The document summarizes key features of the Indian constitution:
1. It is one of the longest and most detailed written constitutions in the world, originally containing 395 articles across 22 parts and 8 schedules, and now containing 448 articles across 25 parts and 12 schedules after amendments.
2. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government and an independent judiciary.
3. It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens and also outlines corresponding fundamental duties. It aims to balance rigidity and flexibility through different amendment procedures for ordinary and special provisions.
4. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It
Introduction of constitution, Need of a constitution, Characteristics of Indian Constitution, Indian constitution borrowed features from which countries brief description about it.
Introduction of constitution, Need of a constitution, Characteristics of Indian Constitution, Indian constitution borrowed features from which countries brief description about it.
Salient features of the Indian Constitutionsiddhuvijesh
It came in to effect on 26th January 1950.It provides the detail information of Legislative,Executive and Judiciary functions.It protects the fundamental rights of the people.
The Constitution of India is the Supreme Law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 [2] articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. Dr B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution.
A constitution means a document having a special legal sanctity which sets out the framework and principal functions of the government.
It gives idea about the basic structure of the political system under which its people are to be governed.
It defines the powers of the main organs of the state, demarcates their responsibilities and regulates their relationship with each other and with the people.
It can also be termed as the Fundamental Law of a country which reflects people’s faith and aspirations.
Meaning of federalism:- in the words of prof k.C wheare federalism means there is a single independent authority for the whole area in respect of some matters and there are independent regional authorities for the other matters.
Federalism is a system of government of a country under which there exist simultaneously a federal or central government and several state as contrasted with a unitary state.
Both the central and the state governments derive their powers from the constitution.
Both are supreme in particular spheres and both operate directly on the people.
State government are not subordinate to the central government.
The distribution of legislative power between the center and state is the core of any federal system.
Salient features of the Indian Constitutionsiddhuvijesh
It came in to effect on 26th January 1950.It provides the detail information of Legislative,Executive and Judiciary functions.It protects the fundamental rights of the people.
The Constitution of India is the Supreme Law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 [2] articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. Dr B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution.
A constitution means a document having a special legal sanctity which sets out the framework and principal functions of the government.
It gives idea about the basic structure of the political system under which its people are to be governed.
It defines the powers of the main organs of the state, demarcates their responsibilities and regulates their relationship with each other and with the people.
It can also be termed as the Fundamental Law of a country which reflects people’s faith and aspirations.
Meaning of federalism:- in the words of prof k.C wheare federalism means there is a single independent authority for the whole area in respect of some matters and there are independent regional authorities for the other matters.
Federalism is a system of government of a country under which there exist simultaneously a federal or central government and several state as contrasted with a unitary state.
Both the central and the state governments derive their powers from the constitution.
Both are supreme in particular spheres and both operate directly on the people.
State government are not subordinate to the central government.
The distribution of legislative power between the center and state is the core of any federal system.
A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
The document gives you a brief knowledge of the most important features of our Indian Constitution. For more details visit: https://www.sriramsias.com/blog/8-important-features-of-indian-constitution/
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. About constitution
The indian constitution is a supreme
law of india .It frames fundamental
and political principles ,procedures ,
practices ,rights ,powers and duties of
government .
The constitution of india was adopted
on 26th nov 1949 ,and it came into
effect on 26 jan 1950.
Constitution of india was drafted by
Dr B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman of
drafting comittee)
3. 1.Lenthiest written constitution.
It is one of the bulkiest constitution in the world.
The bulkiness of the Constitution is due to many features which have been
borrowed by India from Constitutions of various countries.
Originally it contains 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules.
After Amendments now it contains 448 articles ,25 parts and 12 schedules.
Last amendment became on 25 january 2020.
It has been amended by 104 times .
The length of the constitution is because of several factors: -
1. It incorporates the experience of all leading constitution.
2. It prescribes constitution for the union as well as for the states.
3. It incorporates detailed provisions regarding centre – state relations.
4. It incorporates special provisions for Jammu Kashmir.
5. It includes justifiable and non – justifiable rights.
6. It contains special provisions to meet regional problems.
4. 2. Single citizenship
There is provision of single citizenship in India.
A person may be living in any state, but he is the citizen of India alone.
The principle of double citizenship promotes regionalism and
provincialism whereas the principle of single citizenship promotes national
unity, therefore the principle of single citizenship is adopted in India.
