It seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in areas like education and employment. The history of modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves - the first wave focused on women's suffrage in the late 19th/early 20th century, the second wave promoted legal and social equality starting in the 1960s, and the third wave began in the 1990s as a reaction to perceived failures of the second wave. There are three basic forms of feminism - liberal feminism focuses on individual choice and action, socialist feminism addresses both public and private oppression, and radical feminism seeks to abolish patriarchy through challenging social norms
Feminists seek to challenge unequal power structures and gender roles in society. They argue that society is patriarchal, meaning it is dominated by male rule and power. The media plays a key role in shaping dominant ideas about appropriate gender roles and stereotypes. Traditional stereotypes present femininity as caring, nurturing, emotional and passive, while masculinity is depicted as tough, rational, and active. However, some argue newer stereotypes have simply replaced old ones without truly empowering women. Feminist movements have aimed to challenge these stereotypes and fight for women's social, political, and legal equality.
WHAT IS HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY?
is a philosophy of and a method for interpreting human experiences as a means to understand the question what is to be human.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY EDMUND HUSSERL
is an inquiry on how human mind can grasp the true nature of things as experienced in the world.
Phenomenological perspective tells us to
remove our preconceved ideas in order to
arrive at a pure description of our
experiences.
PHENOMENOLOGY AS DEVELOPED BY MARTIN HEIDEGGER
states that human are born in a particular historical period, country, community, and background.
Hermeneutic circle- the process wherein
one's influences affect his or her
experiences of the world.
HERMENEUTIC CIRCLE
Feminism aims for political, economic, personal, and social equality between sexes. It incorporates that society prioritizes the male point of view and treats women unjustly. Mary Wollstonecraft is seen as a founder of feminism due to her 1792 book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in which she argues women should have equal rights to education and influence in society as men since they have equal ability to reason. The document discusses the history of feminism through its first, second, and third waves which focused on property rights, anti-discrimination, and issues facing women of color respectively.
This document provides an overview of three major sociological theories: structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic interactionism. It defines structural functionalism as a framework that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability. Marxism is defined as a method of socioeconomic analysis focusing on class relations and conflict. Symbolic interactionism is outlined as a theory that people respond to their environment based on subjective meanings created through social interaction. The document also discusses various sociologists and concepts associated with each theory.
Thorstein Veblen is considered the founder of institutionalism. He developed a critique of orthodox economic theory and argued that human behavior is governed by instincts and habits formed by institutions, which are socially shared mental patterns. In his 1899 book The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen analyzed conspicuous consumption as a display of status rather than satisfying real needs. New institutionalism in the 1980s revived a focus on institutions across various disciplines like economics and political science. It views institutions as lenses for understanding these fields and reacted against approaches that neglected historical and social contexts. Traditional institutionalism deals with enduring social structures and the processes through which norms and rules become established guidelines for behavior over time.
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level social theory that focuses on how people learn culture and how culture structures everyday experiences through symbolic meanings. It originated in the 1920s at the University of Chicago. George H. Mead was influential in arguing that the human mind develops through social interaction and the use of symbols to create shared meanings. He believed that symbols, developed socially, act as filters that allow people to understand themselves, others, and society. Later theorists like Blumer built upon Mead's work to outline three core premises of symbolic interactionism: that people act based on the meanings of things in their environment, those meanings come from social interactions, and meanings are interpreted and modified during social encounters.
Feminism aims to achieve equality between the sexes and address additional layers of discrimination women face. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism, which works within existing structures; radical feminism, which views women's oppression as fundamental; Marxist/socialist feminism, which sees capitalism as the root cause; cultural feminism, which focuses on building women's culture; and eco-feminism, which draws parallels between society's treatment of women and the environment. The document provides brief overviews of each type of feminism.
The presentation is about FEMINISM. It also talks about the principles of the concept and it includes famous individuals behind the struggle of the feminists.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
Feminism seeks to challenge patriarchal power structures and change perceptions of women. Feminists criticize how mass media reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. They view media as contributing to ideas of masculinity and femininity. While gender roles have changed over time, media still presents disempowering stereotypes of women's bodies and sexuality. Various feminist theorists have examined how media objectifies and sexualizes women from the male gaze. Feminism has progressed through several waves focusing on social, political, and cultural equality and empowerment of women.
An essential tenet of liberation is having the freedom to define oneself and the power over one’s own life. The presentation offers educational resources to discuss the concept of “liberation” on the personal, interpersonal, institutional, and larger societal levels.
Feminism evolved in the 19th century in Western countries to advocate for women's freedom and equality. It has been divided into three waves. The first wave in the 19th-early 20th centuries focused on suffrage and property rights. The second wave in the 1960s dealt with legal and social inequalities. The third wave since the 1990s emphasizes intersectionality and diversity among women. Key feminist theories include liberal feminism seeking political/legal equality, radical feminism challenging patriarchy, and socialist feminism viewing oppression through capitalism.
What Are Human Rights?
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
International Human Rights Law
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Jurgen Habermas is a German philosopher known for his theories of communicative rationality and discourse ethics. He argues that moral norms are only valid if they can be publicly justified through discourse that follows principles of inclusion, equality, and lack of coercion. This transforms Kant's view of individual moral reasoning to a collective process of argumentation. Habermas' theory aims to ground ethics in processes of rational democratic deliberation.
This document summarizes Judith Butler's essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution." It discusses how gender is constituted through repetitive performative acts over time, rather than being a stable essence. Gender norms produce the illusion that gender is natural and fixed. However, gender is socially constructed and enforced through coercive power structures. The binary gender system and compulsory heterosexuality are cultural constructs that maintain the social order through reproductive interests and kinship systems. Butler argues for understanding gender as a changeable cultural performance rather than a natural fact, opening possibilities for subverting restrictive gender norms.
Symbolic Interactionism by George Herbert MeadAnne Cortez
Symbolic interactionism is a theory that views society as a complex system of symbolic communications between individuals. It proposes that 1) people act based on the meanings symbols have for them, 2) meanings arise through social interactions where people define and redefine symbols, and 3) people's thoughts and their views of themselves are modified through an internal interpretation of one's own and others' actions. According to this view, the self develops as people learn to see themselves through the eyes of others and their perceptions are internalized.
