In Orkney islands, a number of wind energy projects have been established due to its potential for wind
energy development especially as cluster developments on hilltop and moorland. This Self-sufficient
Orkney Wind Energy (SOWE) project is trying to follow this pattern of development and has designed as a
simple linear development of medium-large scale wind turbines which avoids dominating the landscape,
while providing diversification required for the energy security, along with strong economic benefits to the
local community. The developer completed preliminary designs and landscape assessment, resulting in the
detailed design and the development of 27 wind turbine project for the expectation to generated electricity
of 549.2 GWh annually.
Feasibility Study of Standalone Hybrid Power System Modeled With Photovoltaic...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
Carbon Emission Factor for Ukrainian Electricity GridMykola Shlapak
The article provides the results of calculation of carbon emission factor for Ukrainian electricity grid for the period 2012-2015 using publicly available data. Carbon emission factor for Ukrainian electricity grid is estimated using operation margin emission factor method in line with the provisions of the latest versions of the relevant CDM tools. The results provided could be used when calculating GHG emission reduction for renewable energy (where a project activity supplies electricity to a grid) and energy efficiency projects (project activity that results in savings of electricity that would have been provided by the grid.
Simulative Design of an Indigenous PV Renewable Energy Farm SystemOfierohorEndurance
This paper proposes a greener environmental-friendly, renewable energy power generation solution
deployable to indigenous farmlands in Nigeria when comparing them to the use of fossil fuels which produce
high-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The PV solar panel farm system comprises of 4 PV arrays delivering
a sum of 400kW at 100W/m2 sun irradiance in connection to the Grid. The Design and Simulation model (as
shown in Figure 5) in this paper were carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK version 2021a comprising of
various physical and mathematical block models. The results (as seen in Figure 23) show the real power, reactive
power and apparent power help to indicate the outstanding performance index of the model when compared to
fossil fuel power generation. The economic relevance of this design is its ability to attenuate the cost of power
generation and global warming.
Feasibility Study of Standalone Hybrid Power System Modeled With Photovoltaic...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
Carbon Emission Factor for Ukrainian Electricity GridMykola Shlapak
The article provides the results of calculation of carbon emission factor for Ukrainian electricity grid for the period 2012-2015 using publicly available data. Carbon emission factor for Ukrainian electricity grid is estimated using operation margin emission factor method in line with the provisions of the latest versions of the relevant CDM tools. The results provided could be used when calculating GHG emission reduction for renewable energy (where a project activity supplies electricity to a grid) and energy efficiency projects (project activity that results in savings of electricity that would have been provided by the grid.
Simulative Design of an Indigenous PV Renewable Energy Farm SystemOfierohorEndurance
This paper proposes a greener environmental-friendly, renewable energy power generation solution
deployable to indigenous farmlands in Nigeria when comparing them to the use of fossil fuels which produce
high-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The PV solar panel farm system comprises of 4 PV arrays delivering
a sum of 400kW at 100W/m2 sun irradiance in connection to the Grid. The Design and Simulation model (as
shown in Figure 5) in this paper were carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK version 2021a comprising of
various physical and mathematical block models. The results (as seen in Figure 23) show the real power, reactive
power and apparent power help to indicate the outstanding performance index of the model when compared to
fossil fuel power generation. The economic relevance of this design is its ability to attenuate the cost of power
generation and global warming.
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This paper introduces a study of utilizing solar energy farm that is integrated with the national grid based on intensive data availability of solar energy in Jordan. The study discusses the impact and the ability of integrating solar farms into the national grid of Jordan. The study considerd different cases and, various power system studies for connection points of solar farms to medium voltage networks. Among these studies are short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses. The main objective of the study is to analyze impacts of integration of solar farms on distribution systems of the chosen areas. Photovoltaic (PV) system with varying penetration levels are integrated at different locations (connection points) into the distribution network. Calculations are performed and models are built using actual data obtained from the Jordanian power grid with PV interconnection. The effect of the short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses in the distribution system are also analyzed. Finally, the most suitable method of connecting the solar farm to the national power network is recommended.