Under the Constitution, everyone is a citizen of India who on the 26th Of
January, 1950 had domicile of India and who
• Is born in India
• Either whose parents was born in India
• Had been ordinarily resident in India for not less than 5 years.
5. 3. Fundamental Rights
The fundamental Rights are guaranteed by the constitution to all its
citizens through Part III of the constitution
i) Right to Equality
(ii) Right to Freedom
(iii) Right to freedom of Religion .
(iv) Cultural and Educational Rights.
(v) Right against Exploitation.
(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).
One can approach the Supreme Court directly in case of violation of
Fundamental Rights.
6. 4. Fundamental duties .
Constitution provides a list of 11 duties of the citizens, known as
the Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).
To abide by the Constitution and respect the ideals and Institutions.
To respect the National Flag and the National Anthem.
To realize and follow the essential ideals of secularism, democracy and
non-violence.
To preserve the culture and heritage.
To protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of the nation.
To safeguard the public property.
To defend the country even at the cost of our life.
To develop scientific temper.
To protect natural resources.
To avoid Dowry, Gambling, and other Social evils.
To strive towards excellence in the respective spheres of activities of
the individuals
7. 5.India as Democratic ,socialist
,sovereign ,secular and republic state.
Democratic state: means that the citizens of India have the power to elect their
representatives in the government and , the government is responsible to the
people.
Socialist state because the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution the achievement
of socialist goals are through democratic and non-violent means.
Sovereign state because it is absolutely independent and it is not under the
control of any other state. Manages its all internal and external affairs freely.
Secular state as the state has no specific religion of its own. Every citizen is free to
follow, practice, and profess the religion of their choice.
Republic state :as it is not ruled by a heredity monarch, whereas, the head of the
state (the President) is elected by the people indirectly for a fixed period of 5 years.
8. 6.Parliamentary system of Government.
Indian Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of
government.
President is the nominal or Constitutional head of the state.
He is elected from elected members from Rajya Sabha
(Council of States) and Lok Sabha (the House of the People),
as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies
of States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry,
according to the Election Commission for a fixed period of 5
years.
Prime Minister is the real or executive head of the state and
is collectively responsible for the management of the Council
of Ministers. The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers
are directly elected by the Indian citizens in their respective
constituencies.
9. 7.Independent Judiciary.
The constitution provides Independent judiciary
i.e is free from interference from the other organs of the government.
Judges are appointed by the President.
Judges of Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except
through an extremely complex process.
Supreme Court judges salaries, pensions, and allowances are charged
to India's Consolidated Fund
Power to punish for self – disregard.
Ban on judges practice after retirement…etc
10. 8. Mixture of Rigidity and Flexibile.
The Constitution of India is said to be the perfect mixture of rigidity and
flexibility.
It is because some provisions of the Constitution can be amended very easily
while complex processes can only amend the others.
As per Article 368, of the Constitution provides for two special methods of
amendment:
(i) Most of the provisions of the Constitution can be amended by the Union
Parliament by passing an Amendment Bill by a majority of total membership
and 2/3rd majority of members present and voting in each of its two Houses.
(ii) For the amendment of some specified parts, a very rigid method has been
provided. Under it, first the Union Parliament passes the Amendment Bill by a
majority of total membership and 2/3rd majority of members present and
voting in each house , and then it goes to the State Legislatures for ratification.
The Amendment gets passed only when it is approved by not less than one
half of the several states of the Union.
11. 9. Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IV of the Constitution, the Directive Principles of State Policies
aims to make India a welfare state.
This part of the Constitution mentions certain guidelines for the State
with the objective of socio-economic development.
All three governments of the country, Central, State, and Local are
expected to frame welfare policies in accordance with this part of the
Constitution
The Directive Principles are not enforceable by the courts for their
violation.
12. 10.Judicial Activism and Judicial Review.
Judicial Activism:
Through the Public Interest Litigation system (PIL) and many
other ways, the judiciary has been keeping an eye on the
functioning of the legislature and the executive and if the
judiciary feels that there is a need for some more effective
policies or laws on a certain topic of public importance, the
Judiciary can suggest or make temporary laws in the favor of
those topics.
Judicial Review:
This part of the Constitution gives the judiciary a right to
review each law and further declare them as unconstitutional
or invalid according to the decisions.