The document summarizes the history and key aspects of three waves of feminism:
First wave feminism emerged in the late 19th century and focused on gaining legal rights like suffrage, education access, and property rights. It largely involved upper class white women. The second wave began in the 1960s and addressed issues like employment discrimination, reproductive rights, and cultural representations of women. It was more diverse but also divided. The third wave from the 1980s onward incorporated issues of race, sexuality and backlash while critiquing aspects of previous waves. It emphasized diversity and countercultures over direct political action alone.
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy and views of human nature from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It summarizes that Socrates believed human nature involved reasoning and that people do not willingly do wrong. Plato saw human nature as depending on the tripartite soul and that people fulfill their nature based on the society they live in. Aristotle viewed humans as rational social animals that achieve success by fulfilling their telos/function through virtue.
This document discusses arguments for and against the universality of human rights. Critics argue that human rights are a Western concept that ignores other cultural realities, where group rights may take precedence over individual rights. Developing countries argue that human rights interfere with nation-building and that suspending some rights benefits the majority. However, defenders counter that coercion, not culture, should determine rights violations. While cultures change over time, basic human rights like the right to life, freedom from torture, and not being enslaved can be upheld everywhere.
The document discusses theories of gender, sexuality, and feminism. It defines sex as biological traits, gender as social roles and behaviors, and sexuality as sexual preference. It then covers gender theories including queer theory, the history of feminism through waves such as first wave focusing on rights and suffrage, second wave examining gender as social construction, and third wave addressing failures of the second wave. It also discusses concepts like voyeurism, scopophilia, objectification, and the male gaze in relation to sexuality and creation. Post-feminism and other forms like black feminism and Marxist feminism are also summarized.
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication, the exchange of meaning through language and symbols, is believed to be how people make sense of their social worlds. There are two main generations of symbolic interactionism. The first sees actions as always having meaning, while the second sees social life as a performance of roles. Proponents of symbolic interactionism, such as George Herbert Mead, Charles Cooley, and Erving Goffman, studied how meanings and identities emerge through social interaction and the interpretive processes used by individuals.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Feminism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This document discusses gender and sexuality from multiple perspectives. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, sexuality and queer theory. It also outlines differences between sex and gender as well as issues still facing the LGBTQ community such as prejudice, equal rights and group identity.
This document discusses feminist therapy theory and practice. It notes that feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process, and aims to understand a client's problems in their social and political context. Key aspects of feminist therapy include emphasizing how gender roles influence identity; aiming for both individual and social change; having an egalitarian relationship; and empowering clients to embrace their personal power and challenge oppression. The ultimate goal is to create a society without sexism or other forms of discrimination.
The document discusses the key principles and practices of feminist therapy. It outlines that feminist therapy views personal issues in a political and social context, aims for both individual and social change, and values women's experiences. The therapeutic relationship is egalitarian and focuses on empowering clients. Feminist therapists use techniques like gender role analysis, power analysis, and bibliotherapy to help clients understand social influences and increase their personal power.
Feminism aims to achieve equality between the sexes and address additional layers of discrimination women face. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism, which works within existing structures; radical feminism, which views women's oppression as fundamental; Marxist/socialist feminism, which sees capitalism as the root cause; cultural feminism, which focuses on building women's culture; and eco-feminism, which draws parallels between society's treatment of women and the environment. The document provides brief overviews of each type of feminism.
The presentation is about FEMINISM. It also talks about the principles of the concept and it includes famous individuals behind the struggle of the feminists.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
Feminism seeks to challenge patriarchal power structures and change perceptions of women. Feminists criticize how mass media reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. They view media as contributing to ideas of masculinity and femininity. While gender roles have changed over time, media still presents disempowering stereotypes of women's bodies and sexuality. Various feminist theorists have examined how media objectifies and sexualizes women from the male gaze. Feminism has progressed through several waves focusing on social, political, and cultural equality and empowerment of women.
An essential tenet of liberation is having the freedom to define oneself and the power over one’s own life. The presentation offers educational resources to discuss the concept of “liberation” on the personal, interpersonal, institutional, and larger societal levels.
Feminism evolved in the 19th century in Western countries to advocate for women's freedom and equality. It has been divided into three waves. The first wave in the 19th-early 20th centuries focused on suffrage and property rights. The second wave in the 1960s dealt with legal and social inequalities. The third wave since the 1990s emphasizes intersectionality and diversity among women. Key feminist theories include liberal feminism seeking political/legal equality, radical feminism challenging patriarchy, and socialist feminism viewing oppression through capitalism.
What Are Human Rights?
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.
International Human Rights Law
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law—a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
The foundations of this body of law are the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1945 and 1948, respectively. Since then, the United Nations has gradually expanded human rights law to encompass specific standards for women, children, persons with disabilities, minorities and other vulnerable groups, who now possess rights that protect them from discrimination that had long been common in many societies.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Jurgen Habermas is a German philosopher known for his theories of communicative rationality and discourse ethics. He argues that moral norms are only valid if they can be publicly justified through discourse that follows principles of inclusion, equality, and lack of coercion. This transforms Kant's view of individual moral reasoning to a collective process of argumentation. Habermas' theory aims to ground ethics in processes of rational democratic deliberation.
This document summarizes Judith Butler's essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution." It discusses how gender is constituted through repetitive performative acts over time, rather than being a stable essence. Gender norms produce the illusion that gender is natural and fixed. However, gender is socially constructed and enforced through coercive power structures. The binary gender system and compulsory heterosexuality are cultural constructs that maintain the social order through reproductive interests and kinship systems. Butler argues for understanding gender as a changeable cultural performance rather than a natural fact, opening possibilities for subverting restrictive gender norms.
Symbolic Interactionism by George Herbert MeadAnne Cortez
Symbolic interactionism is a theory that views society as a complex system of symbolic communications between individuals. It proposes that 1) people act based on the meanings symbols have for them, 2) meanings arise through social interactions where people define and redefine symbols, and 3) people's thoughts and their views of themselves are modified through an internal interpretation of one's own and others' actions. According to this view, the self develops as people learn to see themselves through the eyes of others and their perceptions are internalized.