Economic and Optimization Study of an Hybrid Solar-Diesel System for A Coaste...paperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic power system has become most acceptable renewable energy system for rural areas that do not have access to grid system. This system was designed to supply electricity to Akodo which does not have access to the national grid network of power supply in Nigeria. Akodo, a community in Ibeju Lekki Local Government Area of Lagos State, which is made up of about 150 houses and requires about 89KW load which can be supply conveniently by the solar diesel system, is found to be more appropriate in this research work. The initial cost seemed to be on the high side, but on the long run the maintenance of the system which was very minute accorded the system significant advantage. It is now economical to embark on this research work which would be found to be highly beneficial.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Modelling and Engineering Building Power Integration System Based...SyamsirAbduh2
The intensity of energy consumption for commercial buildings in Jakarta is quite high. It is around 240 kWH/m2/year by USAID-ASEAN, IFC and JICA. In Tokyo, the intensity of energy consumption is around 140 kWH/m2/year. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources releases about the usage of energy in Indonesia, it is said that the usage coal is 62.7%, gas 21.2%, oil 4.0% and renewable energy 11.4%. The government has made an electricity supply business plan for 2019-2028, it is stated that renewable energy 23%, oil 0.4%, gas 22.2% and coal 54.4%. The data from Emporis.GmBH state that the total number of buildings in Jakarta is 962 high-rise buildings and 244 skyscraper buildings. This research aim is to overcome the energy needs and reduce the cost of energy in a building, by utilizing the potential of renewable energy produced by the building. This research uses the literature study or library research method. This study found a source of renewable energy electricity, namely GTP with a capacity of 18.52 kW and generating an RPV of 126.9 kW with a total PEBT of 145.42 kW. An efficiency generating of 4,72% between PEFK and PEBT, 17.50% between PLAMP/STK with PEBT and 25.63% between PPUMP and PGTP. Based on the building power efficiency integration system, it shows that the renewable energy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
CONTRIBUTEDP A P E RHigh-Power Wind EnergyConversion S.docxdonnajames55
CONTRIBUTED
P A P E R
High-Power Wind Energy
Conversion Systems:
State-of-the-Art and
Emerging Technologies
Wind energy installed capacity increased exponentially over the past three decades,
and has become a real alternative to increase renewable energy penetration
into the energy mix.
By Venkata Yaramasu, Member IEEE, Bin Wu, Fellow IEEE, Paresh C. Sen, Life Fellow IEEE,
Samir Kouro, Member IEEE, and Mehdi Narimani, Member IEEE
ABSTRACT | This paper presents a comprehensive study on the
state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from
the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to de-
crease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion
efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the strin-
gent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic
converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the mar-
ket based survey, the most successful generator-converter
configurations are addressed along with few promising topol-
ogies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected
converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for
multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate
dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conver-
sion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage
category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations
are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of
wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc
transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used
in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are
also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt
WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical tech-
nologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The
important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of
various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The
list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along
with technical details.
KEYWORDS | ac-ac; ac-dc; dc-ac; dc-dc power conversion;
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); fault-ride through (FRT);
grid codes; low voltage (LV); medium voltage (MV); multilevel
converters; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG);
power electronics; squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG);
wind energy conversion systems (WECS); wind farms; wound
rotor induction generator (WRIG); wound rotor synchronous
generator (WRSG)
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
Due to depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns
about global warming, renewable energy sources have
emerged as a new paradigm to fulfill the energy needs of
our society. In recent years, electricity production from the
hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass
energy sources has come under increasing attention [1],
[2]. By 2012, the power production from renewable energy
sources worldwide exceeded 1470 gigawatt (GW) repre-
senting approximately 19% of global energy co.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
Benefits in moving the intra-array voltage from 33 kV to 66 kV AC for large o...Torben Haagh
What are the benefits in moving from 33 kV to 66 kV? Carbon Trust's and Atkins's view
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms.
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms.
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms. Read the paper here:
http://bit.ly/AtkinsWhitepaper
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
Electric vehicles as the future of personal transportation?benboycott
An analysis of three cases against and three cases for electric vehicles. Cases against include: well to wheel carbon emissions, power station requirements and rare earth metal supply. Cases for include: carbon reduction and facilitation of renewable electricity, reduced reliance on oil and health improvements in urban environments.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Introduction
With the development of the Renewable Energy Sources worldwide, the concept of a global electricity network has been imagined in order to take advantage of the diversity from different time zones, seasons, load patterns and the intermittency of the generation, thus supporting a balanced coordination of power supply of all interconnected countries.
In 2016, CIGRE decided to launch a feasibility study on this concept of global electricity network. In this respect, the WG C1.35 has been set up to provide a possible geographical and technical configuration and preconditions for its feasibility considering technology and economical aspects.
