Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II docum.docxjessiehampson
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II documents (especially Dei Verbum, Lumen Gentium, Nostra Aetate), and to major themes and concepts from the Bible and the Second Vatican Council. Provide an explanation and analysis of the objective Christian teachings on the question.
Ensure that you are discussing a theological issue that we addressed in class and which is related to the essay question. State and describe this issue in your intro and return to it in your conclusion. (ten points)
Aim for 5 paragraphs in the body of your essay, each with a main point that supports the argument of your essay. Each main point should be supported with a reference to our class readings and / or course material. You should include at least one biblical reference and at least one additional reference from our class readings or materials in the essay. Try to reference a reading or class material for each of your main points. (ten points for each main point / paragraph = 50 points)
Explain what you learned about the topic in your own words. Do not just drop theological terms or quotes into your essay without explaining in your own words. You need to show your personal understanding of the concepts. (20 points)
Explain / introduce your sources: What is the Bible? What what Vatican II? Why is the source relevant to Christian theology? etc. (10 points)
I will not grade this as a paper, but give attention to neatness and grammar. Organize your essay and review it for mistakes. (10 points)
ONLY SOURCES THAT CAN BE USED
1)Lumen Gentium
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html
2)Nostra Aetate
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html
3) Dei Verbum
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html
4)Spirit of the liturgy Section 4, chapter 2, 171-194 (ATTACHED)
5) Bible ( Genesis 1, Gospel of Mathew, Gospel of john)
6) biblical commentary
1). Can non-Christians go to heaven? Discuss the Christian saying: “No Salvation Outside the Church”:
2). What are the 4 Marks of the Church? Do all Christians believe in them?
3). Explain the Christian concept of Liturgy, including an evaluation of good worship.
4) Compare and evaluate the presentation of Jesus in the Gospels with the Old Testament religion (the Jewish way of worship, their moral law, and their expectation of a Messiah).
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Katharine H. Greenaway
University of Queensland
Aleksandra Cichocka
University of Kent
Ruth van Veelen
University of Groningen
Tiina Likki
University of Lausanne
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change efforts, yet little research has examined whether
feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change. Study 1 (N = 274) con.
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II docum.docxcroysierkathey
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II documents (especially Dei Verbum, Lumen Gentium, Nostra Aetate), and to major themes and concepts from the Bible and the Second Vatican Council. Provide an explanation and analysis of the objective Christian teachings on the question.
Ensure that you are discussing a theological issue that we addressed in class and which is related to the essay question. State and describe this issue in your intro and return to it in your conclusion. (ten points)
Aim for 5 paragraphs in the body of your essay, each with a main point that supports the argument of your essay. Each main point should be supported with a reference to our class readings and / or course material. You should include at least one biblical reference and at least one additional reference from our class readings or materials in the essay. Try to reference a reading or class material for each of your main points. (ten points for each main point / paragraph = 50 points)
Explain what you learned about the topic in your own words. Do not just drop theological terms or quotes into your essay without explaining in your own words. You need to show your personal understanding of the concepts. (20 points)
Explain / introduce your sources: What is the Bible? What what Vatican II? Why is the source relevant to Christian theology? etc. (10 points)
I will not grade this as a paper, but give attention to neatness and grammar. Organize your essay and review it for mistakes. (10 points)
ONLY SOURCES THAT CAN BE USED
1)Lumen Gentium
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html
2)Nostra Aetate
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html
3) Dei Verbum
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html
4)Spirit of the liturgy Section 4, chapter 2, 171-194 (ATTACHED)
5) Bible ( Genesis 1, Gospel of Mathew, Gospel of john)
6) biblical commentary
1). Can non-Christians go to heaven? Discuss the Christian saying: “No Salvation Outside the Church”:
2). What are the 4 Marks of the Church? Do all Christians believe in them?
3). Explain the Christian concept of Liturgy, including an evaluation of good worship.
4) Compare and evaluate the presentation of Jesus in the Gospels with the Old Testament religion (the Jewish way of worship, their moral law, and their expectation of a Messiah).
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Katharine H. Greenaway
University of Queensland
Aleksandra Cichocka
University of Kent
Ruth van Veelen
University of Groningen
Tiina Likki
University of Lausanne
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change efforts, yet little research has examined whether
feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change. Study 1 (N = 274) con ...
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants (N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II docum.docxjessiehampson
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II documents (especially Dei Verbum, Lumen Gentium, Nostra Aetate), and to major themes and concepts from the Bible and the Second Vatican Council. Provide an explanation and analysis of the objective Christian teachings on the question.
Ensure that you are discussing a theological issue that we addressed in class and which is related to the essay question. State and describe this issue in your intro and return to it in your conclusion. (ten points)
Aim for 5 paragraphs in the body of your essay, each with a main point that supports the argument of your essay. Each main point should be supported with a reference to our class readings and / or course material. You should include at least one biblical reference and at least one additional reference from our class readings or materials in the essay. Try to reference a reading or class material for each of your main points. (ten points for each main point / paragraph = 50 points)
Explain what you learned about the topic in your own words. Do not just drop theological terms or quotes into your essay without explaining in your own words. You need to show your personal understanding of the concepts. (20 points)
Explain / introduce your sources: What is the Bible? What what Vatican II? Why is the source relevant to Christian theology? etc. (10 points)
I will not grade this as a paper, but give attention to neatness and grammar. Organize your essay and review it for mistakes. (10 points)
ONLY SOURCES THAT CAN BE USED
1)Lumen Gentium
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html
2)Nostra Aetate
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html
3) Dei Verbum
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html
4)Spirit of the liturgy Section 4, chapter 2, 171-194 (ATTACHED)
5) Bible ( Genesis 1, Gospel of Mathew, Gospel of john)
6) biblical commentary
1). Can non-Christians go to heaven? Discuss the Christian saying: “No Salvation Outside the Church”:
2). What are the 4 Marks of the Church? Do all Christians believe in them?
3). Explain the Christian concept of Liturgy, including an evaluation of good worship.
4) Compare and evaluate the presentation of Jesus in the Gospels with the Old Testament religion (the Jewish way of worship, their moral law, and their expectation of a Messiah).
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Katharine H. Greenaway
University of Queensland
Aleksandra Cichocka
University of Kent
Ruth van Veelen
University of Groningen
Tiina Likki
University of Lausanne
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change efforts, yet little research has examined whether
feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change. Study 1 (N = 274) con.
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II docum.docxcroysierkathey
Make sure questions are related to the Gospel and Vatican II documents (especially Dei Verbum, Lumen Gentium, Nostra Aetate), and to major themes and concepts from the Bible and the Second Vatican Council. Provide an explanation and analysis of the objective Christian teachings on the question.
Ensure that you are discussing a theological issue that we addressed in class and which is related to the essay question. State and describe this issue in your intro and return to it in your conclusion. (ten points)
Aim for 5 paragraphs in the body of your essay, each with a main point that supports the argument of your essay. Each main point should be supported with a reference to our class readings and / or course material. You should include at least one biblical reference and at least one additional reference from our class readings or materials in the essay. Try to reference a reading or class material for each of your main points. (ten points for each main point / paragraph = 50 points)
Explain what you learned about the topic in your own words. Do not just drop theological terms or quotes into your essay without explaining in your own words. You need to show your personal understanding of the concepts. (20 points)
Explain / introduce your sources: What is the Bible? What what Vatican II? Why is the source relevant to Christian theology? etc. (10 points)
I will not grade this as a paper, but give attention to neatness and grammar. Organize your essay and review it for mistakes. (10 points)
ONLY SOURCES THAT CAN BE USED
1)Lumen Gentium
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html
2)Nostra Aetate
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html
3) Dei Verbum
https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651118_dei-verbum_en.html
4)Spirit of the liturgy Section 4, chapter 2, 171-194 (ATTACHED)
5) Bible ( Genesis 1, Gospel of Mathew, Gospel of john)
6) biblical commentary
1). Can non-Christians go to heaven? Discuss the Christian saying: “No Salvation Outside the Church”:
2). What are the 4 Marks of the Church? Do all Christians believe in them?
3). Explain the Christian concept of Liturgy, including an evaluation of good worship.
4) Compare and evaluate the presentation of Jesus in the Gospels with the Old Testament religion (the Jewish way of worship, their moral law, and their expectation of a Messiah).
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Katharine H. Greenaway
University of Queensland
Aleksandra Cichocka
University of Kent
Ruth van Veelen
University of Groningen
Tiina Likki
University of Lausanne
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change efforts, yet little research has examined whether
feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change. Study 1 (N = 274) con ...
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants (N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
Article
Social Identity Reduces Depression by
Fostering Positive Attributions
Tegan Cruwys1, Erica I. South1, Katharine H. Greenaway1,
and S. Alexander Haslam1
Abstract
Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been
limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce
depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., ‘‘I failed because I’m
stupid’’). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N ¼ 139) and then followed up in an experiment that
manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N ¼ 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to
attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies
thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and
failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Keywords
depression, social identity, multiple group membership, attribution, failure, mental health
We cannot live only for ourselves.
A thousand fibers connect us with our fellow men.
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick
Humans have an innate need for social connections that are vital for
health and happiness in life (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Cohen &
Wills, 1985). When this need is not met—when the ‘‘thousand
fibers’’ in Melville’s (1851) quote are reduced to a few or
none—people are at risk of reduced well-being and even mental ill-
ness. In fact, depression—the leading cause of disability worldwide
(World Health Organization, 2012)—commonly arises when a per-
son lacks social connections (Cacioppo, Hawkley, & Thisted,
2010; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006).
Although extensive prior work has documented the fact that
social connectedness and social identities are critical to mental
health and reduced rates of depression, it remains unclear why
this is the case (Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, & Jetten,
2014; Jetten, Haslam, Haslam, Dingle, & Jones, 2014). We
address this research gap in the present work. What exactly do
social identities do, psychologically, that makes them so protec-
tive for mental health? In answering this question, we propose a
novel mechanism through which social identities can protect peo-
ple against depression, that is, reduced depressive attributions.
Social Identity and Depression
A growing body of literature demonstrates that social identities
are a key psychological resource that is protective for health
generally (Haslam, Jetten, Postmes, & Haslam, 2009; Jetten,
Haslam, & Haslam, 2012) and against depression in particular
(Cruwys et al., 2013; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Haslam, et al,
2014; Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et al., 2.
Which is the definition of “subjective well-being”? According to Diener, Lucas and Oishi (2002), the subjective well-being refers to “a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life”. Which factors influence the interpersonal aspects of well-being? A large number of research studies shows these factors are the positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences andstyle of attachment between person and caregiver (attachment theory).
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components ofSuppo.docxandreecapon
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components of
Supported Employment
Patrick W. Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Sachiko A. Kuwabara
Illinois Institute of Psychology
Purpose/Objective: The success of supported employment programs will partly depend on the endorse-
ment of stigma in communities in which the programs operate. In this article, the authors examine 2
models of stigma—responsibility attribution and dangerousness—and their relationships to components
of supported employment—help getting a job and help keeping a job. Research Method/Design: A
stratified and randomly recruited sample (N � 815) completed responses to a vignette about “Chris,” a
person alternately described with mental illness, with drug addiction, or in a wheelchair. Research
participants completed items that represented responsibility and dangerousness models. They also
completed items representing 2 fundamental aspects of supported employment: help getting a job or help
keeping a job. Results: When participants viewed Chris as responsible for his condition (e.g., mental
illness), they reacted to him in an angry manner, which in turn led to lesser endorsement of the 2 aspects
of supported employment. In addition, people who viewed Chris as dangerous feared him and wanted to
stay away from him, even in settings where people with mental illness might work. Conclusions/
Implications: Implications for understanding supported employment are discussed.
Keywords: stigma, supported employment, discrimination
The disabilities of serious mental illness can block people from
obtaining important life goals, including a good job. Several kinds
of vocational rehabilitation programs have emerged to address
work-related disabilities. Some of these approaches are known as
train-place strategies (Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Through an
education-based strategy, in train-place programs, participants
must learn prevocational and work readiness skills before they are
placed in work settings. These work settings are often sheltered;
that is, the job is “owned” by a rehabilitation agency, which can
protect participants from stressors (Corrigan, 2001). Alternatively,
supported employment is place-train in orientation. People are
placed in real-world work and subsequently provided training and
support to address problems as they emerge, thereby helping a
person to maintain a regular job. The latter group has dominated
recent supported employment models for people with psychiatric
disabilities (Bond et al., 2001; Bond, Becker, Drake, & Vogler, 1997).
Some forms of supported employment recommend rapid placement
of people in work settings of interest to them (Becker & Drake, 2003).
Unlike train-place programs, supported employment does not
try to protect people with disabilities from the work world (Cor-
rigan, 2001; Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Instead, providers
offer direct support in vivo. This kind of approach is more suc-
cessful in communities where the intent of supported ...
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppressio.docxbobbywlane695641
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppression
and Expression
Elise K. Kalokerinos
KU Leuven
Katharine H. Greenaway and James P. Casey
The University of Queensland
It is generally considered socially undesirable to suppress the expression of positive emotion. However,
previous research has not considered the role that social context plays in governing appropriate emotion
regulation. We investigated a context in which it may be more appropriate to suppress than express
positive emotion, hypothesizing that positive emotion expressions would be considered inappropriate
when the valence of the expressed emotion (i.e., positive) did not match the valence of the context (i.e.,
negative). Six experiments (N � 1,621) supported this hypothesis: when there was a positive emotion-
context mismatch, participants rated targets who suppressed positive emotion as more appropriate, and
evaluated them more positively than targets who expressed positive emotion. This effect occurred even
when participants were explicitly made aware that suppressing targets were experiencing mismatched
emotion for the context (e.g., feeling positive in a negative context), suggesting that appropriate
emotional expression is key to these effects. These studies are among the first to provide empirical
evidence that social costs to suppression are not inevitable, but instead are dependent on context.
Expressive suppression can be a socially useful emotion regulation strategy in situations that call for it.