The document summarizes the history and key aspects of three waves of feminism:
First wave feminism emerged in the late 19th century and focused on gaining legal rights like suffrage, education access, and property rights. It largely involved upper class white women. The second wave began in the 1960s and addressed issues like employment discrimination, reproductive rights, and cultural representations of women. It was more diverse but also divided. The third wave from the 1980s onward incorporated issues of race, sexuality and backlash while critiquing aspects of previous waves. It emphasized diversity and countercultures over direct political action alone.
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy and views of human nature from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It summarizes that Socrates believed human nature involved reasoning and that people do not willingly do wrong. Plato saw human nature as depending on the tripartite soul and that people fulfill their nature based on the society they live in. Aristotle viewed humans as rational social animals that achieve success by fulfilling their telos/function through virtue.
This document discusses arguments for and against the universality of human rights. Critics argue that human rights are a Western concept that ignores other cultural realities, where group rights may take precedence over individual rights. Developing countries argue that human rights interfere with nation-building and that suspending some rights benefits the majority. However, defenders counter that coercion, not culture, should determine rights violations. While cultures change over time, basic human rights like the right to life, freedom from torture, and not being enslaved can be upheld everywhere.
The document discusses theories of gender, sexuality, and feminism. It defines sex as biological traits, gender as social roles and behaviors, and sexuality as sexual preference. It then covers gender theories including queer theory, the history of feminism through waves such as first wave focusing on rights and suffrage, second wave examining gender as social construction, and third wave addressing failures of the second wave. It also discusses concepts like voyeurism, scopophilia, objectification, and the male gaze in relation to sexuality and creation. Post-feminism and other forms like black feminism and Marxist feminism are also summarized.
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication, the exchange of meaning through language and symbols, is believed to be how people make sense of their social worlds. There are two main generations of symbolic interactionism. The first sees actions as always having meaning, while the second sees social life as a performance of roles. Proponents of symbolic interactionism, such as George Herbert Mead, Charles Cooley, and Erving Goffman, studied how meanings and identities emerge through social interaction and the interpretive processes used by individuals.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Feminism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
This document discusses gender and sexuality from multiple perspectives. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity, sexuality and queer theory. It also outlines differences between sex and gender as well as issues still facing the LGBTQ community such as prejudice, equal rights and group identity.
This document discusses feminist therapy theory and practice. It notes that feminist therapy puts gender and power at the core of the therapeutic process, and aims to understand a client's problems in their social and political context. Key aspects of feminist therapy include emphasizing how gender roles influence identity; aiming for both individual and social change; having an egalitarian relationship; and empowering clients to embrace their personal power and challenge oppression. The ultimate goal is to create a society without sexism or other forms of discrimination.
The document discusses the key principles and practices of feminist therapy. It outlines that feminist therapy views personal issues in a political and social context, aims for both individual and social change, and values women's experiences. The therapeutic relationship is egalitarian and focuses on empowering clients. Feminist therapists use techniques like gender role analysis, power analysis, and bibliotherapy to help clients understand social influences and increase their personal power.
Resilience Amidst Dominant Discourses An Exploration of Factors affecting th...Emmanuelle Barone
This document is the thesis introduction and acknowledgements for a study exploring factors affecting the lives of refugee women from Middle Eastern backgrounds resettled in Adelaide, Australia. It acknowledges those who supported and contributed to the research. The introduction provides background on the topic, including key statistics on refugees. It establishes the research questions and aims to address gaps in understanding resilience among this group of women, as previous research has focused more on trauma. The thesis will use a feminist perspective and qualitative methods to allow women's voices and perspectives.
This document discusses internalized misogyny and how it differs from sexism. It provides definitions of terms like sexism, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism. It then defines internalized misogyny as the subconscious projection of sexist ideas onto other women and oneself. The document discusses how internalized misogyny is spread through various societal institutions and media influences, and the negative impacts it can have on mental health and female relationships. Examples of internalized misogyny in media like movies are provided.
This document discusses counseling women and navigating sexism. It provides historical context on the oppression and marginalization women have faced in the United States. It discusses how women have internalized privilege and oppression from a young age based on repeated experiences of inappropriate thinking styles. The document also summarizes key milestones in the women's rights movement in the US and provides census data on the female population breakdown and income disparities that still exist.
Running Head WOMEN STUDIES1WOMEN STUDIES 1WOMEN STU.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: WOMEN STUDIES
1
WOMEN STUDIES
1
WOMEN STUDIES
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Women Studies
1.) Stereotypes have been noted to have profound effects on the victimized persons, where they are reacted to and treated on the basis of others’ expectations rather than one’s knowledge of the persons as individuals. We all take our identities and roles from a variety of culturally imposed and individually claimed social constructions such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion, class, age and sexual orientation. All these aspects are subject to stereotype, most of which hinder the female gender from pursuing various paths. Stereotypes based on all these factors have been known affect women from all over. Negative images portrayed about women in issues such as their basic ethnicity has barred them from venturing into certain fields as their role has already been predetermined due to their ethnicity.
Despite the various differences among women of various groups, there are possible commonalities that do exist among them. This is the need for them to unify and strive forward as a unit and not various sub-entities that can be easily subdued and oppressed. They are blessed with motherly instincts that make them pillars of the family. They also have the option of assuming alternatives roles in the society.
2.) The workplace is a platform where various persons with different personalities present themselves. Stereotypes and discrimination are prominently present at such places and not much has been done to do away with such vices. Many are judged and treated in accordance with their race, social status and even gender. With continuity of such uncultured practices, dominant class power is reinforced not only at the particular location but in the society as a whole. Nevertheless, there does exist resistance towards such mislead images. Many are aware of the fact that there is more to a person that what simply meets the eye. In combating this vice, stringent laws should be implemented in curbing the menace completely.