A Markov model of generator performance at the Kainji hydro-power station in...IJECEIAES
The Kainji hydropower station is a seven turbo-alternator station that for many years served as the base load supply for the Nigerian power grid. Over 200,000 pieces of data about the performance of the machines were used to estimate values of the failure and repair rates for each machine and a Markov steady-state model of the plant was constructed to determine the probability output of the turbines. This result showed that Kaplan turbine (KT) 12 is prone to failure compared to any other KT unit in the hydropower plant. Also, the clusters of probability that define the system state due to the different output capacities of the units show that the hydropower plant has not performed to its maximum capacity, further evaluation shows that 60% of the KT machine units are operating which is consistent with the observed robustness of the output. The model not only conforms to observations but reasonably provide a means of studying the effects of different actions that may be taken to improve the performance of hydropower plant.
Assessment of off-shore wind turbines for application in Saudi Arabia IJECEIAES
This paper presents models and economic analysis of ten different wind turbines for the region of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia using the hybrid optimization models for energy resources (HOMER) software. This study serves as a guide for decision makers to choose the most suitable wind turbine for Yanbu to meet the target of 58.7GW of renewable energy as part of Saudi Vision 2030. The analysis was carried out based on the turbines initial capital cost, operating cost, net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Additionally, the wind turbines were compared based on their electricity production, excess energy and the size of the storage devices required. The results show that Enercon E-126 EP4 wind turbine has the least LCOE (0.0885 $/kWh) and NPC ($23.8), while WES 30 has the highest LCOE (0.142 $/kWh) and NPC ($38.3) for a typical load profile of a village in Yanbu.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
More Related Content
Similar to FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORKNEY’S WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT FOR ENERGY IN ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ROAD TRANSPORT SECTORS
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This paper introduces a study of utilizing solar energy farm that is integrated with the national grid based on intensive data availability of solar energy in Jordan. The study discusses the impact and the ability of integrating solar farms into the national grid of Jordan. The study considerd different cases and, various power system studies for connection points of solar farms to medium voltage networks. Among these studies are short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses. The main objective of the study is to analyze impacts of integration of solar farms on distribution systems of the chosen areas. Photovoltaic (PV) system with varying penetration levels are integrated at different locations (connection points) into the distribution network. Calculations are performed and models are built using actual data obtained from the Jordanian power grid with PV interconnection. The effect of the short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses in the distribution system are also analyzed. Finally, the most suitable method of connecting the solar farm to the national power network is recommended.
Economic and Optimization Study of an Hybrid Solar-Diesel System for A Coaste...paperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic power system has become most acceptable renewable energy system for rural areas that do not have access to grid system. This system was designed to supply electricity to Akodo which does not have access to the national grid network of power supply in Nigeria. Akodo, a community in Ibeju Lekki Local Government Area of Lagos State, which is made up of about 150 houses and requires about 89KW load which can be supply conveniently by the solar diesel system, is found to be more appropriate in this research work. The initial cost seemed to be on the high side, but on the long run the maintenance of the system which was very minute accorded the system significant advantage. It is now economical to embark on this research work which would be found to be highly beneficial.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Analysis of Modelling and Engineering Building Power Integration System Based...SyamsirAbduh2
The intensity of energy consumption for commercial buildings in Jakarta is quite high. It is around 240 kWH/m2/year by USAID-ASEAN, IFC and JICA. In Tokyo, the intensity of energy consumption is around 140 kWH/m2/year. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources releases about the usage of energy in Indonesia, it is said that the usage coal is 62.7%, gas 21.2%, oil 4.0% and renewable energy 11.4%. The government has made an electricity supply business plan for 2019-2028, it is stated that renewable energy 23%, oil 0.4%, gas 22.2% and coal 54.4%. The data from Emporis.GmBH state that the total number of buildings in Jakarta is 962 high-rise buildings and 244 skyscraper buildings. This research aim is to overcome the energy needs and reduce the cost of energy in a building, by utilizing the potential of renewable energy produced by the building. This research uses the literature study or library research method. This study found a source of renewable energy electricity, namely GTP with a capacity of 18.52 kW and generating an RPV of 126.9 kW with a total PEBT of 145.42 kW. An efficiency generating of 4,72% between PEFK and PEBT, 17.50% between PLAMP/STK with PEBT and 25.63% between PPUMP and PGTP. Based on the building power efficiency integration system, it shows that the renewable energy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
CONTRIBUTEDP A P E RHigh-Power Wind EnergyConversion S.docxdonnajames55
CONTRIBUTED
P A P E R
High-Power Wind Energy
Conversion Systems:
State-of-the-Art and
Emerging Technologies
Wind energy installed capacity increased exponentially over the past three decades,
and has become a real alternative to increase renewable energy penetration
into the energy mix.