Keywords: context, emotion expression, emotion regulation, expressive suppression, positive emotion
Your smile is a messenger of goodwill. Your smile brightens the lives
of all who see it. . . . As I leave for my office, I greet the elevator
operator in the apartment house with a ‘Good morning’ and a smile,
I greet the doorman with a smile. I smile at the cashier in the subway
booth when I ask for change. As I stand on the floor of the Stock
Exchange, I smile at people who until recently never saw me smile.
—Carnegie (1936)
In his seminal book How to Win Friends and Influence People,
Dale Carnegie (1936) offers a recipe for success: Smile. Carnegie
recommends applying this rule indiscriminately, and he is not
alone in this view—lay intuition holds that expressing positive
emotion is a socially acceptable way to endear one’s self to other
people. Yet, we also know that positive emotion expressions are
not appropriate in every situation. Sometimes people laugh while
experiencing trauma, smile at disgusting pictures, and giggle dur-
ing solemn funeral services. To an outside observer, these positive
emotion expressions may appear inappropriate, unwarranted, and
just plain wrong. To maintain a positive impression such situa-
tions, it may be better for people to suppress the expression of
inappropriate positive emotions. However, as an emotion regula-
tion strategy, expressive suppression has received as much con-
demnation as smiling has received praise. Th.
Implicit Theories of Relationships Orientations TowardEvaluMalikPinckney86
Implicit Theories of Relationships: Orientations Toward
Evaluation and Cultivation
C. Raymond Knee, Heather Patrick, and Cynthia Lonsbary
Department of Psychology
University of Houston
Implicit theories of relationships (ITRs) influence goals, motivations, attributions,
and behavior in romantic relationships. We developed a model of ITRs that draws
from social cognition, motivation, and achievement literatures, and derived concep-
tual parallels and hypotheses with regard to relationships. It is proposed that ITRs re-
flect the belief component of a larger system of motivations and goals that can influ-
ence the degree to which people are oriented toward the evaluation and cultivation of
relationships. Research on ITRs is reviewed with regard to how they moderate
well-documented associations between relationship perceptions and outcomes. Dif-
ferences between ITRs and implicit theories in other domains are also discussed.
Individuals have different beliefs about what makes
for a good relationship. These beliefs or implicit theo-
ries determine, in part, one’s goals and motivations in
relationships (Knee, 1998; Knee, Nanayakkara, Vietor,
Neighbors, & Patrick, 2001), much as implicit theories
in other domains have been shown to determine goals
and motivations in those contexts (see Dweck, Chiu, &
Hong, 1995, for review). Implicit theories of relation-
ships (ITRs), as defined here, are characterized by a
belief in romantic destiny and a belief in relationship
growth. Destiny belief is defined as the belief that po-
tential relationship partners are either compatible or
they are not. Growth belief is defined as the belief that
relationship challenges can be overcome. Theo-
retically, those who believe more (relative to less)
strongly in destiny attempt to determine the compati-
bility of their partner and the viability of the relation-
ship based on minimal information. They place a high
value on determining whether a relationship is meant
to be, and tend to diagnose the potential of the relation-
ship based on specific events. Those who believe more
(relative to less) strongly in growth are primarily inter-
ested in developing the relationship, and believe that
relationships grow not despite obstacles but rather be-
cause of them. Destiny belief is linked to attempts to
diagnose the status and potential success of the rela-
tionship, and growth belief is linked to attempts to
maintain the relationship.
Implicit Theories of Attributes
Implicit theories were first studied with regard to
traits such as personality, intelligence, and morality
(Dweck, 1996; Dweck et al., 1995; Dweck, Hong, &
Chiu, 1993). Research on ITRs grew out of Dweck and
colleagues’ research on implicit theories in these other
domains. Research has shown that implicit theories are
relatively domain-specific such that the particular the-
ories within a given domain (e.g., intelligence) most
strongly predict behavior within that domain (e.g., giv-
ing up on a challenging te ...
Journal of Organizational BehaviorJ. Organiz. Behav. 25, 5.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Organizational Behavior
J. Organiz. Behav. 25, 547–587 (2004)
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/job.259
The contexts of knowing: natural history
of a globally distributed team
MARIETTA L. BABA
1
*, JULIA GLUESING
2
, HILARY RATNER
3
AND
KIMBERLY H. WAGNER
4
1
College of Social Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.
2
Institute for Information Technology and Culture, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
3
The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
4
Human Resources and Organizational Behavior Area, Anderson Graduate School of Management,
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Summary The focus of this paper is cognitive convergence in a globally distributed team (GDT), defined
as the process by which cognitive structures of distributed team members gradually become
more similar over time. To explore the convergence process, we employed a longitudinal, eth-
nographic research strategy that allowed us to follow a naturally occurring GDT over a
14-month period, producing a rich case study portraying factors and processes that influence
convergence. Confirming previous studies, we find that increases in shared cognition alone are
not sufficient to account for performance gains on a GDT. Rather, it may be necessary not only
to increase the sharing of cognition, but also to reverse a pattern of increasing divergence that
can result from rejection of key knowledge domains. We also found that several factors influ-
ence the process of cognitive convergence beyond direct knowledge sharing. These include:
separate but parallel or similar learning experiences in a common context; the surfacing of hid-
den knowledge at remote sites by third-party mediators or knowledge brokers; and shifts in
agent self-interest that motivate collaboration and trigger the negotiation of task interdepen-
dence. Also relevant to cognitive convergence on a GDT is the geographical distribution pattern
of people and resources on the ground, and the different ways in which leaders exploit the his-
torical, cultural and linguistic dimensions of such distribution to further their own political
agendas. Several propositions related to these observations are suggested. We conclude that
GDTs can be effective in bringing together divergent points of view to yield new organizational
capabilities, but such benefits require that leaders and members recognize early and explicitly
the existence and validity of their differences. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction
Two general questions have prompted the inquiry reported in this paper. First, we are interested in
the efficacy of globally distributed teams (GDTs) as vehicles for knowledge sharing in global
Received 15 February 2002
Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Revised 11 November 2003
Accepted 27 January 2004
* Correspondence to: Marietta L. Baba, College of Social Scie ...
The neuroscience of inspirational leadership the importance of collective-o...espenel
Effective leaders are believed to inspire followers by providing inclusive visions of the future that followers can identify with. In the present study, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying this process, testing key hypotheses derived from transformational and social identity approaches to leadership. While undergoing functional MRI, supporters from the two major Australian political parties (Liberal vs. Labor) were presented with inspirational collective-oriented and noninspirational personal-oriented statements made by in-group and out-group leaders. Imaging data revealed that inspirational (rather than noninspirational) statements from in-group leaders were associated with increased activation in the bilateral rostral inferior parietal lobule, pars opercularis, and posterior midcingulate cortex: brain areas that are typically implicated in controlling semantic information processing. In contrast, for out-group leaders, greater activation in these areas was associated with noninspirational statements. In addition, noninspirational statements by in-group (but not out-group) leaders resulted in increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, an area typically associated with reasoning
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
Dr. Wm. Kritsonis, Editor, NFEAS JOURNAL, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, 17603 Bending Post Drive, Houston, Texas 77095
www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Sungjoo Choi Kennesaw State University Hal G. Rainey Univers.docxmattinsonjanel
Sungjoo Choi
Kennesaw State University
Hal G. Rainey
University of Georgia
Managing Diversity in U.S. Federal Agencies: Effects of Diversity and Diversity Management on Employee Perceptions of Organizational Performance
Current Trends in Public Personnel Administration
Sungjoo Choi is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Kennesaw State University. She received her doctorate from the University of Georgia. Her research interests include diversity management, organizational justice, perfor- mance management in public organizations, and comparative public administration. E-mail: [email protected]
Hal G. Rainey is Alumni Foundation Distinguished Professor in the School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Georgia. His book Understand- ing and Managing Public Organizations was published in 2009. This year, he received the Dwight Waldo Award from the American Society for Public Administration.
E-mail: [email protected]
Diversity in the workplace is a central issue for contemporary organizational management. Concomitantly, managing increased diversity deserves greater concern in public, private, and nonprofit organizations. The authors address the effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance in U.S. federal agencies
by developing measures of three variables: diversity, diversity management, and perceived organizational performance. Drawing from the Central Personnel Data File and the 2004 Federal Human Capital Survey, their findings suggest that racial diversity relates negatively
to organizational performance. When moderated by diversity management policies and practices and team processes, however, racial diversity correlates positively with organizational performance. Gender and age diversity and their interactions with contextual variables produce mixed results, suggesting that gender and age diversity reflect more complicated relationships. This article provides evidence for several benefits derived from effectively managing diversity.
The American workforce has been increasingly diversified by greater access to jobs for women and minorities. Diversity and representation “politically integrate a diverse nation with a measure of legitimacy” (Brewer 2002, 1), but also enhance social justice (Kellough 1990; Krislov and Rosen- bloom 1981). Understanding the impacts of diversity on organizational outcomes, such as organizational performance, employee satisfaction, and turnover,
has become essential (Milliken
pursuing affirmative action programs to taking advan- tage of differences to improve organizational effective- ness (Wise and Tschirhart 2000). Recent research has investigated diversity in relation to organizational effectiveness.
Public organizations, through equal employment opportunity (EEO) and affirmative action programs, have been more committed to workforce diversity than have private organizations, resulting in a higher lev ...
Transphobia in Today's Society: Implicit Attitudes and Personal BeliefsStephanie Azzarello
Research presented March 4, 2016 at the Eastern Psychological Association conference In New York City. Research indicates that implicit attitudes of transphobia currently match explicit attitudes, possibly due to low social desirability. Predictors for transphobia are adherence to traditional gender roles, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and the belief that gender identity is a choice
Reflection Journal Three Path-Goal TheoryPlease read the fo.docxcarlt3
Reflection Journal Three: Path-Goal Theory
Please read the following article that has been posted at the Webcampus:
1. Helland, M. R., & Winston, B. E. (2005). Towards a deeper understanding of hope and leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(2), 42-54.
Answer the following questions. Your answer must reflect your personal interpretation of the material you read.
1. How does hope influence motivation?
2. Describe how hope and goal setting/pursuit fits with the main concepts of path-goal theory.
3. Individuals with high levels of hope are likely to possess which subordinate characteristic(s) in the path-goal theory. Explain your answer.
Assignment requirements and format style
The following format is applied for this assignment:
· You need to have a minimum of (2) and maximum of (3) pages excluding cover page, references, any diagrams or appendix
· 12-point font, double-spaced, normal margins, page number, and font type: Times New Roman
· No TYPOS or spelling errors
· Hand written papers will not be accepted
· Please number the pages in the lower right hand corner
· All paragraphs must be indented 5 spaces
· All assignments must be submitted with the correct APA formatting and all sources cited according APA standards
· Subheadings should be used to break up topics in the paper, helping to organize the flow and facilitate reading.
Towards a Deeper Understanding of Hope and
Leadership
Martha R. Helland, PhD
Bruce E. Winston, PhD
Regent University
Recently a cognitive based theory of hope
developed within the field of positive psychology
has been discussed in relation to organizational
leadership. (Shorey & Snyder, 1997) Hope in
this context can be described as a positive
motivational state that contributes to leaders
and followers expending the requisite energy
necessary to pursue and attain organizational
goals. In an effort to further understand hope in
relation to leadership the authors identify
linkages between hope and theories of
motivation, goal setting and goal pursuit
commonly applied in leadership studies. This is
followed by a review of emerging leadership
concepts and theories that explicitly include the
concept of hope. Implications for theory are
discussed and questions for future research are
presented.
Few would argue that leaders are purveyors
of hope, for as Luthans and Avolio (2003)
acknowledge, &dquo;the force multiplier throughout
history has often been attributed to the leader’s
ability to generate hope,&dquo; (p. 253). Yet despite
this acknowledgment, little attention has been
paid to hope within leadership studies. This does
not mean that hope has been discounted as a
critical factor in effective leadership. It is simply
that hope, which is often considered an emotion,
has been difficult to define.
However, hope theory (Snyder, Irving &
Anderson, 1991 ) developed within the field of
positive psychology has recently provided
researchers with a definition of hope that is clear
and measurab.
Feedback Assignment Set 4Great job on this assignment. I know yo.docxmglenn3
Feedback Assignment Set 4
Great job on this assignment. I know you know how to do WACC. I am not sure if you rushed on th second answer or if it was a typo but you did give an incorrect answer.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly calculated Bad Boys, Inc.'s cost of capital.
Feedback:
Great job showing your work and getting correct answer.
23.7 (23.7%)
Points Range:21 (21%) - 23.7 (23.7%)
Partially calculated Bad Boys, Inc.'s cost of capital.
Feedback:
In this section you provided the wrong answer.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly identified two corporations that have dealt with cannibalization and what steps were taken to overcome cannibalization. Thoroughly provided citations and references.
Feedback:
Great job explaining cannibalization and giving examples.
10 (10%)
Points Range:9 (9%) - 10 (10%)
0-2 errors present
Feedback:
no errors detected.
C y b e r A t t a c k s
“Dr. Amoroso’s fi fth book Cyber Attacks: Protecting National Infrastructure outlines the chal-
lenges of protecting our nation’s infrastructure from cyber attack using security techniques
established to protect much smaller and less complex environments. He proposes a brand
new type of national infrastructure protection methodology and outlines a strategy presented
as a series of ten basic design and operations principles ranging from deception to response.
The bulk of the text covers each of these principles in technical detail. While several of these
principles would be daunting to implement and practice they provide the fi rst clear and con-
cise framework for discussion of this critical challenge. This text is thought-provoking and
should be a ‘must read’ for anyone concerned with cybersecurity in the private or government
sector.”
— Clayton W. Naeve, Ph.D. ,
Senior Vice President and Chief Information Offi cer,
Endowed Chair in Bioinformatics,
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN
“Dr. Ed Amoroso reveals in plain English the threats and weaknesses of our critical infra-
structure balanced against practices that reduce the exposures. This is an excellent guide
to the understanding of the cyber-scape that the security professional navigates. The book
takes complex concepts of security and simplifi es it into coherent and simple to understand
concepts.”
— Arnold Felberbaum ,
Chief IT Security & Compliance Offi cer,
Reed Elsevier
“The national infrastructure, which is now vital to communication, commerce and entertain-
ment in everyday life, is highly vulnerable to malicious attacks and terrorist threats. Today, it
is possible for botnets to penetrate millions of computers around the world in few minutes,
and to attack the valuable national infrastructure.