3.) The veil has been a fundamental part of the Muslim culture since the very existence of Islam as a culture. Its use is not merely for beauty purposes but as a means of takings all society members into consideration. It is a known fact that a woman is a beautiful creation, arguable God’s best creation. She has features that can tempt the rather susceptible males and the veils helps in ensuring that all the features of a woman are hidden away from the lustrous eyes of men. To those who may be oblivious of such information, it becomes a questionable issue, more so to those such as U.S civilians and Europeans who are of paranoid nature. Despite of the fact that they have been subject to attack by persons of this culture, some through the veil as an escape-goat, they should adopt a positive attitude towards the use of veils and appreciate the culture as it is. All social, cultural and individual factors should be balanced wh.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how exposure to images of women in submissive or dominant poses affects women's interest in leadership positions. 53 female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view either submissive or dominant media images of women. They then rated their desire to pursue three leadership roles and described their reactions. Those who viewed dominant poses were predicted to report higher desire for leadership roles than those who viewed submissive poses. Results revealed that women with lower self-esteem perceived more threats when exposed to dominant images, while the pattern was reversed for those with higher self-esteem. Women with lower agency perceived leadership more positively after seeing dominant images, whereas the pattern was reversed for those with higher agency. The study suggests individual differences
The document discusses the history and goals of feminist theory, which aims to understand and address the oppression and subordination of women in society. It provides definitions of key concepts in feminism like gender roles and outlines the purposes of feminist theory in developing strategies to liberate women by identifying the underlying causes of their oppression. The document also summarizes perspectives from several influential feminist theorists on developing feminist frameworks and applying theory to create meaningful change.
Final submitted - GED - 21st September 2010Farhana Zaveri
The document discusses bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan through the lens of the capability approach. It provides background on Kyrgyzstan and the practice of bride kidnapping. While some claim bride kidnapping was not a traditional practice, it rose significantly in the 20th century. Currently, around 1 in 5 marriages involve kidnapping, though consent is only given in 1/3 of cases. Bride kidnapping limits women's freedoms and capabilities. While some women feel compelled to comply due to social stigma and pressure, the practice does not lead to truly valuable functioning for the brides. The capability approach aims to expand individuals' freedoms and opportunities to achieve valued states of being, but bride kidnapping constrains women's agency
This document summarizes the key points of muted group theory and gendered communication styles. It discusses how muted group theory proposes that women are a marginalized group due to communication being constructed by men. This gives men an advantage and makes it difficult for women to express their experiences. The document also examines how gendered communication styles differ between men and women, with men focusing on status and women on connection. It provides examples of this, such as derogatory words used for women's tones of voice. Finally, the document considers whether muted group theory is still relevant given changes in gender roles over time.
Chapter twoLiterature ReviewThis chapter will demonstrate ot.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter two
Literature Review
This chapter will demonstrate other's studies and literature done by students, researcher and scholars. This will cover the following points:
· History and definition of women empowerment
· Determinants of women empowerment
· Progress of women empowerment in Oman
· Omanisation and women empowerment (vision 2020)
· Management of Human Resources in Oman
Definition of Women Empowerment
The concept of women empowerment is gaining significance all over the world as evidenced by the measures taken by major countries, researches made by academicians of universities, and initiatives taken by international platforms like United Nations. The existing research and literature indicate that concept of women empowerment appeared in the second half of the twentieth century. But historical facts show that this concept appeared in 7th century when Islam religion came into being. The rights of women as given in the Qura’n and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad were a revolutionary step in the 7th century.
Spiritual equality of sexes has been recognized in Islam. This is due to the recognition by classical Muslim jurisprudence of the essential inequality of men and women and division of rights of women into different categories as wife, mother and daughter instead of women’s rights(Mandal,2013).
The rights given in Qura’n, though revolutionary at that time, recognized the need for a gradual approach towards achievement of the full message of the Qura’n. The United Nations in this regard played an important role by emphasizing a gender focus approach and enhancing critical importance of women empowerment through declaration of the ‘Women’s Decade’ in 1975.(Mandal,2013)
The concept of women empowerment is a boiling issue all over the world. Women Empowerment refers to "increasing and improving the social, economic, political and legal strength of the women, to ensure equal-right to women, and to make them confident enough to claim their rights".(Teamwork,2015)
The concept in this wider and comprehensive sense became popular through the United Nations specialized institutions in the beginning of the 1990’s. The United Nations various institutions became especially aware of the increasing significance of women’s empowerment to the success of development programs in developing countries. The empowerment of women was crucial component to a great number of declarations and platforms of action such as the 1990 World Conference on Education for All, the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the 1993 Human Rights Conference, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, the 1995 World Summit for Social Development and the Regional Preparatory Conferences for the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women. This increased interest in, and understanding of, women’s pivotal role in the development process has also been mirrored in the goals and priorities of all UN organizations and agencies. The Unit ...
Feminist Movement Essay
The document discusses the history of the feminist movement. It describes how women organized after World War II to advocate for their human rights and fight discrimination. Over time, women's organizations like NOW were formed to represent women's interests to the government. While progress has been made, discrimination still exists today in some areas. The movement aimed to change perceptions of women's roles and give them equal status and participation in society and politics.
RESPONSE 1Respond to at least two colleagues by in one of the .docxinfantkimber
RESPONSE 1
Respond
to at least two colleagues by in one of the following ways:
·
Offer and support an opinion about the likely outcome based on the theories your colleague described.
·
Make a suggestion for another way in which each theory your colleague described might inform social work practice when working with Tiffani.
·
Expand on your colleague’s posting with more evidence in support of your colleague’s position.
Colleague 1: Shaquahia
Selected Article
The article that I’ve selected in relation to the topic of women in society it titled, “The Role of Women in Society: from Preindustrial to Modern Times.” The article discussed the role of the women in agriculture and distinguished based upon ethnicity. During the preindustrial period, majority of the agriculture work was done by women, although dominated by men. The article centered the women’s role based upon different cultures and marital status. Once the plough was invented, women’s input dwindled or ceased. In modern times, countries with a tradition of plough use, women are less likely to participate in the labor market, are less likely to own firms, and are less likely to participate in national politics.
Feminist Theory
The feminist theory I selected is liberal feminism. According to Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., & Canda, E. R. (2012) liberal feminism refers to women being basically the same as men and therefore should have equal rights to men. The focus of the theory is for women’s rights to control their own bodies through sexual education and contraception, in relation to abortion rights. This theory relates to social work practice due to the profession being majority women. Due to being a woman dominated field, it shows that women can be in a leadership position as a man could. This feminist theory hasn’t really influenced my understanding of women’s role in society, but rather confirmed my thought process. Often times we hear how men make more money than men, although they can do the same job and this theory opposes that.