By Venkata Yaramasu, Member IEEE, Bin Wu, Fellow IEEE, Paresh C. Sen, Life Fellow IEEE,
Samir Kouro, Member IEEE, and Mehdi Narimani, Member IEEE
ABSTRACT | This paper presents a comprehensive study on the
state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from
the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to de-
crease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion
efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the strin-
gent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic
converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the mar-
ket based survey, the most successful generator-converter
configurations are addressed along with few promising topol-
ogies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected
converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for
multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate
dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conver-
sion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage
category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations
are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of
wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc
transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used
in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are
also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt
WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical tech-
nologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The
important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of
various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The
list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along
with technical details.
KEYWORDS | ac-ac; ac-dc; dc-ac; dc-dc power conversion;
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); fault-ride through (FRT);
grid codes; low voltage (LV); medium voltage (MV); multilevel
converters; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG);
power electronics; squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG);
wind energy conversion systems (WECS); wind farms; wound
rotor induction generator (WRIG); wound rotor synchronous
generator (WRSG)
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
Due to depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns
about global warming, renewable energy sources have
emerged as a new paradigm to fulfill the energy needs of
our society. In recent years, electricity production from the
hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass
energy sources has come under increasing attention [1],
[2]. By 2012, the power production from renewable energy
sources worldwide exceeded 1470 gigawatt (GW) repre-
senting approximately 19% of global energy co.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
Benefits in moving the intra-array voltage from 33 kV to 66 kV AC for large o...Torben Haagh
What are the benefits in moving from 33 kV to 66 kV? Carbon Trust's and Atkins's view
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms.
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms.
Carbon Trust in collaboration with Atkins plc worked on a paper that highlights the potential for higher voltage inter-array systems to deliver significant cost benefits and higher yields to the design of future offshore wind farms. Read the paper here:
http://bit.ly/AtkinsWhitepaper
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
Electric vehicles as the future of personal transportation?benboycott
An analysis of three cases against and three cases for electric vehicles. Cases against include: well to wheel carbon emissions, power station requirements and rare earth metal supply. Cases for include: carbon reduction and facilitation of renewable electricity, reduced reliance on oil and health improvements in urban environments.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Introduction
With the development of the Renewable Energy Sources worldwide, the concept of a global electricity network has been imagined in order to take advantage of the diversity from different time zones, seasons, load patterns and the intermittency of the generation, thus supporting a balanced coordination of power supply of all interconnected countries.
In 2016, CIGRE decided to launch a feasibility study on this concept of global electricity network. In this respect, the WG C1.35 has been set up to provide a possible geographical and technical configuration and preconditions for its feasibility considering technology and economical aspects.
A Markov model of generator performance at the Kainji hydro-power station in...IJECEIAES
The Kainji hydropower station is a seven turbo-alternator station that for many years served as the base load supply for the Nigerian power grid. Over 200,000 pieces of data about the performance of the machines were used to estimate values of the failure and repair rates for each machine and a Markov steady-state model of the plant was constructed to determine the probability output of the turbines. This result showed that Kaplan turbine (KT) 12 is prone to failure compared to any other KT unit in the hydropower plant. Also, the clusters of probability that define the system state due to the different output capacities of the units show that the hydropower plant has not performed to its maximum capacity, further evaluation shows that 60% of the KT machine units are operating which is consistent with the observed robustness of the output. The model not only conforms to observations but reasonably provide a means of studying the effects of different actions that may be taken to improve the performance of hydropower plant.