“As the New York Times reported, the growing number of threats by botnets suggests that
this cyber security issue has become a serious problem, and we are losing the war against
these attacks.
.
Feedback Financial Research Report Part 1Thank you for redoing a.docxmglenn3
Feedback Financial Research Report Part 1
Thank you for redoing assignment so quickly. The only area that I see that you can add more that may help along the second section of your paper is your client profile section. I have made notes above for your review.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Feedback:
Great job providing economic and financial factors.
26.7 (26.7%)
Points Range:24 (24%) - 26.7 (26.7%)
Satisfactorily suggested the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Satisfactorily included a description of your client’s profile.
Feedback:
In this section you can provide more about the client. You stated what he is looking for but you did not state if client is married. You did not state if client has other liabilities that he is paying or what his overall financial situation is.
20.7 (20.7%)
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No references provided
Feedback:
In this section you have reference but you do not have an annotated bibliography. It is incorrect.
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0-2 errors present
Feedback:
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Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.
Points: 100
Assignment 1: Financial Research Report Part 1
Criteria
Unacceptable
Below 70% F
Fair
70-79% C
Proficient
80-89% B
Exemplary
90-100% A
1. Provide a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Weight: 30%
Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Partially provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Satisfactorily provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Thoroughly provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
2. Suggest the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Include a description of your client’s profile.
Weight: 30%
Did not submit or incompletely suggested the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Did not submit or incompletely included a description of your client’s profile.
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Satisfacto.
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Which is the definition of “subjective well-being”? According to Diener, Lucas and Oishi (2002), the subjective well-being refers to “a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life”. Which factors influence the interpersonal aspects of well-being? A large number of research studies shows these factors are the positive response, expression of gratitude, self-disclosure, sharing experiences andstyle of attachment between person and caregiver (attachment theory).
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Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppressio.docxbobbywlane695641
Context Shapes Social Judgments of Positive Emotion Suppression
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It is generally considered socially undesirable to suppress the expression of positive emotion. However,
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emotional expression is key to these effects. These studies are among the first to provide empirical
evidence that social costs to suppression are not inevitable, but instead are dependent on context.
Expressive suppression can be a socially useful emotion regulation strategy in situations that call for it.
Keywords: context, emotion expression, emotion regulation, expressive suppression, positive emotion
Your smile is a messenger of goodwill. Your smile brightens the lives
of all who see it. . . . As I leave for my office, I greet the elevator
operator in the apartment house with a ‘Good morning’ and a smile,
I greet the doorman with a smile. I smile at the cashier in the subway
booth when I ask for change. As I stand on the floor of the Stock
Exchange, I smile at people who until recently never saw me smile.
—Carnegie (1936)
In his seminal book How to Win Friends and Influence People,
Dale Carnegie (1936) offers a recipe for success: Smile. Carnegie
recommends applying this rule indiscriminately, and he is not
alone in this view—lay intuition holds that expressing positive
emotion is a socially acceptable way to endear one’s self to other
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Implicit Theories of Relationships Orientations TowardEvaluMalikPinckney86
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ence the degree to which people are oriented toward the evaluation and cultivation of
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Individuals have different beliefs about what makes
for a good relationship. These beliefs or implicit theo-
ries determine, in part, one’s goals and motivations in
relationships (Knee, 1998; Knee, Nanayakkara, Vietor,
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in other domains have been shown to determine goals
and motivations in those contexts (see Dweck, Chiu, &
Hong, 1995, for review). Implicit theories of relation-
ships (ITRs), as defined here, are characterized by a
belief in romantic destiny and a belief in relationship
growth. Destiny belief is defined as the belief that po-
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they are not. Growth belief is defined as the belief that
relationship challenges can be overcome. Theo-
retically, those who believe more (relative to less)
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Journal of Organizational BehaviorJ. Organiz. Behav. 25, 5.docxpriestmanmable
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J. Organiz. Behav. 25, 547–587 (2004)
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/job.259
The contexts of knowing: natural history
of a globally distributed team
MARIETTA L. BABA
1
*, JULIA GLUESING
2
, HILARY RATNER
3
AND
KIMBERLY H. WAGNER
4
1
College of Social Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A.
2
Institute for Information Technology and Culture, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
3
The Graduate School, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
4
Human Resources and Organizational Behavior Area, Anderson Graduate School of Management,
UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Summary The focus of this paper is cognitive convergence in a globally distributed team (GDT), defined
as the process by which cognitive structures of distributed team members gradually become
more similar over time. To explore the convergence process, we employed a longitudinal, eth-
nographic research strategy that allowed us to follow a naturally occurring GDT over a
14-month period, producing a rich case study portraying factors and processes that influence
convergence. Confirming previous studies, we find that increases in shared cognition alone are
not sufficient to account for performance gains on a GDT. Rather, it may be necessary not only
to increase the sharing of cognition, but also to reverse a pattern of increasing divergence that
can result from rejection of key knowledge domains. We also found that several factors influ-
ence the process of cognitive convergence beyond direct knowledge sharing. These include:
separate but parallel or similar learning experiences in a common context; the surfacing of hid-
den knowledge at remote sites by third-party mediators or knowledge brokers; and shifts in
agent self-interest that motivate collaboration and trigger the negotiation of task interdepen-
dence. Also relevant to cognitive convergence on a GDT is the geographical distribution pattern
of people and resources on the ground, and the different ways in which leaders exploit the his-
torical, cultural and linguistic dimensions of such distribution to further their own political
agendas. Several propositions related to these observations are suggested. We conclude that
GDTs can be effective in bringing together divergent points of view to yield new organizational
capabilities, but such benefits require that leaders and members recognize early and explicitly
the existence and validity of their differences. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction
Two general questions have prompted the inquiry reported in this paper. First, we are interested in
the efficacy of globally distributed teams (GDTs) as vehicles for knowledge sharing in global
Received 15 February 2002
Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Revised 11 November 2003
Accepted 27 January 2004
* Correspondence to: Marietta L. Baba, College of Social Scie ...
The neuroscience of inspirational leadership the importance of collective-o...espenel
Effective leaders are believed to inspire followers by providing inclusive visions of the future that followers can identify with. In the present study, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying this process, testing key hypotheses derived from transformational and social identity approaches to leadership. While undergoing functional MRI, supporters from the two major Australian political parties (Liberal vs. Labor) were presented with inspirational collective-oriented and noninspirational personal-oriented statements made by in-group and out-group leaders. Imaging data revealed that inspirational (rather than noninspirational) statements from in-group leaders were associated with increased activation in the bilateral rostral inferior parietal lobule, pars opercularis, and posterior midcingulate cortex: brain areas that are typically implicated in controlling semantic information processing. In contrast, for out-group leaders, greater activation in these areas was associated with noninspirational statements. In addition, noninspirational statements by in-group (but not out-group) leaders resulted in increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, an area typically associated with reasoning
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
Dr. Wm. Kritsonis, Editor, NFEAS JOURNAL, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, 17603 Bending Post Drive, Houston, Texas 77095
www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Sungjoo Choi Kennesaw State University Hal G. Rainey Univers.docxmattinsonjanel
Sungjoo Choi
Kennesaw State University
Hal G. Rainey
University of Georgia
Managing Diversity in U.S. Federal Agencies: Effects of Diversity and Diversity Management on Employee Perceptions of Organizational Performance
Current Trends in Public Personnel Administration
Sungjoo Choi is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at Kennesaw State University. She received her doctorate from the University of Georgia. Her research interests include diversity management, organizational justice, perfor- mance management in public organizations, and comparative public administration. E-mail: [email protected]
Hal G. Rainey is Alumni Foundation Distinguished Professor in the School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Georgia. His book Understand- ing and Managing Public Organizations was published in 2009. This year, he received the Dwight Waldo Award from the American Society for Public Administration.
E-mail: [email protected]
Diversity in the workplace is a central issue for contemporary organizational management. Concomitantly, managing increased diversity deserves greater concern in public, private, and nonprofit organizations. The authors address the effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance in U.S. federal agencies
by developing measures of three variables: diversity, diversity management, and perceived organizational performance. Drawing from the Central Personnel Data File and the 2004 Federal Human Capital Survey, their findings suggest that racial diversity relates negatively
to organizational performance. When moderated by diversity management policies and practices and team processes, however, racial diversity correlates positively with organizational performance. Gender and age diversity and their interactions with contextual variables produce mixed results, suggesting that gender and age diversity reflect more complicated relationships. This article provides evidence for several benefits derived from effectively managing diversity.
The American workforce has been increasingly diversified by greater access to jobs for women and minorities. Diversity and representation “politically integrate a diverse nation with a measure of legitimacy” (Brewer 2002, 1), but also enhance social justice (Kellough 1990; Krislov and Rosen- bloom 1981). Understanding the impacts of diversity on organizational outcomes, such as organizational performance, employee satisfaction, and turnover,
has become essential (Milliken
pursuing affirmative action programs to taking advan- tage of differences to improve organizational effective- ness (Wise and Tschirhart 2000). Recent research has investigated diversity in relation to organizational effectiveness.
Public organizations, through equal employment opportunity (EEO) and affirmative action programs, have been more committed to workforce diversity than have private organizations, resulting in a higher lev ...
Transphobia in Today's Society: Implicit Attitudes and Personal BeliefsStephanie Azzarello
Research presented March 4, 2016 at the Eastern Psychological Association conference In New York City. Research indicates that implicit attitudes of transphobia currently match explicit attitudes, possibly due to low social desirability. Predictors for transphobia are adherence to traditional gender roles, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and the belief that gender identity is a choice
Reflection Journal Three Path-Goal TheoryPlease read the fo.docxcarlt3
Reflection Journal Three: Path-Goal Theory
Please read the following article that has been posted at the Webcampus:
1. Helland, M. R., & Winston, B. E. (2005). Towards a deeper understanding of hope and leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(2), 42-54.
Answer the following questions. Your answer must reflect your personal interpretation of the material you read.
1. How does hope influence motivation?
2. Describe how hope and goal setting/pursuit fits with the main concepts of path-goal theory.
3. Individuals with high levels of hope are likely to possess which subordinate characteristic(s) in the path-goal theory. Explain your answer.
Assignment requirements and format style
The following format is applied for this assignment:
· You need to have a minimum of (2) and maximum of (3) pages excluding cover page, references, any diagrams or appendix
· 12-point font, double-spaced, normal margins, page number, and font type: Times New Roman
· No TYPOS or spelling errors
· Hand written papers will not be accepted
· Please number the pages in the lower right hand corner
· All paragraphs must be indented 5 spaces
· All assignments must be submitted with the correct APA formatting and all sources cited according APA standards
· Subheadings should be used to break up topics in the paper, helping to organize the flow and facilitate reading.
Towards a Deeper Understanding of Hope and
Leadership
Martha R. Helland, PhD
Bruce E. Winston, PhD
Regent University
Recently a cognitive based theory of hope
developed within the field of positive psychology
has been discussed in relation to organizational
leadership. (Shorey & Snyder, 1997) Hope in
this context can be described as a positive
motivational state that contributes to leaders
and followers expending the requisite energy
necessary to pursue and attain organizational
goals. In an effort to further understand hope in
relation to leadership the authors identify
linkages between hope and theories of
motivation, goal setting and goal pursuit
commonly applied in leadership studies. This is
followed by a review of emerging leadership
concepts and theories that explicitly include the
concept of hope. Implications for theory are
discussed and questions for future research are
presented.
Few would argue that leaders are purveyors
of hope, for as Luthans and Avolio (2003)
acknowledge, &dquo;the force multiplier throughout
history has often been attributed to the leader’s
ability to generate hope,&dquo; (p. 253). Yet despite
this acknowledgment, little attention has been
paid to hope within leadership studies. This does
not mean that hope has been discounted as a
critical factor in effective leadership. It is simply
that hope, which is often considered an emotion,
has been difficult to define.
However, hope theory (Snyder, Irving &
Anderson, 1991 ) developed within the field of
positive psychology has recently provided
researchers with a definition of hope that is clear
and measurab.
Feedback Assignment Set 4Great job on this assignment. I know yo.docxmglenn3
Feedback Assignment Set 4
Great job on this assignment. I know you know how to do WACC. I am not sure if you rushed on th second answer or if it was a typo but you did give an incorrect answer.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly calculated Bad Boys, Inc.'s cost of capital.
Feedback:
Great job showing your work and getting correct answer.
23.7 (23.7%)
Points Range:21 (21%) - 23.7 (23.7%)
Partially calculated Bad Boys, Inc.'s cost of capital.
Feedback:
In this section you provided the wrong answer.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly identified two corporations that have dealt with cannibalization and what steps were taken to overcome cannibalization. Thoroughly provided citations and references.
Feedback:
Great job explaining cannibalization and giving examples.
10 (10%)
Points Range:9 (9%) - 10 (10%)
0-2 errors present
Feedback:
no errors detected.
C y b e r A t t a c k s
“Dr. Amoroso’s fi fth book Cyber Attacks: Protecting National Infrastructure outlines the chal-
lenges of protecting our nation’s infrastructure from cyber attack using security techniques
established to protect much smaller and less complex environments. He proposes a brand
new type of national infrastructure protection methodology and outlines a strategy presented
as a series of ten basic design and operations principles ranging from deception to response.
The bulk of the text covers each of these principles in technical detail. While several of these
principles would be daunting to implement and practice they provide the fi rst clear and con-
cise framework for discussion of this critical challenge. This text is thought-provoking and
should be a ‘must read’ for anyone concerned with cybersecurity in the private or government
sector.”
— Clayton W. Naeve, Ph.D. ,
Senior Vice President and Chief Information Offi cer,
Endowed Chair in Bioinformatics,
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, TN
“Dr. Ed Amoroso reveals in plain English the threats and weaknesses of our critical infra-
structure balanced against practices that reduce the exposures. This is an excellent guide
to the understanding of the cyber-scape that the security professional navigates. The book
takes complex concepts of security and simplifi es it into coherent and simple to understand
concepts.”