The Bradley Case
The Bradley case better references radical feminism rather than my choice of liberal. Radical feminism focuses on issues of violence against women, including sexual harassment, rape, battering, and prostitution.
My views of women’s roles inform my next steps with Tiffani due to teaching/assisting her with the liberal theory. The case ended with Tiffani overcoming her urge to see Donald, attaining her GED and planning to attend college. Due to such improvement, I would continue to uplift Tiffani and encourage her to be the best she could be. Continue with college and obtain a degree in the study that interests her. Even finding part-time employment while attending college to keep her occupied.
Reference
Giuliano, P. (2015). The Role of Women in Society: from Preindustrial to Modern Times. Cesifo Economic Studies, 61(1), 33-52.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014). Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: ...
The document provides an overview of contemporary feminist theories. It discusses four main categories: gender differences, gender inequality, gender oppression, and structural oppression. Each category aims to answer the question "what about women?" Gender differences theories see women's experiences as different but not unequal to men's. Gender inequality theories view women's situations as unequal but not oppressive. Gender oppression theories argue that women are actively oppressed by patriarchal systems. Structural oppression theories examine how women experience oppression differently due to intersecting systems like capitalism, patriarchy, and racism. The document then examines specific theories within each category like liberal feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and intersectionality.
This document discusses intersectionality and how violence against women of color is shaped by intersecting systems of racism and sexism. It provides examples of how structural intersectionality can increase the vulnerabilities women of color face, such as immigrant women being dependent on their husbands and facing language barriers. It also discusses political intersectionality, noting that women of color have to split their political energies between anti-racism and feminist groups that sometimes have conflicting agendas. The document argues for recognizing and addressing intersectional issues in order to fully understand and combat violence against women of color.
Reproductive Health, Population Control and Women’s Sexuality: the Indian Experience
www.researchtrend.net
ABSTRACT: Women’s sexuality has always been viewed in a narrow sense, reducing it into mere reproductive health of future mothers who are expected to give birth to healthy children for the nation’s growth and development. This paper traces the relationship of women’s sexuality and their health and tries to see how it shapes their lives and perspective of well-being. Women’s reproductive health has never been an independent concern except in relation to their reproductive capacities. It focuses on the linkages between women’s choice, autonomy, voices, rights and state health policies imposed on them. This paper also explores the shaping of the ‘motherhood’ imagery used by leaders of so called nation building. It is argued here that women are viewed as mother goddesses and expected to fulfill their motherly roles for nation building rather than acknowledge their existence as an individual having independent choice and rights. The article locates the discourse of sexuality, fertility and population control in pre- and post-independence India and its impact over women’s control of their body, fertility and access to basic health services through larger political debates and policy frameworks.
Feminist Family TherapyPresentation originally given by Allen.docxnealwaters20034
Feminist Family Therapy
Presentation originally given by Allen Mallory
1
In-Class Journal Feminism and Family Therapy
What do you typically think of when you hear the word “feminism?”
How do you define feminism?
Do you think feminism is a useful concept for marriage and family therapy?
Why or why not?
For those who do use ideas from feminism in therapy what might that look like?
Three (of many facets) of feminist theory importance of history, context, reflexive
2
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Jay Haley
Cloe Madanes
Strategic “ power and control as central to family patterns ….symptoms result from repetitive, unproductive attempts to control or influence other family members”
Madanes “ revers hierarchies are not bad in certain situations. They become problematic when there is incongruence in those hierarchies. Problems arise from dilemmas between love and violence
3
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
Focus on changing interactional patterns and moving clients in the room, alliances, boundaries, and coalitions
Interesting that Minuchin worked with low income population were traditional gender roles likely look different, enactments
4
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Murray Bowen
Differentiation/fusion, genograms/family of origin, intergenerational patterns, family life stages,
5
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Ethical considerations, fairness, trust, ledger of entitlement/indebtedness, invisible loyalties, integration of interpersonal and intra-psychic (the context), multidirectional pariality
6
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Carl Whitaker
Enter into the family system and use self to change patterns, co-therapy, atheoretical, battle for stucture, battle for initiative (fatherly figure), goal is to give the family new experience through craziness, creativity, humor, fantasy, treat children as children, and use of self.
7
The Who’s Who of Family Therapy
Virginia Satir
Nurturance, strength/growth focused, when one person has pain the whole family experiences, sculpting, holistic growth (different aspects of the self), use of self
8
Feminisms
Liberal
Radical
Marxist/Socialist
Eco
Postmodern
Women of Color
Postcolonial
Intersectionality
Liberal – equality through legal means and social reform (most commonly used in MFT)
Radical – oppression of women most fundamental form of oppression (what people are referring to when they say feminazi/haters
Marxist/Socialist- capitalism and patriarchy as root of women's oppression public and private sphere change
Eco – mainly focused on domination and oppression o.
University of Rochester Black Women in Medicine Documentary Essay.docxwrite4
This document provides context for a reflection paper assignment on the documentary "Black Women in Medicine". The documentary profiles black female pioneers in medicine and discusses several issues related to underrepresentation of minorities in health professions. It highlights topics like implicit bias, mentorship, and strategies to increase diversity. The assignment asks students to write a 2-3 page paper reflecting on how readings and class discussions relate to the documentary and how theoretical frameworks could explain the experiences of women featured. It provides potential questions to guide the paper.
Gender sensitization aims to make people aware of unequal power relations between men and women in society and promote equal opportunities and treatment regardless of gender. It refers to modifying behaviors through sensitizing teachers, parents, and others to influence gender equality. True gender equality should be a priority in all aspects of an organization from policies to management practices. Organizations should commit to women's empowerment through non-stereotypical roles and decision-making structures that do not depend on individuals.
Gender Sensitization refers to theories which claim that modification of the behavior of teachers and parents (etc.) towards children can have a causal effect on gender equality.