Assessment of off-shore wind turbines for application in Saudi Arabia IJECEIAES
This paper presents models and economic analysis of ten different wind turbines for the region of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia using the hybrid optimization models for energy resources (HOMER) software. This study serves as a guide for decision makers to choose the most suitable wind turbine for Yanbu to meet the target of 58.7GW of renewable energy as part of Saudi Vision 2030. The analysis was carried out based on the turbines initial capital cost, operating cost, net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Additionally, the wind turbines were compared based on their electricity production, excess energy and the size of the storage devices required. The results show that Enercon E-126 EP4 wind turbine has the least LCOE (0.0885 $/kWh) and NPC ($23.8), while WES 30 has the highest LCOE (0.142 $/kWh) and NPC ($38.3) for a typical load profile of a village in Yanbu.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
concentration distribution and temperature distribution are evaluated. The obtained results exhibit that
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
In Databases one of the active research fields is mapping relational databases (RDB) into Resource
Description Framework (RDF). An enormous data is kept in the form of relational databases and accessing
of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHN...AEIJjournal2
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity C...AEIJjournal2
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
A MODIFIED ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEMAEIJjournal2
Solving the unit commitment (UC) problem is one of the most complicated issues in power systems that its
exact solving can be calculated by perfect counting of entire possible compounds of generative units. UC is
equated as a nonlinear optimization with huge size. Purpose of solving this problem is to programming the
optimization of the generative units to minimize the full action cost regarding problem constraints. In this
article, a modified version of ant colony optimization (MACO) is introduced for solving the UC problem in
a power system. ACO algorithm is a powerful optimization method which has the capability of fleeing from
local minimums by performing flexible memory system. The efficiency of proposed method in two power
system containing 4 and 10 generative units is indicated. Comparison of obtained results from the proposed
method with results of the past well-known methods is a proof for suitability of performing the introduced
algorithm in economic input and output of generative units.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptx
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORKNEY’S WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT FOR ENERGY IN ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ROAD TRANSPORT SECTORS
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
DOI : 10.5121/aeij.2018.5201 1
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORKNEY’S WINDFARM
DEVELOPMENT FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT FOR
ENERGY IN ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND ROAD
TRANSPORT SECTORS
Prattana Kaewpet1
, Colin Bullen2
1
Corresponding Author: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung 1 Rd., Ladkrabang,
Bangkok, Thailand, 10520.
2
International Center for Island Technology, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure
and Society, Heriot-Watt Univeristy, Old Academy, Back Road, Stromness, Orkney,
KW16 3AW, Scotland.
ABSTRACT
In Orkney islands, a number of wind energy projects have been established due to its potential for wind
energy development especially as cluster developments on hilltop and moorland. This Self-sufficient
Orkney Wind Energy (SOWE) project is trying to follow this pattern of development and has designed as a
simple linear development of medium-large scale wind turbines which avoids dominating the landscape,
while providing diversification required for the energy security, along with strong economic benefits to the
local community. The developer completed preliminary designs and landscape assessment, resulting in the
detailed design and the development of 27 wind turbine project for the expectation to generated electricity
of 549.2 GWh annually.
The SOWE project has been designed and selected the use of the Enercon E44 - 900 kW and Norex N80 -
2.5 MW wind turbines. These machines represent the maximum scale, respectively, as;
• the site layout and all modelling have used a 45m, and 60m turbine tower height;
• a rotor diameter of 44 m, and 80 m; and
• The blade length is 22 m and 40 m.
It has been found that the SOWE project provides a promising contribution towards the Scottish
Government renewable energy production and carbon reduction targets.
KEYWORDS
feasibility study, windfarm, Orkney, road transport
1.INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is the transformation of kinetic energy that is obtained from the moving air. Because
the amount of power and energy output substantially increase as the wind speed increases, the
most cost-effective wind turbines are located in the windiest areas. Wind energy can be used for
either mechanical application: mainly (water pumping) (see Figure 1) or electricity generation.
Wind energy has a number of benefits which make it an ideal renewable energy, as can be
described as follows:
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
2
• Wind energy is a sustainable form of energy as it is pollution-free.
• It does not create greenhouse gases, toxic or radioactive waste.
• Any fuel is not required.
Figure 1: The component of wind turbines to pump water for agricultural purpose (DEDE (Department of
Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency), 2018)
However, producing energy from wind using wind machines can cause some negative effects on
environment such as on wild bird populations and the visual impact on the landscape (Office of
Energy efficiency & Renewable Energy, 2018). Wind turbines may also cause noise and aesthetic
pollution (An-Najah National University, 2018).