— Arnold Felberbaum ,
Chief IT Security & Compliance Offi cer,
Reed Elsevier
“The national infrastructure, which is now vital to communication, commerce and entertain-
ment in everyday life, is highly vulnerable to malicious attacks and terrorist threats. Today, it
is possible for botnets to penetrate millions of computers around the world in few minutes,
and to attack the valuable national infrastructure.
“As the New York Times reported, the growing number of threats by botnets suggests that
this cyber security issue has become a serious problem, and we are losing the war against
these attacks.
.
Feedback Financial Research Report Part 1Thank you for redoing a.docxmglenn3
Feedback Financial Research Report Part 1
Thank you for redoing assignment so quickly. The only area that I see that you can add more that may help along the second section of your paper is your client profile section. I have made notes above for your review.
30 (30%)
Points Range:27 (27%) - 30 (30%)
Thoroughly provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Feedback:
Great job providing economic and financial factors.
26.7 (26.7%)
Points Range:24 (24%) - 26.7 (26.7%)
Satisfactorily suggested the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Satisfactorily included a description of your client’s profile.
Feedback:
In this section you can provide more about the client. You stated what he is looking for but you did not state if client is married. You did not state if client has other liabilities that he is paying or what his overall financial situation is.
20.7 (20.7%)
Points Range:0 (0%) - 20.7 (20.7%)
No references provided
Feedback:
In this section you have reference but you do not have an annotated bibliography. It is incorrect.
10 (10%)
Points Range:9 (9%) - 10 (10%)
0-2 errors present
Feedback:
No errors detected.
Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.
Points: 100
Assignment 1: Financial Research Report Part 1
Criteria
Unacceptable
Below 70% F
Fair
70-79% C
Proficient
80-89% B
Exemplary
90-100% A
1. Provide a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Weight: 30%
Did not submit or incompletely provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Partially provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Satisfactorily provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
Thoroughly provided a rationale for the stock that you selected, indicating the significant economic, financial, and other factors that led you to consider this stock.
2. Suggest the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Include a description of your client’s profile.
Weight: 30%
Did not submit or incompletely suggested the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Did not submit or incompletely included a description of your client’s profile.
Partially suggested the primary reasons why the selected stock is a suitable investment for your client. Partially included a description of your client’s profile.
Satisfacto.
Feedback analysis, limitations of project approach, and conclusions .docxmglenn3
Feedback analysis, limitations of project approach, and conclusions drawn should be included. Discuss any concerns associated with the number of participants or reviewers. Share what your reviewers/participants said in the evaluation tool. Share actual quotes and how you organized the material. What conclusion can you draw from the feedback? Did it confirm or contradict research found in your literature review?
.
Federalist 51To the People of the State of New YorkHow shall .docxmglenn3
Federalist 51
To the People of the State of New York:
How shall we keep the necessary separation of power among the different parts of government? The only answer that is that the parts themselves keep each other in their proper places.
The separate use of different parts of government is needed to save liberty. As such, each department should have its own powers. The members of different parts should have as little power as possible in selecting members of the other branches. Ideally, this would be happen due to voters elect members of each department separately.
Such a plan would be difficult to carry out, however. Therefore, we must allow certain members of government to be selected by other ways. It would be useful to allow judges to be appointed by other government officials. Judges need special skills, so it is important that they be elected in a way that makes sure that only best candidates are chosen. Also, because judges are selected to the courts for life, they are less likely to be influenced by the men who select them.
"Power Is Divided"
Members of each government branch should be able to keep other parts from overtaking their power. The system should force individuals to defend their branch's powers.
In a perfect world, we would not need such protections. In creating a government that is to be ran by men over men, it must control itself. This can be done by separating and arranging the different offices of government so that each acts as a check on the others.
It is not possible to give to each part an equal ability to protect itself. In republican government, the lawmakers who make up the legislative branch will always have the most power. The cure to this problem is to divide them into two legislative branches. Each branch should be made different by different systems of election and different principles of action. They should be as little connected with each other as possible.
The division of power between the federal government and state governments offers another protection to the people. In the republic of America, power is divided between the states and the federal government. It is then divided again among the branches of each government. Therefore, government power is divided twice and can be controlled.
"To Guard Society"
It is important in a republic to guard society against its rulers. It also must guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different wants exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority is united by a common interest, the rights of the minority could be hurt.
To defend against this evil, we must make it unlikely that a bad party will gain a majority of support. The people should be broken into many parts, interests and classes of citizens. This will make sure that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will not be in much danger from the will of the majority. The size of the United States, and the number of people under the same government, offers some prote.
Federalism Comparing Government Response in Hurricane Katrina v.docxmglenn3
Federalism: Comparing Government Response in Hurricane Katrina vs. Coronavirus
Submissions must be a minimum of 2 pages, in length. This does not include your bibliography or works cited. This should be attached and added on as the last page of your essay. Y ou will only have one attempt to upload and submit your paper. Your bibliography or works cited page, and your paper, must be uploaded as a single file. They cannot be uploaded separately. No e-mailed assignments will be accepted.
Your response should be your own thoughts and analysis. Research and resources should be incorporated with scholarly application. I.e. used as examples or evidence to support your analysis. Citations may be formatted in APA, MLA or Chicago style, as long as they are consistent throughout. You must include in-text (parenthetical) citations, as well as a bibliography.If you have questions about citation formatting, please ask me, or utilize the tool easybib.com. You must provide in-text citations, to show ownership of any information that you include, in your essay, which is either
1. not considered common knowledge
2. paraphrased
3. directly quoted
Failure to cite information, properly, will result in students receiving an automatic zero. Furthermore, to not do so is considered plagiarism, and will be treated, as such, in conjunction with HCC's policies.
Make sure to use complete sentences, and proper grammar. Your response to the prompt should focus on analyzing the information you gather and use to complete the constitutional chart through application. Incorporate the information you gathered by using it to provide examples and support for your response to the prompt.
Essay Topic and Objective:
You will be watching two 50 minute documentaries: The Storm and Coronavirus Pandemic in order to complete this essay.
1. The Storm: Hurricane Documentary (Links to an external site.)
2.
Coronavirus Pandemic Documentary (Links to an external site.)
Federalism Overview
: Considered together, Hurricane Katrina and Covid-19 both produced policy disasters in the United States that were both unnecessary and linked to federalism. These challenges produced by nature raise the question of whether certain disasters are beyond the capacities of state and local government.
Objective
: While watching these films, the central theme to take away from these videos is a better and more comprehensive understanding of Federalism, through real life evidence and explanation. Critically analyze each of the elements and consequences of each different national disaster, based on different level of government’s responses, actions. Leadership, communication processes, and decision-making. Despite, both Hurricane Katrina and Corona Virus being deemed as “national emergencies”, the power organization resulted in vastly different responses by each level of government’s leadership (across all levels: federal, state and local).
Introduction to Federalism:
State and Local governments.
Federalism is the structure where two or more levels of government.docxmglenn3
Federalism is the structure where two or more levels of government operate alongside each other with some autonomy, although they have overlapping jurisdiction and specific functions. During the formation of the U.S. Constitution, there were federalist and anti-federalist arguments being made. Explain the concept of federalism; use specific examples of federalism and anti-federalism in your posting.
Which group had the best arguments? Support your argument with examples. Incorporate some of the shifts that took place between both groups (federalists and anti-federalists) to support your response.
1-2 paragraphs
.
Federalism is the sharing of powers between the federal and state go.docxmglenn3
Federalism is the sharing of powers between the federal and state governments.
1. In discussing federalism, observers often concentrate on the tension over where national powers end and state powers begin. But state and federal governments have concurrent powers as well. How do some of these powers (e.g., law enforcement, taxation, general welfare) affect citizens?
In 3 to 5 paragraphs discuss ways in which federalism affect our lives. You may use a personal experience such as financial aid to pay for your education.
.
Federal judges do not have a mandatory retirement age, yet Arizona a.docxmglenn3
Federal judges do not have a mandatory retirement age, yet Arizona and 32 other states require all state judges to vacate their positions upon turning age 70. Should Arizona’s judges be forced to retire at age 70? Might this be considered age discrimination or is a necessary protection for the people?
.
Federal Budget SpeechDo you want to know who you are Dont.docxmglenn3
Federal Budget Speech
"Do you want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you."
- Thomas Jefferson
The federal budget spends close to four trillion dollars a year and is split between mandatory spending (what the federal government has to spend due to congressional legislation) and discretionary spending (what the federal government spends as a result of congressional allotment). Roughly speaking, mandatory spending accounts for two-thirds of the federal budget and discretionary spending accounts for one-third of the federal budget.
Every year the executive and legislative branches debate budgetary priorities for the federal bureaucracies such as the Department of Defense, the Pentagon, the Environmental Protection Agency, Veteran Affairs, the Department of Education, and others. Many of these debates occur within congressional committee meetings as members of Congress, federal employees, outside interests, and individual citizens articulate funding requests.
For this assessment you will compose a speech advocating why your chosen department, administration, or agency within the federal bureaucracy should receive additional funding.
Because the “world is a stage,” let us establish the setting, plot, and the ensuing action for your speech.
Setting:
Exterior: Washington D.C. State Capitol Building.
Interior: Room 221B. Congressional Hearing Room.
Plot:
Imagine that you are in a cavernous room. You sit before a large table facing twenty one senators from the Budget Committee. Photographers, more than you can imagine, squeeze between the space that separates you from the members of Congress. Behind you in the gallery, public policy wonks and regular citizens sit, awaiting your presentation.
You are a featured speaker from a citizen group that advocates a particular public policy funding concern for your federal department, administration, or agency. Prior to the meeting you have already read the president’s proposed federal budget for the upcoming year from the
Office of Management and Budget
and you have some budgetary concerns. You read in alarm how the upcoming federal budget request from the White House reduces funding for your federal department, administration, or agency. But, as you know, it is up to Congress to fund the executive bureaucracy. The executive branch requests funding and the legislative branch allocates funding. This is your chance to request more funding for your federal department, administration, or agency of choice.
Action
:
Equally eager and nervous you stand in front of a lectern. “Now,” you think, “now I am ready…” You click on the microphone, examine your prepared speech about your funding request, and you begin to speak with eloquence and passion!
Directions
: Compose a 400 word transcript of your public policy speech.
Select a specific example of public policy from one of the following fields:
Economic policy – for example, U.S. budget deficit spending.
Educ.
Federal Budget SpeechDo you want to know who you are Don.docxmglenn3
Federal Budget Speech
"
Do you want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you
." - Thomas Jefferson
The federal budget spends close to four trillion dollars a year and is split between mandatory spending (what the federal government has to spend due to congressional legislation) and discretionary spending (what the federal government spends as a result of congressional allotment). Roughly speaking, mandatory spending accounts for two-thirds of the federal budget and discretionary spending accounts for one-third of the federal budget.
Every year the executive and legislative branches debate budgetary priorities for the federal bureaucracies such as the Department of Defense, the Pentagon, the Environmental Protection Agency, Veteran Affairs, the Department of Education, and others. Many of these debates occur within congressional committee meetings as members of Congress, federal employees, outside interests, and individual citizens articulate funding requests.
For the Unit 9 Assignment you will compose a speech advocating why your chosen department, administration, or agency within the federal bureaucracy should receive additional funding.
Because the “world is a stage,” let us establish the setting, plot, and the ensuing action for your speech.
Setting:
Exterior: Washington D.C. State Capitol Building.
Interior: Room 221B. Congressional Hearing Room.
Plot:
Imagine that you are in a cavernous room. You sit before a large table facing twenty one senators from the Budget Committee. Photographers, more than you can imagine, squeeze between the space that separates you from the members of Congress. Behind you in the gallery, public policy wonks and regular citizens sit, awaiting your presentation.
You are a featured speaker from a citizen group that advocates a particular public policy funding concern for your federal department, administration, or agency. Prior to the meeting you have already read the president’s proposed federal budget for the upcoming year from the
Office of Management and Budget
and you have some budgetary concerns. You read in alarm how the upcoming federal budget request from the White House reduces funding for your federal department, administration, or agency. But, as you know, it is up to Congress to fund the executive bureaucracy. The executive branch requests funding and the legislative branch allocates funding. This is your chance to request more funding for your federal department, administration, or agency of choice.
Action:
Equally eager and nervous you stand in front of a lectern. “Now,” you think, “now I am ready…” You click on the microphone, examine your prepared speech about your funding request, and you begin to speak with eloquence and passion!
Directions
: Compose a 400 word transcript of your public policy speech.
Select a specific example of public policy from one of the following fields:
Economic policy – for example, U.S. budget deficit spending.
.
February is known as Black History Month. For 30 extra credit points.docxmglenn3
February is known as Black History Month. For 30 extra credit points address the following questions in 200 words or more:
Which African American artist(s) has had the most influence on you? Why? Be sure to organize your thought and ideas using paragraphs. Your response must be a minimum of 200 words or you will not receive any credit for the response.
.
FEATURE ARTICLE Creating and Capturing Value Through Susta.docxmglenn3
FEATURE ARTICLE
Creating and Capturing Value Through Sustainability
The Sustainable Value Analysis Tool
A new tool helps companies discover opportunities to create and capture value through sustainability.
Miying Yang, Doroteya Vladimirova, and Steve Evans
OVERVIEW: Recent research and practice have shown that business model innovation can be one way to create and
capture new value and drive production and consumption toward sustainability. However, business model tools typically
do not create a space to consider how sustainability concerns may be integrated into the innovation process. To address
this gap, this article describes a tool that can help companies identify new opportunities to create and capture value
through sustainability by analyzing value captured and uncaptured for key stakeholders across the product life cycle.
The Sustainable Value Analysis Tool is shown to help companies recognize value uncaptured and turn it into opportunities;
it facilitates sustainability-focused business model innovation by identifying value uncaptured—and hence, opportunities
for innovation—associated with environmental and social sustainability in production, use, and disposal.
KEYWORDS: Sustainable Value Analysis Tool, Sustainability, Business model innovation, Sustainability-focused innovation
In recent years, as companies have been challenged by
environmental legislation and societal pressures (Elkington
1997), sustainability has become a key factor in long-term
business success. As a result, innovation for sustainability
has received much attention from researchers and practi-
tioners (Nidumolu, Prahalad, and Rangaswami 2009; Boons
et al. 2013). However, although technological approaches to
promote sustainability have been thoroughly investigated
(Camarinha-Matos 2011), comparatively little work has been
done to understand how innovation in business models can
support sustainability across the product life cycle, including
manufacturing, operation, and disposal.