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potentialgauravingole9
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potential
Inspiration is the force that propels individuals from ordinary to extraordinary. It transforms ideas into innovations, dreams into realities, and individuals into icons. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of inspiration, exploring its sources such as nature, art, personal experiences, and the achievements of others, and its profound impact on personal growth, societal progress, and cultural evolution. Through the lens of historical figures and timeless quotes, we uncover how inspiration fuels creativity, drives societal change, and ignites the spark of human potential.
As we navigate through the ebbs and flows of life, it is natural to experience moments of low motivation and dwindling passion for our goals.
However, it is important to remember that this is a common hurdle that can be overcome with the right strategies in place.
In this guide, we will explore ways to rekindle the fire within you and stay motivated towards your aspirations.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Procrastination is a common challenge that many individuals face when it comes to completing tasks and achieving goals. It can hinder productivity and lead to feelings of stress and frustration.
However, with the right strategies and mindset, it is possible to overcome procrastination and increase productivity.
In this article, we will explore the causes of procrastination, how to recognize the signs of procrastination in oneself, and effective strategies for overcoming procrastination and boosting productivity.
Best Way to Overcome Procrastination and Increase Productivity.pdf
FEMINIST THEORY PPT.pptx
1. Reporters:
ABATO, Asyah A.
ANSARI, Nihara M.
GURO, Ifanah R.
MACARASAM, Norsaimah G.
RABAJA, Rezelle Jane B.
SULTAN, Nabilah U.
Section Dd
FEMINIST
THEORY
in counseling
2. ABSTRACT
Feminist counseling is based on the idea that understanding a
person's problems requires taking into consideration the social,
cultural, and political context in which they occur. Feminist therapy
emerges because of women's strong response to what they
perceived to be oppressive and destructive aspects of society.
Feminist counseling is concerned with both individual and cultural
change. This report discusses the nature, basic concepts, and
application of feminist counseling and the counseling process and
methods. It also covers the paper's overarching goals, as well as
the qualities and significance of feminist counseling in women's
lives. There are also explanations of the counselor's approaches,
assessments, techniques, principles, functions, roles, and skills, as
well as the client's counseling experiences. It describes the
characteristics of an egalitarian feminist therapeutic interaction and
how feminist counselors put the theory's essential concepts into
practice
3. EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES
This paper aims to help researchers and readers
understand the difference between feminist theory
and feminist therapy, broaden their knowledge of
feminist theory's various perspectives, and raise
people's awareness of gender inequalities, given
that gender biases are a common problem in our
society. Also, the researchers and readers can
connect their theoretical knowledge to our own
social reality. Therefore, this study develops a
dynamic and compelling framework for critical
analysis of various societal inequities.
4. METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted
using a qualitative data
gathering method that
was guided by a
descriptive research
design.
In the third week of March 2022, data collection
began. The researchers used a secondary data
collection method to collect data, and to meet
their educational goals, they used online tools
to access and review relevant information from
a variety of reliable sources, including e-books,
articles, journal papers, and published research
papers and theses.
5. "Feminism is a movement to eradicate sexism,
sexist exploitation, and oppression," Hooks (2000)
noted.
Feminist theory, in practice, is a method of
spotlighting societal injustice, gender inequality, and
the needs of women and other oppressed groups. (1)
The personal is political; (2) empowering and valuing
the female voice, and (3) creating equal relationships
are the three fundamental pillars of feminist ideology,
as stated by La Guardia & Banner (2013).
Furthermore, Crossman (2020) wrote that feminist
OVERVIEW OF FEMINIST
THEORY
6. Fruchter (2022), described Feminist
Therapy, also known as multicultural-
feminist counseling or intersectional feminist
therapy, as a strengths-based approach to
therapy. It acknowledges the impact of
oppressive environmental forces on people.
OVERVIEW OF FEMINIST
THEORY
7. OVERVIEW OF FEMINIST
THEORY
Fundamental concepts of feminist
counseling
gender equity, flexible-multicultural
counseling, interactionist counseling,
and life-span counseling
The voices and ways of knowing
women and girls, as well as the voices
of others who have been marginalized and
oppressed
This report discusses the following:
such as empowerment, self-
disclosure, gender-role or social
identity analysis
basic principles including
personal are political and critical
consciousness, commitment to social
change, and an egalitarian
counseling relationship
This report also proposes
strategies:
8. Conceptions of human nature and
woman’s nature have been used to
denying women full moral standing and
equal political rights, and any concerns,
tasks, that are related to women are
oftentimes devalued.
- Harvey, 2009
FEMINIST VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE
9. According to feminist theory, the philosophical
conceptions of human nature is male biased.
Feminist stated few from the numerous case –
where Aristotle regarded woman as a
“misbegotten man” and argued that a woman
isn’t fit to govern herself rather shall be governed
by someone – a man. Who have sufficient and
appropriate powers of reason.
Conceptions of human nature played a role as an
important cause of women’s submission and
FEMINIST VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE
10. Oppression is embedded in the very
socio-economic and political
organization of the society.
Understanding of this term became a
nature to feminist.
End any forms of oppression towards
women.
FEMINIST VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE
11. Understanding of the differences of men and
women to power is part of their goals.
“Commitmment to change oppressive
structures and to connect abstract ideas with
concrete problems for political action” is
central purpose of the Feminist theory.
- Daley and Lay, 2007
FEMINIST VIEW OF HUMAN
NATURE
12. Societal gender-role expectations greatly
influence a person’s identity from the
moment their sex is identified after they were
born, and it will be imbued in their
personality as they become an adult (Corey,
2013).
Women development is different to men, yet
they are judged by the male norms which is
what is present to male development and is
also presented as the norm (Gilligan,1997).
PERSPECTIVE OF FEMINIST TO
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
13. Gender differences affect
human behavior in the context
of historical, political, social,
and cultural concerns, as well
as oppression that are gender
based (Daley & Lay 2007).
PERSPECTIVE OF FEMINIST TO
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
According to Ballou &
Brown (2006), the
individual differences
between genders and
overlaps between it
happens to be ignored
because gender norms
14. The systematize principle in
people’s lives is gender, where
Kaschak (1992), found out that
identities of females and males are
shaped of gender roles.