1.1 Electricity Transmission Lines and Wind Speed in Orkney
A grid connection application will be expected to be accepted by Scottish and Southern Energy,
and it is intended that the turbines will operate under the innovative Registered Power Zone
scheme. There are 11 kV and 33 kV electricity transmission lines in the area. And the turbines are
to be connected to the local distribution system via a switchgear. The average wind speed at the
proposed locations is investigated via http://www.bwea.org/noabl/. In this project, the average
wind speed applied is 9.3 m/s or 20.7 mph according to (Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd, n.d.)
and (Assessment, 2010). Based on manufacturer’s predictions, 27 wind turbines located on 8 sites
proposed will have a capacity factor around 45% and will produce 549.2 GWh of renewable
capacity per annum equivalent to the Orkney electricity requirement for both electricity and road
transport sectors. Approximately, the production of 268.5 thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide per
annum (Carbon Trust) can be deducted from the production of electricity from renewable
resources.
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
3
1.2 Energy Requirement in Orkney
The resource quantified by Aquatera shows that, in the future, Orkney possesses very significant
sources of renewable energy. These sources include a number of wind turbines, in which
technology Orkney has been a pioneer for many years. This is the reason the developer has been
introducing the project to generate electricity from wind power to sustain the electricity
production within year 2030 timeframe. There are 46 of 1 MW units that receive medium level of
acceptability barriers while the current electricity consumption in Orkney is given the number of
around 35 MW at maximum (Orkney Islands Council, 2009).
Given these goals, target level of wind energy generation in Orkney can be linked to levels of
both electricity and electrical energy usage for transport sector. The amount of wind energy
capacity would be required to meet these equivalence goals, based on 40% efficiency level
according to the report provided by OIC. The installed capacity of wind energy for electricity use
equivalent would be of 50 MW. With this installed capacity required, the type of electrical
infrastructure required would be Active management of existing grid (Orkney Islands Council,
2009). As the electricity use equivalence of 50 MW does not need new grid connection (Orkney
Islands Council, 2009), it is expected to be achieved in Orkney in a relatively short time scale
with active management of the grid. However, there is additional energy required to meet the
total road transport by establishing a 75:25 mix of electric and hydrogen vehicles and supporting
infrastructures to be considered. Therefore, the new 200 MW grid connection is required.
To develop wind farms for electricity production in Orkney (see an example of wind farm in
Orkney in Figure 2), some necessary documents are studied. Based on Scottish National Heritage
(SNH) guidance for strategic planning of wind farms (“Landscape Assessment for Potential
Strategic Wind Energy Development in Orkney,” n.d.), it is recommended that the landscape
capacity for wind energy should be assessed on the basis that a degree of change to landscape
character should be accepted. In general, landscape and visual resources should not be affected,
and some of the more sensitive landscapes should be protected from wind energy development
(“Landscape Assessment for Potential Strategic Wind Energy Development in Orkney,” n.d.).
Figure 2: Hammars Hill Wind Farm viewed from Evie School (Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd., 2017)
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
4
2.WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT
The Scottish Ministers have set a target of generating 40% (since quantified s 6 GW) of
Scotland’s electricity from renewable source by 2020 and confirmed that this target should not be
regarded as a cap. It is stated that the importance of using clean and sustainable energy from
renewable sources will continue to increase a s a result of global goals to tackle climate change
and the requirement to ensure and diverse energy supplies. As a part of Scotland, Orkney has
been supported by the Scottish Ministers regarding the full range of renewable generation
technologies to realise its considerable wind energy potential. Accordingly, this project will
provide electricity from renewable source, wind energy to support Orkney’s electricity demands
(Series, n.d.).
2.1 Scale of Wind farms
Orkney is a remote rural island community, with no gas network, it has over recent decades had a
high dependency on imported oil and coal as its main sources of energy. Orkney suffers high
rates of fuel poverty due to the cool and windy climate as well as the higher costs of fuel. The
costs of fuel in Orkney are higher than in other parts of the UK owning to the transportation costs
involved in delivering. Because of those factors affecting Orkney’s community well-being, a
cost-effective way of harvesting the energy needed from renewable energy is attractive. However,
due to the limitation of the grid capacity, the amount of renewable energy that Orkney can
accommodate will require further upgrade of the grid as mentioned previously (in 1.1). This
section gives an overview of the energy usage in Orkney. Electricity can be imported /exported to
and from Orkney via two 33kV (20 MVA) submarine cables. Renewables such as wind are now
the predominant potential source of electricity in Orkney (ORKNEY.COM, n.d.).