Business model innovation looks at how companies create
and capture value at every stage of a product’s journey to
market. While business model innovation has been the
subject of much discussion and research, very few tools have
been developed to help companies integrate sustainability
into the business model innovation process (Evans et al., in
press). Existing tools for business model innovation either
do not consider sustainability (for instance, Osterwalder
and Pigneur’s [2010] Business Model Canvas) or do not
address all of the elements of the business model (for
example, lifecycle assessment tools [Tukker 2000]). Thus,
sustainability considerations and business model innovation
are often not well integrated, with sustainability being
treated as an add-on rather than as a core source of value.
Considering sustainability in the process of business
model innovation can provide entirely new ways to create .
FEATUREASSOCIATION FORUMHiring tiie Very BestHow to in.docxmglenn3
FEATURE
ASSOCIATION FORUM
Hiring tiie Very Best
How to increase your employees' morale and productivity
By Tracy Mullin
Tracy Mullin is
president and
CEO, Nationai
Retail
Federation,
Washington,
D.C,
[email protected]
I
remember a quote from former ABC execu-
iive Thomas Murphy, who said. "If you hire
the best people and leave them alone, you
don't need to hire very many." While I think re-
tailers should be hiring the best people possible,
and treating them well, it may not always be best
to leave them alone. Especially during the holi-
day season.
With the holidays almost upon us, retailers are
scrambling to hire the best seasonal workers—
more than 520,000 of them—while retaining
their top performers. And during the most cru-
cial selling period of the year, there is no time
for mistakes. Executives know that good em-
ployees ean bolster the image of a store and
unsatisfactory employees can be disastrous.
More often than not. finding good workers is
high on the list of challenges facing retail exec-
utives. And keeping those people is even more
difficult.
Turnover in the retail industry is nothing new,
and it is not a problem that will disappear any-
time soon. After Sept. 11, many retailers experi-
enced low turnover as employees waited for the
job market to improve. Now that the economy is
back on traek, workers are keeping an eye out
for new opportunities, and many are moving on.
Statistics reinforce that theory: According to
the 2005 NRF/Mercer Retailer Compensation
and Benefits survey, released last month, turn-
over for store managers rose 20% last year over
2003.
Leading HR experts seem to agree that tradi-
tional approaches to management haven't been
working. Author Bruce Tulgan. a consultant
who spoke in June at the National Retail Eed-
eration's Loss Prevention Conference, talked
about the mind-set of the new American worker
and said that the best way retailers could keep
their employees was to find out what people
want and use it to drive performance.
Best Buy is one of those retailers. Nearly half
of the 3.500 employees at Best Buy headquarters
have embarked on a radical strategy that enables
employees to work where and when they
as long as their job gets done. The approach
seems to be working, as executives maintain that
this new program has reduced turnover and
increased productivity at the same time.
Other retailers, such as Costco, believe that
the way to their workers" hearts is through their
wallets. Costco's employees earn an average of
$17.41 an hour and receive some of the most
generous health benefits in the industry. Perhaps
that's why they are able to maintain a low
turnover rate of about 17% per yean
However, money isn't everything. In his pre,s-
entation, Tulgan also featured several non-finan-
cial elements, such as people needing to be sat-
isfied with their jobs. One of those basics, giving
employees control over tasks, is an area where
Trader Joe's has an upper hand. Instead of giv-
ing employees.
FEATURED ESSAYThe Ecstatic Edge of Politics Sociology and.docxmglenn3
FEATURED ESSAY
The Ecstatic Edge of Politics: Sociology and Donald Trump
ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
University of California-Berkeley
[email protected]
The day before the Louisiana Republican
primary in March 2016, I watched Donald
Trump’s Boeing 757 descend from the sky
at the Lakefront Airport in New Orleans,
Louisiana. Inside the crowded hangar, Elton
John’s ‘‘Rocket Man’’ was playing. Red,
white, and blue strobe lights roved sideways
and up. Cell phones snapped photos of the
blond-haired candidate as he stood before
thousands waving and shaking signs that
read MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN. A
small, wiry man bearing this sign with
both hands, eyes afire, called out to all with-
in earshot, ‘‘To be in the presence of such
a man! To be in the presence of such
a man.’’ There seemed in this man’s call, I
wrote in my field notes—part of a five year
ethnographic study of Tea Party supporters
in Louisiana—a note of reverence, even
ecstasy (Hochschild 2016:224). How do we
understand the states of mind and situations
of those to whom Donald Trump appeals?
How does such emotional appeal work?
Whatever Trump’s future, he has touched
a cultural nerve we sociologists need to
study. In this essay, I explore illuminating
works in and around sociology before ven-
turing an interpretation of my own.
In The Paranoid Style in American Politics,
the historian Richard Hofstadter (1996)
traced the relationship between paranoid
political rhetoric and ‘‘style of mind’’ as
these periodically emerged in the United
States through the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries. The leader expressing such a style,
he says, ‘‘does not see social conflict as some-
thing to be mediated and compromised, in
the manner of the working politician. Since
what is at stake is always a conflict between
absolute good and absolute evil, what is nec-
essary is not compromise but the will to fight
things out to a finish. . . . This demand for
total triumph leads to the formulation of
hopelessly unrealistic goals, and since these
goals are not even remotely attainable, fail-
ure constantly heightens the paranoid’s
sense of frustration. Even partial success
leaves him with the same feeling of power-
lessness with which he began, and this in
turn only strengthens his awareness of the
vast and terrifying quality of the enemy he
opposes’’ (p. 31).
Propelling such movements, he argues, is
not just economic deprivation as narrowly
conceived, but the loss of an older America,
inward-turned, Protestant, secure, busy
turning the wheel of a thriving local capital-
ism. As one of the original so-called birthers
(who questioned President Obama’s place of
birth and religion) and as one who has
extended this suspicion to Hillary Clinton’s
religion, Donald Trump fits in Hofstadter’s
‘‘paranoid style.’’ Still, Trump’s appeal
reaches far beyond the style of mind through
which it is expressed.
Updating Hofstadter, the excellent The Tea
Party and the Remaking of Republican Conser-
vatism by Theda Skocpol and V.
Fears and Health Needs of Patients with Diabetes A Qualitative Re.docxmglenn3
Fears and Health Needs of Patients with Diabetes: A Qualitative Research in Rural Population
Maria Papaspurou,1 Vasiliki C. Laschou,2 Paraskevi Partsiopoulou,3 Evangelos C. Fradelos,4 Christos F. Kleisiaris,5 Malamati A. Kalota,6 Anna Neroliatsiou,7 and Ioanna V. Papathanasiou8
Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License informationDisclaimer
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Go to:
Abstract
Introduction:
Insulin-dependent patients are individuals with chronic disease who are well adapted to living and dealing with any health needs and fears arising. An important aspect in the process of adaptation to chronic illness is the provision of nursing care in the early stages of the disease, because this contributes to its acceptance and the early identification and management of potential complications.
Purpose:
To investigate the health needs and self-management problems faced by patients with diabetes daily, especially those who use insulin. Furthermore, purpose of this study was to investigate the fears experienced by patients in the early stage of the disease, but also in its subsequent development and to study possible differences between sexes.
Methodology:
This is a qualitative study, using interpretative phenomenological approach. Fifteen (nine women and six men) insulin-dependent patients, recounted their personal fears and their needs, through semi-structured interviews, which took place in Central Greece. The method used for processing the results is the Mayering one.
Results:
The analysis of the narratives showed that patients have a variety of fears and needs associated with the diagnosis, treatment, expected consequences, prognosis and everyday life in the management of the disease. Most patients express the concept of need as desire. Care needs, psychological support and education to recognize and prevent hypoglycemia.
Conclusions:
Insulin-dependent patients express fears and needs in their daily lives. Nurses providing care aimed at enhancing the level of health, while putting self-care information and training them. Patients want the nurse next to them, so that information is continuous and permanent.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, fears, health needs, self-care, nursing care
Go to:
1. INTRODUCTION
Patients with type II diabetes, especially insulin-dependent are usually suffering from diabetes several years before the initiation of insulin therapy. Treatment of diabetes has now as a central character, the patient himself who co-decides with the physician-nurse team. The primary concern is the patient’s acceptance of the disease in the early stages and his gradual familiarization with the treatment (1).
According to International Diabetes Federation, at least 285 million people worldwide have diabetes and this number is expected to increase to 438 million by 2030, with two-thirds of all cases living in low or middle income countries (2, 3).
Apart from pharmaceutical care, the nurse also pr.
Featherfall has recently violated several government regulations.docxmglenn3
Featherfall has recently violated several government regulations regarding the current state of its technology and how it is being used. The technology system is vastly out of date, and staff are not always using the technology that is in place or they are using the technology inappropriately. These problems have lost the institution lots of money for not meeting government regulations and have caused operational and ethical problems from inefficient and ineffective use of technology.
The staff at Featherfall are not well-trained on the use of technology and do not communicate appropriately about technology use. The roles that pertinent to your consult are the health information management team, the clinical staff (doctors, nurses, etc.), and administrative staff. The health information management team uses proper coding practices, and the current technology system serves them well, despite its age. However, other roles in the hospital have had issues with the system. Clinical staff, for instance, have had record-keeping issues both due to lack of training on the system and the system itself being out of date. Administrative staff within the organization have taken issue with the lack of communication about the technology and its use between the various roles. When the current technology system was chosen many years ago, the needs of these various roles were not considered.
Assignment link :
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/243073/1720,1/
.
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did Technol.docxmglenn3
FEATURE - ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How
Much Did Technology Help Get Us There?
By Farhad Manjoo, The New York Times Aug. 29, 2018
Reference: Manjoo, F. (2019, Aug. 29). ‘Overtourism’ Worries Europe. How Much Did
Technology Help Get Us There? The New York Times. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/29/technology/technology-overtourism-europe.html
By Farhad Manjoo
Over the summer, my wife and I traveled with our two young kids on a two-week
vacation through Europe.
It wasn’t as highfalutin as it sounds. In London, our Airbnb had ample skylights —
which rendered the place all but uninhabitable during Europe’s heat wave. In Paris, our
charming home-share had a cavernous hole in the ceiling of the entryway, revealing
load-bearing beams that appeared to have been rotting since Napoleon’s reign. And in
Amsterdam, our Airbnb advertised a kids’ bedroom stocked with toys — but failed to
mention the mosquitoes and mice.
I’m not complaining. If travel mishaps are the stuff of memory, my vacation was
unforgettable. And without home-sharing services like Airbnb, review sites like
TripAdvisor and conveniences like Uber, OpenTable and Expedia, the trip would have
been far more expensive, less accessible and, in a strange way, less authentic.
But my tech-abetted trip was illuminating, too, because it provided a firsthand look into
a vexing problem that has gripped much of Europe lately — the worry of “overtourism,”
and the rising chorus that blames technologies like Airbnb, Uber and other internet-
enabled travel conveniences for the menace.
Every summer, the most popular European destinations get stuffed to the gills with
tourists, who outnumber locals by many multiples, turning hot spots into sweaty, selfie-
stick-clogged, “Disneyfied”towns. They offer a taste of a growing global threat: Across
the world, thanks in part to rising affluence, travel is becoming a more widely shared
pastime. International trips were up 6 percent in the first half of the year, surpassing
experts’ forecasts, according to the United Nations’ World Tourism Organization.
This growth might once have been considered unambiguously good news. But the
world’s most popular destinations cannot expand to accommodate an infinite flood of
visitors. Advocates of curbing tourism say too many visitors are altering the character of
historic cities, and making travel terrible, too.
“It’s a level of tourism which is degrading the enjoyment that residents have, but it’s also
degrading the tourist experience, because the tourist who is endlessly queuing behind
backpacks of hundreds of other tourists is not discovering the real or the authentic
place,” said Justin Francis, the chief executive of Responsible Travel, a company that
arranges “sustainable” travel for customers.
What’s to blame? In addition to broad prosperity, there’s technology, defined very
broadly.
Over the last few decades, innovations in aviation — wider, more e.
FEASIBILITY REPORT1
FEASIBILITY REPORT6
Feasibility Report
MEMO
TO: Manager
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
This memo is meant for introducing the feasibility report that aims at providing a solution to the cases and nation problems about the cybercrime and the potential proposed solution to curb up the challenge. These feasibilities we are identified by studying various critical factors such as the social effects, legal issues, technical problems, and the economic impact. Therefore, this memo is very vital for an individual to read and understand various aspects.
Feasibility Report
It takes much time in planning and preparing to implement a solution to the major problem in society. During the planning and preparation process, the proposed solution should be tested and determined if it is feasible to provide the solution or not. Cybercrime in united states has been a significant problem and need to be addressed and solution provided to reduce the cybercrime.
One of the proposed solutions to this major problem is providing cybersecurity among very individual. This will enable most of the people to understand and know the importance of cybersecurity and thus leading to the reduction of the negative loses that is caused by the cybercrime in society every year. Another thing that will ensure that the individuals in the nation are protected from the impact of the cybercrime is educating them on ways they can protect themselves over the cybercrime attempts.
This report will majorly focus on looking at the proposed solution provided and determine if the answers are feasible or need some changes. The essential aspects that the story will focus on include the social impact, the economic effect, and other elements which will be determined if it can provide a solution to the problem.
The Social Impact
When looking for a potential solution to be implemented to solve a specific major problem in society, a positive impact is always the main objective. When the proposed solution is applied, such as implementing cybersecurity in the daily lives of the individuals in the society it will bring a lot of positive impacts on them. For instance, when the cybersecurity is made the main focus in the in every place, i.e. schools and workplace, majority of the individuals will be aware of these threats and ways of preventing them from affecting their daily lives. This will also reduce the loss that most of the individuals incur due to the cybercrime and lack of security in their day-to-day business operations (Help Net Security, 2015).