PERSPECTIVE OF FEMINIST TO
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
15. According to Corey (2013), women are bi-
cultural, for they share to other women
their own culture and deep understanding
towards male culture – that commemorate
patriarchy in order to survive, unlike men
who doesn’t have to do it also to survive.
Additionally stated that feminist reminds
of the continuous use of stereotyping
gender of women throughout the world for
as it became traditional to people in their
culture.
PERSPECTIVE OF FEMINIST TO
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
16. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
FOCUS ON STRENGTHS
AND A
REFORMULATED
DEFINITION OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTRESS
#5
FEMINIST
COUNSELORS ARE
AWARE OF ALL
FORMS OF
#6
HONORING
WOMEN’S VOICES
AND METHODS OF
KNOWING
#4
PERSONAL
IS POLITICAL #1
CREATION OF
EGALITARIAN
RELATIONSHIP
#3
COMMITMENT
TO SOCIAL
CHANGE
#2
17. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
PERSONAL
IS POLITICAL
#1
Simple and most basic of these notions
It is based on the assumption that the personal
or individual problems that women and other
members of marginalized groups bring to
counseling stem from social and political
oppression, subordination, and stereotyping
(Capuzzi & Stauffer 2016)
18. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Feminist counselors commit to social change,
which is linked with the first premise.
Feminist counselors engage with clients to help
them not just make internal, psychological
changes, but also to unite with others in working
for societal change that will free all members of
society from oppression, subordination, and social
role stereotyping (Enns 2004).
COMMITME
NT TO
SOCIAL
CHANGE
#2
19. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
The counselor is seen as a secondary source of
knowledge rather than a relationship specialist.
To create egalitarian therapeutic interactions: by
empowering first the client and then model collaborative
ways of being in a relationship.
Feminist counselors value the fact that they do not
repeat the power imbalance that the client encounters in
the larger social, economic, and political spheres in the
therapeutic interaction.
#2
CREATION
OF
EGALITARIA
N
RELATIONSH
IP
#3
20. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Feminist counseling aims to assist clients to reject
androcentric conventions that pit women against
men and allow them to be marginalized by others.
Women's voices and experiences are diverse,
according to feminist counselors, and are molded
by a variety of identities, including race/ethnicity,
generational status, sexual orientation, nationality,
and ability status. (Herlihy & Corey 2013).
#4
HONORING
WOMEN’S
VOICES AND
METHODS OF
KNOWING
21. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
The conflicting relationship of the feminist
when labeling mental illness, made them do
reformulate the definition of psychological
distress, for instance, the distress is reframed
and the therapist will communicate it with the
client about unjust systems (Enns, 2004;
Worell & Remer, 2003).
#5
FOCUS ON
STRENGTHS AND
A REFORMULATED
DEFINITION OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISTRESS
22. PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Feminist counseling has been chastised for failing to
consider sociocultural variables other than gender, as
well as neglecting the contributions of "women of color
who have made significant contributions to feminist
psychotherapy understandings that have aided our
understanding of both gender and race/ethnic biases"
(Espin, 1993, p. 104).
In recent years, feminists have become more aware of
how all people are oppressed and oppressors, dominant
and marginalized, depending on their place in a complex
#6
FEMINIST
COUNSELORS
ARE AWARE OF
ALL FORMS OF
OPPRESSION
23. McCarthy & Archer (2010) states that
feminist counseling is typically a short-term
counseling that focuses on individual and
social transformation.
The major purpose of feminist counseling is
to investigate power imbalances between
people and see how they may be
contributing to the patient's personal
problems.
FEMINIST COUNSELING
GOALS
24. Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Mercury
Empowering the
client during the
counseling
Enhancing the client's
potentials in addressing the
aspects of social
transformation
FEMINIST COUNSELING
GOALS
According to Ballou (2008) the following are the
feminist counseling goals:
Enhancing and restructuring
the personal beliefs of the
client about their identity
25. The central functions of feminist
counselors are to assist clients in
understanding their own abilities and
figuring out what is keeping them from
using their own resources and defining
the type of life they want to lead.
a.COUNSELOR’S
FUNCTIONS
26. Generally, the role of counselor
will strive to eliminate inequalities
and bias, establish a thorough
awareness of oppression, and
provide a realistic, non-
hierarchical connection based on
mutuality and equality.
a.COUNSELOR’S ROLES
28. According to Rader & Gilbert (2005), feminist
therapy is based on nonjudgmental respect and
genuine belief in every woman's inherent value
and strength that allows the client to reclaim their
sense of dignity and self-worth which has been
destroyed by injustices.
This type of skill aims to restore a sense of dignity
and self-worth by countering the humiliation and
dehumanization experienced during the attack
(Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
NONJUDGMENTAL
ATTITUDE
29. Mindful speaking and active listening, discourage
defensive comments and emphasize empathy and
consideration of a person’s perspective (Worell and
Remer, 1992).
A better listener can help the counselor become more
productive, more persuasive and more able to
negotiate (Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
Therefore, listening is a skill that we can all benefit
from improving since feminists place an emphasis on
being aware of oneself while being aware of others.
ACTIVE
LISTENING
30. The foundation of feminist counseling derives
also from a commitment to empowering women
as well as appreciating and respecting their
perspectives, experiences and lifestyles.
An integral part of this process is empowering
clients to find their strengths and strivings and
reworking social realities in a way that allows
them to see potentials and opportunities for
growth in new ways (Rader & Gilbert, 2005).
EMPOWERMEN
T
31. In counseling, it is essential for the
worker to know the insights as well
as the client’s experiences during
counseling. In that way, the
counselor can develop an effective
solution to the client’s situation.
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN
COUNSELING
In addition, counselors will find it
easier to locate resources and
opportunities if they can suspend
their own perceptions and
experiences in order to genuinely
understand the client's life from their
own perspective.
33. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
LIBERAL FEMINISM
01
Sexism refers to the restrictions imposed on women in gender-role
socialization, culture, laws, and economics. The focus is on assisting
women to overcome these limitations and constraints that limit women from
the opportunities and roles they are supposed to have in society. Liberal
feminism believed that women and men should be seen as equal in the
eyes of law and society.
34. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
According to Sharf (2004), some specific intervention techniques
are:
Gender-role analysis and intervention
Assisting clients in understanding the gender-role
expectations in their lives
Helping clients understand how social issues affect their
problems in different ways
Power analysis and powerful intervention
Emphasizing the differences of power possessed between
men and women in society
Assisting client to recognize different kinds of power they
possess, helping them to know-how and they exercise
35. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Cultural feminism acknowledges differences between women and
men and emphasizes women’s unique strengths (Enns et al., 1992,
1993). They believe that society’s discounting women’s talents and
strengths are resulting in arise of oppression against women.
Cultural feminism believes that the remedy to women’s oppression
is to feminize the culture (Draganović, 2011).
CULTURAL FEMINISM
02
36. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Assisting in the equalization of the therapeutic
relationship
Providing modeling for the client
Full discussion of values, societal beliefs, and
therapeutic procedures
According to Worrel & Remer (2003) some specific
intervention techniques are:
37. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Radical feminism views women’s oppression as embedded in the
patriarchy or the unequal distribution of power between women and men
in society. Social oppression, one of the women’s problem, challenge
patriarchy, male dominance, and men's control over women's bodies. As
a result, gender-based oppression is seen as the most fundamental and
widespread kind of oppression and is experienced by all women.
RADICAL FEMINISM
03
38. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Assertiveness training
Helping women to become aware of their interpersonal rights which
transcend stereotypical sex roles
Changing negative beliefs, and implementing changes in their daily
lives, and reframing.
According to Sharf (2004), some specific intervention
techniques are:
39. APPROACHES TO FEMINIST
COUNSELING
Socialist feminists believe that gender and
socioeconomic class are both products of
oppression (Crawford & Unger et al., 2000). This
method focuses on marginalized intersectional
identities and the oppression they face as a result
of socioeconomic status, race, and other forms of
discrimination such as sexuality or religion. The
acknowledgement of these, according to social
feminism, is a remedy to multifaceted oppression
in society.
SOCIAL FEMINISM
04
Some specific intervention
techniques (Sharf, 2004):
Changing the label or evaluation
applied to the client's behavioral
characteristics
40. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
SELF-DISCLOSURE
GENDER ROLE OR SOCIAL
IDENTITY ANALYSIS
GENDER-ROLE INTERVENTION
POWER ANALYSIS
EMPOWERMENT
ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING
REFRAMING AND RELABELING
SOCIAL ACTION
GROUP WORK
BIBLIOTHERAPY
41. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Empowerment refers to the
process of assisting clients in
developing their capacities and
strengths so that they can take
control of their life.
EMPOWERMENT
42. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Definitions of therapist self-disclosure range from the broad, "a
process by which the self is revealed" to more specific, "therapists
actively and purposefully convey typically personal facts about
themselves to their patients through verbal behavior“.
- Stricker (1990)
SELF-DISCLOSURE
43. Feminist counselors use self-disclosure
to:
equalize the
client-counselor
relationship
give modeling provide informed
consent
TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
empower clients
normalize
women's
collective
experiences
44. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
The basic goal of this intervention is to bring previously unseen signals into conscious
awareness.
According to Worell & Remer (2003), the gender-role analysis entails the client working with
the counselor to:
(a) identify the messages she has internalized about gender and related roles;
(b) examine the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral impact of those messages and beliefs;
(c) consciously decide which messages she wants to keep and which she wants to discard;
and
GENDER ROLE OR SOCIAL
IDENTITY ANALYSIS
45. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Gender role intervention includes assisting clients in
comprehending the impact of gender-role demands in their life, as
well as providing insight into how social issues affect their problems
(Corey, 2017).
The goal is to give the client a better understanding of how social
issues affect him/her
GENDER-ROLE INTERVENTION
46. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
"Power analysis" refers to a set of techniques for
assisting clients in understanding how unequal
access to power and resources can affect
personal circumstances (Corey, 2017).
The counselor's role is to validate the client's
reality while also assisting her in overcoming
obstacles and gaining more authority.
POWER ANALYSIS
47. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Bibliotherapy entails the client reading and
processing books or articles chosen by the
counselor to assist the client understand societal
effects on his or her personal experiences
(Remer, 2003).
Clients are empowered as a result of these
reading assignments because they gain
knowledge on themes that are important to
BIBLIOTHERAPY
48. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Assertiveness training teaches women to stand up
for their rights without compromising and infringing
other people's rights.
This technique aims to help women in utilizing and
making use of their own personal power to
challenge their situation in an effective manner
which can result in positive changes in the client's
lives
ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING
49. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
To reframe is to shift one's
point of view when seeing
someone's conduct. This shift
in perspective keeps her from
being "blamed" for her
troubles.
REFRAMING AND RELABELING
Relabeling entails a shift in
attention from negative to
positive, as well as a change in
the label used to characterize a
client's characteristic or conduct
previously - (Herlihy & Corey,
2013; Worell & Remer, 2003).
51. TECHNIQUES AND
STRATEGIES
Group work therapies have been favored when
dealing with some of the challenges that women
face such as incest and sexual abuse, body image
difficulties, violence, eating disorders, and sexual
functioning. According to Herlihy & Corey (2013),
in feminist counseling, group work is especially
effective because it develops connections and
gives abundant possibilities for women to share
and empower one another.
GROUP WORK
52. ● Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun
● Jupiter is the biggest planet
of them all
● Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
Direct discrimintion
CONCLUSION
Why did the
researcher opt for
Feminist Theory?
The widespread and personal
experience of oppression
today.
To change the viewpoint of
many people on the idea that
feminist theory is solely
concerned with girls and
women, and that its primary
purpose is to promote women's
superiority over males.
Feminist counseling aids in the
understanding of the complexities
and changes that occur in various
aspects of social life.
Why is Feminist
approach is relevant to
counseling?
53. Jodry & Trotman (2008) discussed
the basic concepts of feminist
theory:
to recognize that
social and
personal identities
are
interconnected
to examine all
persons,
regardless of their
gender or culture,
within the context
of society
to promote
egalitarian
connections in all
settings, including
the counseling
relationship
54. Traditional psychological
theories, as well as all
other societal norms, are
based on patriarchy.
Government policies,
history books, religious
beliefs, cultural norms,
work environments,
literature, and other
aspects of society.
CONCLUSION