Energy use in Orkney can be categorised into three main energy uses (Aquatera Ltd, 2014)
comprising Buildings and Utilities, Transport, and Residual fuel use, which encompasses all
other terrestrial energy. In this windfarm development project, we are interested in the supplying
annual energy requirements which include (1) electricity consumption and (2) energy requirement
in road transport sector by considering their variability. Orkney’s electricity consumption is
equivalent to around 35 MW at maximum. The levels of potential wind energy is very substantial,
which is totally around 256 MW installed capacity with medium and low acceptability from the
community, respectively (Orkney Islands Council, 2009)]. To cover the equivalent electricity
needed in road transport sector which is around 109 GWh (Aquatera Ltd, 2014), the calculation
for installed capacity in addition to the maximum electricity need from the electricity sector (35
MW), the load factor of wind energy is required. Plant load factor is the average hourly quantity
of electricity supplied during the year, expressed as a percentage of the average output capability
at the beginning and the end of year (Department for Business, 2016). Alternatively, it can be
called as annual load factor which is the load factor of generating station over a period of a year
of approximately 8,760 hours (Science Dictionary, 2017).
Onshore wind speeds in 2015 in the UK were the highest in the last fifteen years. This resulted in
the highest onshore wind load factor at 29.4 per cent, and an increase of 3.0 percentage points on
2014, reflecting the higher wind speeds and technological advances in newer sites. (Department
for Business, 2016). But in Orkney, L.F. is assessed to be as high as 0.45 (Assessment, 2010).
Assuming the onshore wind load factor at 45% (Assessment, 2010),
Load factor L. F. % =
! "
! #! $ ! ! %
& ' 100%
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
5
The substitute the number,
45 = ,
109 x 10 / kWh
the total number of kWh at its maximum continuous rating
< ' 100%
the total number of kWh at its maximum continuous rating = ,
109 x 10 /
kWh
45
< ' 100%
= 242 × 10/ kWh
This results in the need of the installed capacity of wind farm for additional equivalent electricity
for road transport of 27.7 MW. To sum up, the island’s equivalent annual electricity requirements
in two key sectors by 2030 – electricity demand and road transport: Energy required from wind
farms = 35 MW + 27.7 MW = 62.7 MW. So, in order to provide the energy by the construction of
sufficient wind farms and appropriate infrastructures, the scale of wind farm suggested would be
around 62.7 MW.
2.2 Landscape assessment
Areas with Greatest Capacity for Wind Energy Development in Orkney identified include
(“Landscape Assessment for Potential Strategic Wind Energy Development in Orkney,” n.d.):
• Moorland Hill (ORK 20)
• Low Moorland (ORK 17)
• Low Island Pastures (ORK 14)
• Undulating Island Pastures (ORK 5)
Six areas in Orkney considered the highest underlying capacity for wind energy development
which has been taking into consideration based on a combination of one or more factors including
suitable larger scale simple landforms, landscape patterns, existing development/ land use
affecting character, lower visual sensitivity and lower landscape value (“Landscape Assessment
for Potential Strategic Wind Energy Development in Orkney,” n.d.) are:
• Brough Ness, South Ronaldsay;
• Flotta, Fara and the landscape around Lyness to the south west of Scapa Flow;
• The south facing slopes of the Moorland Hills of West Mainland overlooking Scapa
Flow;
• The northern Moorland Hills of East Mainland;
• Rothiesholm on Stronsay; and
• Spur Ness, southern Sanday. (6a): Undulating Island Pastures
According to the study of strategic wind energy development in Orkney: it can be concluded that:
• The greatest opportunities of strategic wind energy development in Orkney arise on
Stronsay, south west Scapa Flow and Sanday, with developments of turbines up to 150m
in height potentially acceptable on Stronsay and Sanday.
• There is the potential for larger scale strategic developments on the Moorland Hills of
north Mainland.
Due to the scale of recommended wind farms (62.7 MW), this project only considers wind
turbines of 50m or greater in terms of their potential to generate electricity in the areas for wind
farm development and their contribution to cumulative issues. In general, turbines with the
dimension of smaller than 50m in height have limited landscape and visual effects.