When the cybersecurity is introduced in society It will bring much social impact to the life of the individuals since it will educate people about the dynamic changes that occur in uses of the technology. When this provides a solution to the cybercrime problem in the society, it will be adopted by every nation, and thus the cybercrime problem is reduced and making every country secure and safe from the cybercrime prob.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social ChangeKatharin.docx
1. Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Katharine H. Greenaway
University of Queensland
Aleksandra Cichocka
University of Kent
Ruth van Veelen
University of Groningen
Tiina Likki
University of Lausanne
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Hope is an emotion that has been implicated in social change
efforts, yet little research has examined whether
feeling hopeful actually motivates support for social change.
Study 1 (N = 274) confirmed that hope is
associated with greater support for social change in two
countries with different political contexts. Study 2
(N = 165) revealed that hope predicts support for social change
over and above other emotions often investi-
gated in collective action research. Study 3 (N = 100) replicated
this finding using a hope scale and showed the
effect occurs independent of positive mood. Study 4 (N = 58)
demonstrated experimentally that hope motivates
support for social change. In all four studies, the effect of hope
was mediated by perceived efficacy to achieve
social equality. This research confirms the motivating potential
3. (N =
(N =
(N =
(N =
89
0162-895X VC 2014 International Society of Political
Psychology
Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden,
MA 02148, USA, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ,
and PO Box 378 Carlton South, 3053 Victoria, Australia
Political Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016
doi: 10.1111/pops.12225
bs_bs_banner
What Is Hope?
Hope is a future-oriented emotion that is experienced in the
present when an individual believes
that current circumstances can and should change (Baumgartner,
Pieters, & Bagozzi, 2008). It
involves generating future alternatives to compare against
present circumstances and feeling good
about those future alternatives (Staats & Stassen, 1985). Hope is
therefore an emotion that pairs
4. positive feelings about the future with a desire for present
circumstances to change (Lazarus, 1991,
1999).
Research has identified appraisals that generate hope and action
tendencies that follow from
experiencing hope (Frijda, 1986). In terms of appraisals, hope is
experienced when one visualizes a
future goal that has at least a moderate chance of being
achieved (Lazarus, 1999). Although
researchers have speculated that hope should be associated with
readiness to take action directed
toward achieving a desired outcome (Averill, Catlin, & Chon,
1990), the specific action tendencies
that stem from hope are less clear (Lazarus, 1999).
Hope and Social Change
Emerging research has begun to investigate hope in the context
of intractable intergroup
conflicts (e.g., Halperin, Crisp, Husnu, Dweck, & Gross 2012).
Feeling hopeful in the context of such
conflicts is associated with positive intergroup outcomes. For
example, in the case of intractable
conflicts, hope predicts lower desire for retaliation
(Moeschberger, Dixon, Niens, & Cairns, 2005),
support for concessions (Cohen-Chen, Halperin, Crisp, & Gross,
2013), willingness to provide
intergroup aid (Halperin & Gross, 2011), and reduced
dehumanization of out-groups (Halperin,
Bar-Tal, Nets-Zehngut, & Almog, 2008). We investigate hope in
relation to intergroup contexts that
involve ongoing inequality with clear advantaged majority and
disadvantaged minority groups. We
are particularly interested in methods of encouraging
advantaged groups to take action on behalf of
5. disadvantaged groups. This can be difficult to achieve, given
that advantaged groups are often
motivated to inhibit, rather than support, social change (e.g.,
Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004; Sidanius
& Pratto, 2001). A critical question, therefore, is how to
motivate advantaged groups to support social
action that ultimately threatens their privileged position.
There are reasons to expect that hope might inspire support for
social change. Anecdotally,
political leaders successfully generate support for social change
by using messages of hope to inspire
their followers (Branzei, 2012; Obama, 2006). Indeed, Barack
Obama was elected as the first African
American President of the United States after campaigning on a
platform of hope and change.
Likewise, Martin Luther King Jr. appealed to hope to mobilize
support for the civil rights movement
(Washington, 1991). Although researchers have begun to take
an interest in hope in intergroup
contexts, most studies to date investigate hope as an outcome or
treat it as a mediator (e.g., Halperin
& Gross, 2011). While research has shown that a belief in
change generates feelings of hope (e.g.,
Cohen-Chen et al., 2013), the opposite path has not been
investigated. It is therefore unclear whether
hope can be used to generate support for social change or if it is
merely a by-product of believing
change is possible, or whether both processes operate.
What Kind of Hope?
It is possible to experience hope about a specific situation or
event (e.g., hoping an intergroup
relationship will become more equal), although individuals may
also vary in their general tendency
6. to hope. In the present research, we investigate whether hope
must be connected specifically to an
intergroup context in order to inspire support for social change.
It seems intuitive that people must
hope that intergroup relations can get better in order to be
willing to work towards achieving that end.
Greenaway et al.290 Greenaway et al.
Yet theory suggests that incidental hope that is unconnected to
an intergroup context might also “spill
over” into a general desire for things to change (Lazarus, 1991,
1999). We therefore investigated
hope that is unconnected to a specific intergroup relationship
(Studies 1, 2, and 4), as well as hope
with a specific intergroup referent (Studies 3 and 4) to
investigate whether hope increases support for
social change.
In the present research, we focus on individual feelings of hope
and their implications for
collective behavior. Although collective feelings of hope for the
future of one’s own group may
motivate a similar desire for social change, we investigate how
feeling hopeful might lead advan-
taged group members to support disadvantaged group members
in their efforts to achieve social
equality. In addition to testing whether and what type of hope
motivates support for social change,
we also aim to uncover a mechanism of this effect.
Hope and Efficacy
We propose that hope inspires support for social change through
7. heightened perceived efficacy
to change the status quo. According to Snyder (2002), hope acts
through processes of agency and
planning—key characteristics of the efficacious individual
(Bandura, 1982). In addition, hope is
associated with a range of processes linked with perceived
efficacy, including beliefs that goals are
achievable (Lazarus, 1999) and engagement in goal-directed
thinking and behavior (Chartrand &
Cheng, 2002; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2002; Vohs &
Schmeichel, 2002). Work by Cohen-Chen and
colleagues (2013, 2014) shows that believing a situation can
change inspires feelings of hope and
efficacy. However, other theorizing suggests that efficacy may
be an outcome or process of hope,
insofar as hope is thought to operate through pathways of
agency and planning (Averill et al., 1990;
Snyder, Irving, & Anderson, 1991; Snyder, 2002). Consistent
with this theorizing, we conceptualize
hope as a positive emotion that has the capacity to generate
perceived efficacy to bring about desired
outcomes.
Efficacy and Social Change
Considerable research demonstrates that efficacy beliefs play a
critical role in motivating people
to collective action (e.g., Tausch & Becker, 2013; Thomas,
Mavor, & McGarty, 2012; Van Zomeren,
Postmes, & Spears, 2008); people must believe change is
possible in order to be motivated to achieve
it (Bandura, 1982). Much of the research that investigates the
role of efficacy in social change efforts
has focused on disadvantaged group members attempting to
improve their group’s position (e.g., Van
Zomeren et al., 2008). However, research also demonstrates that
8. enhancing efficacy beliefs among
advantaged group members increases their willingness to work
to achieve social equality (e.g.,
Cohen-Chen, Halperin, Saguy, & Van Zomeren, 2014; Stewart,
Latu, Branscombe, & Denney, 2010;
Stewart, Latu, Branscombe, Phillips, & Denney, 2012). Indeed,
efforts at collective action will have
a better chance at succeeding if advantaged group members can
be motivated to act alongside
disadvantaged groups.
The Present Research
The present research seeks to contribute to the literature on
hope and bring this emotion to bear on
the important social problem of how to motivate support for
social change among advantaged members
of society. First, we integrate the work on hope as an emotion
with the social change literature. Second,
drawing on previous research, we test efficacy as a mechanism
through which hope operates to
influence support for social change. We assess both perceived
advantaged and disadvantaged group
efficacy as mediators of the relationship between hope and
support for social change and propose that
Hope and Social Change 3
Snyder, 2002; Snyder, Irving, & Anderson, 1991). Consistent
with this theorizing, we conceptualize
Hope and Social Change 91
only when advantaged groups believe themselves to be
9. efficacious—regardless of how efficacious they
believe the disadvantaged group to be—will they support social
change.
Study 1
Study 1 tested whether hope is associated with support for
social change among advantaged
group members in two countries with different social and
political climates: the Netherlands and the
United States. In the Netherlands, the study focused on relations
between Turkish-Dutch (disadvan-
taged) and native-Dutch (advantaged) groups. To avoid cueing
an Obama-inspired association in the
American sample, Hispanic Americans were chosen as the
disadvantaged group rather than African
Americans. Participants completed the same survey in both
samples, differing only in terms of the
reference groups.
Method
Participants
Participants in the Netherlands (N = 84; 72 female; Mage =
18.81, SD = 1.68) were native Dutch
psychology students who received course credit for their
participation. Participants in the United
States (N = 110, 72 female; Mage = 35.29, SD = 13.74) were
non-Hispanic community members
recruited from the website Amazon Mechanical Turk.
Materials and Measures
Efficacy. Three items measured efficacy beliefs about the
advantaged group (e.g., “[Advantaged
10. group members] can effectively achieve the goal of reducing
inequality between [disadvantaged
group] and [advantaged group]”; Van Zomeren, Leach, &
Spears, 2010), α = .92).1 The same three
items were reworded to measure efficacy beliefs about the
disadvantaged group, α = .90. Items were
scored on a scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly
Agree).
Social change. Nine items measured support for social change.
Three items assessed general
support (e.g., “In order for intergroup inequality to be reduced,
we need significant social change at
the level of [nation] as a whole”; Subašić & Reynolds, 2009).
Three items tapped specific behavioral
intentions (e.g., “I would participate in a protest rally aimed at
bettering the position of [disadvan-
taged group]”; Subašić & Reynolds, 2009). Three items
measured support for political actions (e.g.,
“I think universities should try to increase the number of
[disadvantaged group members] in their
applicant pool”; Leach et al., 2007). The items were scored on a
scale from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to
7 (Strongly Agree), and together formed a reliable scale of
support for social change, α = .90.
Hope. Hope was measured using a single item: “Right now, to
what extent do you feel hopeful?”
on a scale from 1 (Not at All) to 7 (Very Much). Means,
standard deviations, and correlations are
presented in Table 1.
Results
We conducted a series of multiple regressions predicting first,
perceived advantaged and disad-
11. vantaged group efficacy, and second, support for social change.
In this second, hierarchical, regres-
1 Our original aim was to expose advantaged group members to
an emotional message from a disadvantage group and measure
attitude change. Participants were exposed to manipulations that
varied the emotional content (hope vs. fear) and frame of
the message (about the disadvantaged group vs. the national
group). Those manipulations had no effect on the measured
variables, and controlling for the manipulations does not change
the results.
Greenaway et al.492 Greenaway et al.
sion hope was entered at the first step followed by the two
perceived efficacy measures at the second
step. All results remain significant when controlling for country
of origin. Results of the regression
analyses for Studies 1–3 are presented in Table 2.
Efficacy
Hope predicted greater perceived advantaged group efficacy, R2
= .07, F(1,192) = 14.23,
β = .26, p < .001, and greater perceived disadvantaged group
efficacy, R2 = .07, F(1,192) = 13.83,
β = .26, p < .001.
Social Change
Hope predicted greater support for social change in Step 1, R2 =
.06, F(1,192) = 12.41, β = .25,
p < .001. Efficacy beliefs accounted for a significant amount of
variance in Step 2, R2Δ = .25,
12. FΔ (2,190) = 33.19, p < .001. Only perceived advantaged group
efficacy was a significant predictor
of greater support for social change, β = .52, p < .001.
Perceived disadvantaged group efficacy was
nonsignificant, β = −.03, p = .703. The relationship between
hope and social change became non-
significant in Step 2, β = .12, p = .069.
Indirect Effects
Bootstrapping analyses with 10,000 resamples were conducted
to test the indirect effect of hope
on support for social change through advantaged and
disadvantaged group efficacy (Hayes, 2013).
Table 1. Means, Standard Deviations (in parentheses), and
Correlations Among Focal Variables in Study 1
1 2 3 4 5
1. Country (U.S. = 1, Netherlands = −1) 0.13 (0.99) .01 −.32***
−.04 −.18
2. Hope 4.45 (1.53) .26*** .26*** .25**
3. Advantaged efficacy 4.36 (1.40) .28*** .54***
4. Disadvantaged efficacy 4.72 (1.23) .15*
5. Social change 3.84 (1.11)
Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
Table 2. Regression Results in Studies 1–3
Disadvantaged
Group Efficacy
Advantaged
Group Efficacy
13. Support for
Social Change
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Step 1
Hope .26*** .09 .31* .26*** .25* .46*** .25*** .24** .45***
Happiness – .27* −.05 – .08 −.38** – .09 −.38**
Anger – .07 .17 – .03 −.25 – .17 .03
Sadness – .04 .02 – .21 .36* – .14 .33*
Fear – .02 −.02 – –.12 −.15 – −.16 −.08
Positive affect – – .22 – – .23* – – .32*
Negative affect – – −.17 – – −.09 – – −.14
Step 2
Advantaged group efficacy – – – – – – .52*** .46*** .28*
Disadvantaged group efficacy – – – – – – −.03 −.09 −.08
Note. Entries are standardized regression coefficients for Study
1 (S1), Study 2 (S2), and Study 3 (S3). *p < .05,
**p < .01, ***p < .001.
Hope and Social Change 5Hope and Social Change 93
There was a significant indirect effect of hope on support for
social change through perceived
advantaged group efficacy (IE = 0.09, SE = .03, bias-corrected
95% CI: .043, .170). The indirect
effect controlled for perceived disadvantaged group efficacy,
although the effect remains significant
without this control variable. The indirect effect through
perceived disadvantaged group efficacy was
nonsignificant (IE = −0.00, SE = .01, bias-corrected 95% CI:
14. −.036, .021; see Figure 1).
We tested an alternative model in which perceived advantaged
group efficacy increased support
for social change via hope (controlling for perceived
disadvantaged group efficacy). This model was
nonsignificant (IE = .02, SE = .02, bias-corrected 95% CI:
−.002, .062).
Discussion
As expected, hope predicted support for social change among
advantaged group members. The
relationship was mediated by perceived efficacy of the
advantaged group to achieve social change.
Hope was associated with greater perceived efficacy of
advantaged and disadvantaged groups.
However, only perceived advantaged group efficacy
significantly predicted support for social change.
Research shows that perceived in-group efficacy increases
willingness to engage in collective action
(Van Zomeren et al., 2004; Stewart et al., 2010), while we
found no evidence for perceived out-group
efficacy increasing one’s own engagement in collective action.
This finding underlines the impor-
tance of promoting efficacy among advantaged group members,
who could otherwise be unmotivated
to change the status quo.
Study 2
In Study 2, we investigated whether hope accounts for variance
over and above other emotions
linked with social change or that share cognitive or affective
features of hope. We included fear as
15. S1:.26***
S2:.25*
S3:.46***
Advantaged Group
Efficacy
Disadvantaged Group
Efficacy
Support for Social
Change
S1:.26***
S2:.09
S3:.31*
S1:.52***
S2:.46***
S3:.28*
S1:-.03
S2:-.09
S3:-.08
S1:.12 (.25***)
S2:.13 (.24*)
S3:.35** (.45***)Feelings of Hope
Figure 1. The effect of hope on support for social change via
perceived advantaged and disadvantaged group efficacy
16. (Studies 1–3). Figure reports standardized coefficients for Study
1 (S1), Study 2 (S2), and Study 3 (S3). Effects in S2 and S3
control for other emotions. The total effects are presented in
parentheses. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
Greenaway et al.6
(Stewart et al., 2010; Van Zomeren et al., 2004), while we
found no evidence for perceived out-group
94 Greenaway et al.
a predictor because hope and fear are both anticipatory
emotions experienced at the prospect of a
future event (Baumgartner et al., 2008). We included happiness
because hope and happiness are
matched on valence (both are positive emotions) but differ on
temporal focus (hope is a future-
oriented and happiness a present-oriented emotion). We also
measured anger and sadness, which are
relevant emotions in collective action research (e.g.,
Livingstone, Spears, Manstead, Bruder, &
Shepherd, 2011; Smith, Cronin, & Kessler, 2008).
Method
Participants
Study 2 focused on relations between Native Americans
(disadvantaged group) and non-Native
Americans (advantaged group). One hundred and sixty-five non-
Native Americans completed the
study (82 female; Mage = 37.18, SD = 13.47). Participants were
recruited from Mechanical Turk and
17. were paid to complete the study.
Materials and Measure
The dependent and mediating variables were measured as in
Study 1 (αs > .88), reworded to
refer to this intergroup context.2 Current emotions were
measured by asking participants the degree
to which they felt five emotions (“Right now, to what extent do
you feel: hopeful/fearful/happy/
angry/sad?”) on a scale from 1 (Not at All) to 7 (Very Much).
Means, standard deviations, and
correlations are presented in Table 3.
Results
Efficacy
Together, the emotions predicted a significant amount of
variance in advantaged efficacy,
R2 = .10, F(5,158) = 3.55, p = .005. Of the five emotions, hope
was the only significant predictor of
advantaged group efficacy, β = .25, p = .013. No other emotion
was significant, βs < .21, ps > .068.
2 Participants in Study 2 were exposed to the same manipulation
described in Study 1. The manipulations had no effects on
the measured variables, and controlling for the manipulations
does not change the results.
Table 3. Means, Standard Deviations (in parentheses), and
Correlations Among Focal Variables in Study 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Hope 4.78 (1.60) .63*** −.09 −.14 −.19* .27** .24** .27**
18. 2. Happiness 4.37 (1.62) −.17* −.30*** −.40*** .16* .29***
.17*
3. Fear 1.72 (1.28) .66*** .55*** −.02 .03 −.01
4. Anger 1.66 (1.30) .72*** .04 .01 .11
5. Sadness 2.14 (1.61) .09 −.04 .09
6. Advantaged
efficacy
4.88 (1.27) .31*** .49***
7. Disadvantaged
efficacy
4.55 (1.39) .16
8. Social change 4.56 (1.10)
Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
Hope and Social Change 7Hope and Social Change 95
Together, the emotions predicted a significant amount of
variance in disadvantaged efficacy,
R2 = .10, F(5,158) = 3.41, p = .006. Happiness positively
predicted perceived disadvantaged group
efficacy, β = .27, p = .011; no other emotion was significant, βs
< .09, ps > .373.
Social Change
Together, the emotions predicted a significant amount of
variance in social change, R2 = .11,
F(5,158) = 3.87, p = .002. Of the five emotions, hope was the
only significant predictor of support for
19. social change in Step 1, β = .24, p = .014. No other emotion was
significant, βs < .17, ps > .108.
Efficacy beliefs accounted for a significant amount of variance
in Step 2, R2Δ = .18,
FΔ(2,156) = 19.50, p < .001. Only advantaged group efficacy
was a significant predictor of support
for social change, β = .46, p < .001. Perceived disadvantaged
group efficacy was nonsignificant,
β = −.09, p = .246. The relationship between hope and social
change became nonsignificant in Step
2, β = .13, p = .134.
Indirect Effects
Bootstrapping analyses with 10,000 resamples tested the
indirect effect of hope on support for
social change through perceived advantaged and disadvantaged
group efficacy, controlling for the
other emotions. The indirect effect of hope on support for social
change through advantaged group
efficacy was significant (controlling for other emotions and
disadvantaged efficacy; IE = 0.08,
SE = .06, bias-corrected 95% CI: .009, .185; see Figure 1). The
indirect effect remains significant
without including the covariates. The indirect effect through
disadvantaged group efficacy was
nonsignificant (controlling for other emotions and advantaged
efficacy; IE = −0.01, SE = .01, bias-
corrected 95% CI: −.036, .010). The effect of the alternative
model of advantaged group efficacy
increasing social change through hope was also nonsignificant
(IE = 0.02, SE = .02, CI: −.008 to
.069).
Discussion
20. Replicating the findings of Study 1 with Native Americans as
the target, hope was associated
with greater support for social change, and this relationship was
mediated by greater perceived
advantaged group efficacy. The relationships persisted even
when adjusting for emotions typically
associated with support for social change (such as sadness,
anger, and fear) or another positive
emotion (i.e., happiness). Hope was the only emotion that
independently predicted perceived advan-
taged group efficacy and support for social change.
Study 3
A limitation of the first two studies is that hope was measured
using a single item. Study 3
addressed this issue by employing multiple items to measure
hope and assess its impact on support
for social change. Moreover, hope as measured in Studies 1 and
2 had no specific intergroup referent.
In Study 3, we included a measure of hope that referred
explicitly to the intergroup context.
Another issue is that hope may predict support for social change
not only because it increases
perceived efficacy but also because of shared variance with
positive affect. In Study 2 we measured
happiness, another positive emotion, and after controlling its
variance shared with hope, we found
that hope alone predicted support for social change.
Nevertheless, in Study 2 happiness was posi-
tively correlated with support for social change. To rule out the
positive affect alternative explana-
tion, in Study 3 we measured general positive affect and
controlled for its effects.
21. Greenaway et al.896 Greenaway et al.
Method
Participants
Study 3 again focused on relations between Native Americans
(disadvantaged group) and
non-Native Americans (advantaged group). One hundred non-
Native Americans completed the study
(43 female; Mage = 38.48, SD = 13.47). Participants were
recruited from Mechanical Turk.
Materials and Measures
Emotions. Participants reported their emotions about the
intergroup relationship between Native
and non-Native Americans by responding to the stem “When
you think about relations between
Native and non-Native Americans, to what extent do you feel”
by rating several emotions. Four
synonyms were chosen for each emotion of interest: hope
(hopeful, aspiration, positive expectation,
wishful; α = .91), happiness (happy, content, glad, satisfied; α =
.96), anger (angry, outraged, exas-
perated, irritated; α = .92), fear (fearful, worried, uncertain,
concerned; α = .91), and sadness (sad,
unhappy, depressed, sorrowful; α = .90).
To rule out the possibility that the effects of hope on support
for social change are driven by
general positive mood, we included a measure of mood in the
form of the Positive and Negative
Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988).
22. Participants reported their feelings on 10
indicators of positive affect (e.g., enthusiastic; α = .91) and
negative affect (e.g., hostile; α = .92). All
emotion items were scored on a scale from 1 (Not at All) to 7
(Very Much).
Support for social change and perceived efficacy were measured
as in Study 2 (αs > .88). Means,
standard deviations, and correlations are presented in Table 4.
Results
The emotion scales were entered simultaneously in a standard
multiple regression to assess their
unique association with perceived efficacy and support for
social change, controlling for any shared
variance. For the mediation analyses, the emotion scales were
entered in Step 1 of a hierarchical
multiple regression followed by perceived advantaged and
disadvantaged group efficacy in Step 2.
Efficacy
Together, the seven emotion scales significantly predicted
perceived advantaged group efficacy,
R2 = .25, F(7,92) = 4.32, p < .001. The hope scale was the
strongest significant positive predictor of
advantaged group efficacy, β = .46, p < .001, although sadness,
β = .36, p = .028, and positive mood,
β = .23, p = .040, were also significant positive predictors. The
happiness scale was a significant
negative predictor of perceived advantaged group efficacy, β =
−.38, p = .004. Anger, fear, and
negative mood were nonsignificant, βs < −.25, ps > .225.
Together, the seven emotion scales significantly predicted
23. perceived disadvantaged group effi-
cacy, R2 = .18, F(7,92) = 2.85, p = .010. The hope scale was the
only significant positive predictor of
disadvantaged group efficacy, β = .31, p = .017. Positive mood
was a nonsignificant positive predic-
tor, β = .22, p = .059, and all of the other emotion scales were
nonsignificant, βs < −.17, ps > .11.
Support for Social Change
Together, the seven emotion scales significantly predicted
support for social change in Step 1,
R2 = .26, F(7,92) = 5.93, p < .001. The hope scale was the
strongest positive predictor of support for
Hope and Social Change 9Hope and Social Change 97
Ta
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M
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nd
ar
d
37. Greenaway et al.1098 Greenaway et al.
social change, β = .45, p < .001, although sadness, β = .33, p =
.035, and positive mood, β = .32,
p = .004, were also significant positive predictors. The
happiness scale was a significant negative
predictor of social change, β = −.38, p = .002. Anger, fear, and
negative mood were nonsignificant,
βs < −.14, ps > .146. Together, the two perceived efficacy
scales predicted support for social change
in Step 2, R2Δ = .05, FΔ(2,90) = 3.13, p = .048. Perceived
advantaged group efficacy was the only
significant predictor of support for social change, β = .28, p =
.017. The effect of perceived disad-
vantaged group efficacy was nonsignificant, β = −.08, p = .474.
Indirect Effects
Indirect effects of the hope scale on support for social change
through perceived advantaged and
disadvantaged group efficacy were tested with 10,000
bootstrapped resamples. The indirect effect of
hope on support for social change through advantaged group
efficacy was significant (controlling for
other emotions, mood, and disadvantaged efficacy; IE = .09, SE
= .05, bias-corrected 95% CI: .013,
.223; see Figure 1). The indirect effect remains significant
without including the covariates. The
indirect effect through disadvantaged group efficacy was
nonsignificant (controlling for other emo-
tions and advantaged efficacy; IE = −.02, SE = .03, bias-
corrected 95% CI: −.084, .031). The effect
of the alternative model of advantaged group efficacy
38. increasing social change through hope was also
nonsignificant (IE = .03, SE = .03, CI: −.005 to .116).
Discussion
Study 3 replicated the effects of Studies 1 and 2 using a hope
measure with multiple items and
a specific intergroup referent. Hope was strongly positively
associated with support for social change
via perceived advantaged group efficacy while perceived
disadvantaged group efficacy was not
significantly associated with support for social change. These
findings speak against the possibility
that the relationship between hope and support for social change
was driven by positive mood: Hope
predicted support for social change over and above general
positive affect. In addition, happiness—
another positive emotion—was found to be a significant
negative predictor of support for social
change after accounting for the variance shared with the other
emotions. If people feel contented with
the current relationship between advantaged and disadvantaged
groups, they might be unwilling to
act to change the nature of that relationship. It is not the case,
then, that all positive emotions can be
relied upon to increase support for social change.
Study 4
Three studies have demonstrated that hope is associated with
support for social change.
Although these correlational results provide support for our
hypothesis, they do not allow for causal
inference. Therefore, Study 4 manipulated feelings of hope. We
compared a hope induction to a
happiness induction and a control condition. We aimed to test
39. experimentally whether experiencing
hope, rather than happiness, leads individuals to support social
change.
We also measured hope and other emotions experienced about
the intergroup relationship to
replicate the correlational findings of the previous studies. We
anticipated that over and above
these associations, the hope manipulation would increase
perceived efficacy and support for social
change. This method allowed us to directly compare different
types of hope to test whether hope
must be experienced in a specific intergroup context in order to
be associated with support for
social change. If hope in general elicits readiness to take action,
then this emotion should be
associated with support for social change even when hope is
experienced independent of the
Hope and Social Change 11Hope and Social Change 99
intergroup context. We hypothesized that both specific feelings
of hope (related to intergroup
relations) and general feelings of hope (unrelated to intergroup
relations) would motivate support
for social change.
Method
Participants and Design
Sixty non-Native Americans completed the study (25 female;
Mage = 34.66, SD = 12.20). Par-
ticipants were recruited from Mechanical Turk. Two
40. participants were excluded because they failed
attention checks, resulting in a final sample of 58.
Materials and Measures
Manipulated emotion. Participants in the hope condition wrote
about a feature of their lives that
made them feel hopeful. Participants in the happy condition
wrote about a feature of their lives that
made them feel happy. We checked that participants in both
conditions did not write about social
change and, thus, confound interpretation of the results. Most
participants in the hope condition
wrote about family or work (n = 12), and positive experiences
(e.g., travel, n = 4). Most participants
in the happy condition wrote about family (n = 16) and positive
experiences (e.g., hot showers,
n = 4). Participants in the control condition merely answered the
dependent variables. We coded the
hope condition as 1, the control condition as 0, and the happy
condition as −1.
Measured emotion. Emotions about the intergroup relationship
were measured using five items:
“When you think about relations between Native and non-Native
Americans, to what extent do you
feel: Hopeful/happy/fearful/angry/sad?” Responses were scored
on a scale from 1 (Not at All) to 7
(Very Much). The dependent and mediating variables were
measured as in Study 2 (αs > .90). Means,
standard deviations, and correlations among the variables are
presented in Table 5.
Results
Because we manipulated and measured hope, we can perform
41. dual tests of our hypothesis that
hope increases support for social change.3 We performed a
series of multiple regressions, predicting,
first, perceived advantaged and disadvantaged group efficacy
and second, support for social change
from general (manipulated) hope, specific (measured) hope, and
the other measured emotions.4 For
the analyses involving social change, manipulated and measured
emotions were entered at the first
step followed by the two perceived efficacy measures at the
second step. Results of the regression
analyses are presented in Table 6.
3 The general hope manipulation actually served to lower
specific hope (M = 3.50, SD = 1.51) compared to the happy
condition (M = 4.59, SD = 1.50, p = .035) but not compared to
the control condition (M = 4.40, SD = 1.60, p = .087),
F(2,55) = 2.53, p = .089, ηp2 = .084. This makes it necessary to
control for measured hope when investigating the effects of
manipulated hope and vice versa.
4 In addition to the regression analyses, ANCOVAs were
conducted to test the differences between experimental
conditions
on the outcome variables. There was a significant effect of the
manipulation on perceived advantaged group efficacy,
F(2,50) = 3.31, p = .045, ηp2 = .117. Pairwise comparisons
revealed that the hopeful participants perceived the advantaged
group to be more efficacious than happy participants, p = .014,
and more efficacious, although not significantly so, than
control participants, p = .089.
There was a significant effect of the manipulation on perceived
disadvantaged group efficacy, F(2,50) = 3.90, p = .027,
ηp2 = .135. Hopeful participants perceived the disadvantaged
group to be more efficacious than happy participants, p = .008,
but not more efficacious than control participants, p = .210.
42. There was a significant effect of the manipulation on support
for social change, F(2,50) = 3.59, p = .035, ηp2 = .126. Hopeful
participants reported significantly more support than happy
participants, p = .011, and more support than control partici-
pants, p = .060, albeit nonsignificantly.
Greenaway et al.12100 Greenaway et al.
Ta
bl
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5.
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(i
59. Efficacy
Together the emotion manipulation and measures predicted
advantaged efficacy, R2 = .28,
FΔ(6,51) = 3.26, p = .009. The general hope manipulation
independently predicted advantaged effi-
cacy beliefs such that the hope condition predicted greater
perceived advantaged group efficacy,
β = .31, p = .015. Specific hope for intergroup relations also
significantly predicted greater perceived
advantaged group efficacy, β = .55, p = .001. No other variable
was significant, βs < −.16, ps > .276.
Together, the emotion manipulation and measures predicted
disadvantaged efficacy, R2 = .29,
FΔ(6,51) = 3.44, p = .006. The general hope manipulation
independently predicted advantaged effi-
cacy beliefs such that the hope condition predicted greater
perceived disadvantaged group efficacy,
β = .35, p = .007. Specific hope also predicted greater perceived
disadvantaged group efficacy,
β = .37, p = .015. No other variable was significant, βs < −.27,
ps > .162.
Social change. Together the emotion manipulation and measures
predicted social change,
R2 = .39, FΔ(6,51) = 5.51, p < .001. There was a significant
effect of general hope on support for
social change such that the hope condition predicted greater
support for social change, β = .29,
p = .014. Likewise, specific hope was a significant predictor of
greater support for social change in
Step 1, β = .47, p = .001. Sadness also significantly predicted
support for social change, β = .41,
60. p = .020. No other variable was significant, βs < −.23, ps >
.113.
The efficacy variables together predicted support for social
change in Step 2, R2Δ = .05,
FΔ(2,90) = 3.13, p = .048, although advantaged group efficacy
was the only significant independent
predictor, β = .52, p < .001. Disadvantaged group efficacy was
unrelated to support for social change,
β = .03, p = .796. The relationship between general hope and
support for social change became
nonsignificant in Step 2, β = .12, p = .267, as did the
relationship between specific hope and support
for social change, β = .17, p = .203.
General Hope Indirect Effects
There was a significant indirect effect of the hope manipulation
on support for social change
through perceived advantaged group efficacy (controlling for
disadvantaged efficacy and measured
emotions; IE = 0.22, SE = .11, bias-corrected 95% CI: .048,
.494). The indirect effect remains
significant without including the covariates. The effect through
disadvantaged group efficacy was
nonsignificant (controlling for advantaged efficacy and
measured emotions; IE = 0.01, SE = .07,
bias-corrected 95% CI: −.105, .164).
Table 6. Regression Results in Study 4
Disadvantaged Group
Efficacy
Advantaged Group
Efficacy
61. Support for
Social Change
Step 1
Manipulated hope .35** .31* .29*
Measured hope .37* .55*** .47***
Measured happiness .15 −.27 −.23
Measured anger −.27 .15 .11
Measured sadness .35 .08 .41
Measured fear −.06 −.16 −.10
Step 2
Advantaged group efficacy – – .52***
Disadvantaged group efficacy – – .03
Note. Contrast 1 coded as hope = 2, control = −1, happy = −1;
Contrast 2 coded as hope = −1, control = −1, happy = 2.
Entries are standardized regression coefficients. *p < .05, **p <
.01, ***p < .001.
Greenaway et al.14102 Greenaway et al.
Specific Hope Indirect Effects
Bootstrapping analyses with 10,000 resamples confirmed there
was a significant indirect effect
of specific (measured) hope on support for social change
through perceived advantaged group
efficacy (controlling for disadvantaged efficacy, other measured
emotions, and general hope;
IE = 0.20, SE = .08, bias-corrected 95% CI: .082, .390). The
indirect effect remains significant
without including the covariates. There was no significant effect
62. through perceived disadvantaged
group efficacy (controlling for advantaged efficacy, other
measured emotion, and general hope;
IE = 0.01, SE = .04, bias-corrected 95% CI: −.057, .091). The
effect of the alternative model of
advantaged group efficacy increasing social change through
hope was also nonsignificant (IE = .01,
SE = .04, CI: −.062, .103).
Discussion
As predicted, hope increased support for social change both
when experienced in relation to and
separate from the intergroup context. This indicates that
inspiring hope among advantaged group
members, even when unrelated to intergroup relations, can have
positive consequences for willing-
ness to equalize status relations. General feelings of hope were
sufficient to increase an advantaged
group’s willingness to engage in social change and their
perceived efficacy to do so. This relationship
occurred over and above the effects of other emotions on
support for social change.
General Discussion
Our findings show that in addition to promoting reconciliation
(Cohen-Chen et al., 2013;
Halperin & Gross, 2011), hope also promotes willingness to
equalize unequal status relations. This
relationship was observed in two countries with different
intergroup contexts (Study 1) and occurred
over and above the effect of other emotions (Studies 2 and 3).
In Study 4, hope increased support for
social change when measured and manipulated and when related
and unrelated to the intergroup
63. context. In all four studies, the effect of hope was mediated by
the perception that advantaged group
members were efficacious and capable of achieving social
change. Although hope also predicted
perceived disadvantaged group efficacy, it was advantaged
group efficacy that was reliably associ-
ated with support for social change.
Theoretical Implications
The present work has implications for research on emotions in
intergroup contexts as well as
collective action more broadly. In this research, we demonstrate
that hope predicts efficacy and
collective action tendencies among advantaged group members.
We do not mean to imply that hope
is the only positive emotion to predict efficacy or support for
social change. In fact, we found other
positive emotions to be collective action predictors as well. For
example, in Study 3, positive mood
also independently predicted support for social change.
Relatively few studies have considered the
role of positive emotions in promoting social change (e.g.,
Thomas et al., 2009). Our findings
underline the importance of hope as one positive emotion with
the power to increase support for
social change.
By showing hope effects on efficacy and social action, we
contribute theoretical insight into the
action tendencies of hope. These have been traditionally fuzzy
(Lazarus, 1999), but researchers tend
to agree that hope should promote agency and planning that
inspires people to achieve their goals
(Averill et al., 1990; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2002; Snyder,
2002; Snyder et al., 1991). We provided
64. concrete evidence of these action tendencies in the form of
enhanced efficacy beliefs and greater
Hope and Social Change 15Hope and Social Change 103
willingness to act for social change when hope is experienced.
In this, we investigated hope as an
independent driver of social action with its own mediating
mechanisms. Previous work in this area
has been correlational, measuring hope and its associations with
intergroup attitudes. Our research
represents the first work we know of to experimentally
manipulate hope and assess its effects in an
intergroup context.
The effects of the manipulation in Study 4 demonstrated that
hope need not be related to the
intergroup context in order to promote support for social
change. While feelings of hope about a
specific intergroup relationship should promote action relevant
to that particular intergroup context,
it is noteworthy that hope has these effects even when induced
independent of the intergroup context.
An interesting question and direction for future research is
whether hope fosters development of
shared identity between advantaged and disadvantaged groups.
Shared emotion facilitates self-
categorization processes that lead to common in-group identity
(Livingstone et al., 2011). This may
be part of the process by which hope increases support for
social change. Substantial research has
demonstrated that shared social identity inspires collective
action on behalf of those less fortunate
65. (Tausch & Becker, 2013; Thomas et al., 2012). Although we did
not measure the degree to which
advantaged group members believe that disadvantaged groups
share their hope for the future, it is
possible such a perception would magnify the effects observed
here.
Limitations
It is important to be cautious in interpreting the mediation
analyses that locate efficacy as a
mediator in this work. Appraisals of efficacy could also
influence feelings of hope and for this reason
increase support for social change (Cohen-Chen et al., 2013).
Without experimental data, we cannot
provide definitive evidence for a causal mediating chain
(Bullock, Green, & Ha, 2010). Yet, consid-
erable research indicates that efficacy is a key driver of
collective action (Tausch & Becker, 2013;
Thomas et al., 2012; Van Zomeren et al., 2008), which
encourages us that this is an appropriate
ordering of the variables.
There was some variability in the pattern of associations
between emotions and support for
social change across the studies. Happiness is particularly
curious—it correlated positively with
support for social change in Study 2 but negatively in Study 3.
Happiness also reduced support for
social change when experimentally induced in Study 4. Previous
research too has demonstrated that
happiness is not an effective emotion for motivating collective
action (Livingstone et al., 2011). It is
also consistent with the broader literature on emotion and
motivation where low-intensity positive
emotions, such as feeling content, are associated with reduced
66. motivation in general (Gable &
Harmon-Jones, 2011). Indeed, it makes sense that if people feel
satisfied with existing intergroup
relations, they might see little reason to seek out opportunities
to change them.
Considering that anger is typically a strong predictor of
collective action, it might also seem
surprising that it did not independently predict support for
social change. With advantaged groups,
anger has sometimes been associated with resistance to social
change and may not be relevant to the
type of support for social change that we assessed. Anger may
be more important for inspiring
specific actions to address social injustice, particularly among
those suffering from it.
Given that sadness is typically considered to be a deactivating
emotion, it was somewhat
surprising that it was a positive predictor of support for social
change (Study 3). Yet, previous
research has found sadness to be positively associated with
willingness to protest unequal status
relations (Smith et al., 2008). Although we did not measure
guilt directly, feelings of sadness in this
intergroup context may reflect guilt, which is associated with
desire to change the circumstances that
elicited that emotion.
Despite variation in the zero-order relationships involving
different emotions, we found repeat-
edly that hope significantly positively predicted support for
social change, even when controlling for
Greenaway et al.16104 Greenaway et al.
67. shared variance with other emotions. The consistency of this
finding across different contexts and
different measures of hope speaks to the robustness of the
effect.
Political Implications
We have shown that hope motivates people to social action.
However, employing hope to effect
change by politicians may warrant caution. Looking to the long
term, if these change efforts are
thwarted, people could become discouraged from further change
efforts. There is some evidence for
such an effect after President Obama’s first election to office.
Non-African Americans showed a
significant drop in support and willingness to work towards
social justice after his election compared
to before (Kaiser, Drury, Spalding, Cheryan, & O’Brien, 2009).
This phenomenon of “dashed hopes”
could do more to damage a social cause than if hopes had not
been raised in the first place. Hope
appeals therefore must be coupled with concrete action and
visible gains to maintain willingness to
achieve social change in the long term.
People may also resist attempts to induce hope if they appear
heavy-handed or manipulative.
Although we successfully manipulated hope in Study 4 and
showed that this significantly increased
support for social change, it should be noted that hope was
induced in a personal domain and showed
spill-over to the intergroup domain. There is no guarantee that
explicit attempts to increase hope
about social relations will be accepted in a similar manner. A
68. long literature in the social identity
tradition warns of the resistance people can show when exposed
to information that they believe
undermines their positive group identity or is perceived as a
threat to in-group advantage (e.g.,
Branscombe, Schmitt, & Schiffhauer, 2007). Further research is
needed to determine the ideal
methods of inducing hope before the political applications of
this research can be fully understood
and put into practice.
To be maximally effective, messages of hope must come from
in-group members if they are to
be acted upon. Emotional appeals are typically more effective
when presented by someone who
belongs to the same group (e.g., Reicher, Cassidy, Wolpert,
Hopkins, & Levine, 2006). This may
explain Obama’s success in 2008. In presenting a message of
hope, he did so for all Americans—
uniting different groups under a banner of hope for change.
Hope in the context of a shared identity
may hold the key to bringing advantaged and disadvantaged
groups together in a spirit of striving for
social equality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The ideas for this project were developed at the 2010 EASP
Summer School. The authors would
like to thank Katherine Reynolds and Machos Iatridis for their
input at preliminary stages of the
research. Preparation of this article was facilitated by awards to
the lead and final authors from the
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Social Interactions,
Identity, and Well-being Program.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
69. Katharine Greenaway, School of
Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072,
Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
psy.uq.edu.au
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Hope and Social Change 19Hope and Social Change 107
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Choose either "PROGRAMS AT A GLANCE" or
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76. You will notice that the website rates the programs/practices as
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