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
6
Accordingly, the wind farm developments in each area are recommended in this feasibility study
as follows:
• A single turbine (50-80m) at Low Island Pastures, Golta = 1 turbine of
• A single turbine (50-80m) at West Flotta Low Moorland =1 turbine of
• A small array (x3 of 50-80m) at Hoy Moorland Hills, Lyness = 3 turbines of
• A small array (x3 of 50-80m) at Brough Ness, South Ronaldsay = 3 turbines of
• A small array (x3 of 50-80m) at South Mainland Moorland Hills = 3 turbines of
• A small windfarm (x6 of 50-80m) at North Mainland Moorland Hills (Burgar Hill) = 6
turbines of
• A small windfarm (x5 of 125m) at Rothiesholm, Stronsay = 5 turbines of and
• A small windfarm (x5 of 125m) at Sanday (Loth, Spur Ness) = 5 turbines of
2.3 Project description
The average wind speed in different parts of Orkney can be investigated via
http://www.bwea.org/noabl/. In this project, the average wind speed applied is 9.3 m/s or
20.7 mph according to (Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd, n.d.) and (Assessment, 2010).
Based on manufacturer’s predictions, the wind turbines located on these sites will have a
capacity factor of around 45%. The project aims to produce around 549.2 GWh of
renewable electricity per annum. Electricity produced from renewable resources avoids
the emission of pollution, and the production of around 549.2 GWh of wind electricity is
projected to avoid the production of around 268.5 thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide per
annum (Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd, n.d.).
2.4 Determining wind turbine sizes
A range of alternative wind turbine models has been considered for the proposed
locations in this project. It is intended that the project should attempt to maximise
generation within the identified constraints, with ecological and visual impact, noise
impact, transportation and grid capacity. It was found that as the equivalent electricity
needed for Orkney is around 62.7 MW, 24 wind turbines of 2.5 MW and 3 wind turbines
of 900 kW have been selected.
3. TRANSPORT MIX
3.1 Low carbon vehicle technologies
Only the road transport sector energy usage is applied for the calculation of the future
implementation of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles that will be required up to year 2030.
Using the data from the feasibility study of the possible levels of EVs adoption in Orkney, in
moderate scenario (Lane, Tyne, & Johnstone, 2015), based on an analysis of Orkney’s
population, vehicle ownership trends, and EVs growth projections from previous studies, in
combination with the amount of energy produced for each sectors in road transport sector to
estimate the numbers of EVs that could be adopted in Orkney by 2030. It can be recalculated
from the number of EVs and the energy generated in MWh that for 1 Electric Vehicle will require
around 2.8MWh per annum (2,549 EVs will generate 7,136 MWh). Therefore, as the energy
consumption of EVs is 2.8 times less than that of fossil fuel cars, the total numbers of EVs are
9,674. The details of each type of EVs for different road transport sector are displayed in Tables
3.1- 3.3. The total wind capacity remaining from the use of EVs for road transport sector will be
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
7
around 6MW. In this case, it could be recommended that for the developer to either reduce the
wind capacity or increase the number of EVs. Alternatively, the remaining capacity can be used
to produce hydrogen as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles.
Table 1: Wind energy required and produced in each sectors of road transport sector in Orkney at the load
factor (L.F.) at 0.45
Sector
Total RE
capacity
(MW)
L.F.*
Energy
produced per
annum (kWh)
Energy required
for EVs (kWh)
Number
of EVs
Domestic 11.64 0.45 45,884,880 16,387,457 5853
Commercial &
Industrial
7.44 0.45 29,328,480 10,474,457 3741
Public
Administration
1.72 0.45 6,780,240 2,421,514 81
total 20.8 9674
* (Aquatera Ltd, 2014)
Table 2: Numbers of FCVs required to fulfil the need for road transport sector in addition to EVs
Sector
Total RE capacity
(MW)
L.F.
Energy produced per annum
(MWh)
Number of
FCVs
FCVs 6.9 0.45 27298 5223
To summarise, the numbers of EVs and FCVs that will be required for road transport sectors in
Orkney for all application sectors are equivalent to 9,674 EVs and 5,223 FCVs.
Table 3: Conclusion of the number of EVs and FCVs and their energy consumption
Vehicle Types
Numbers of
Vehicles
Energy consumed
(MWh)
Energy
remaining
(MWh)
RE Capacity
remained
(MW)
EVs 9674 29283.4* 52710.17 6
FCVs 5223 9749.4** 17548.9 2
Total 14897 39032.8 70259.1 8
* Assumed that Electric Vehicles is 2.8 times higher efficient than Fossil Fuel Vehicles (Lane et
al., 2015)
** Assumed that FCVs is 1.5 times higher efficient than Electric Vehicles (Blamire, 2015)
3.2 Infrastructure provision
A key focus in the promotion of electric vehicles is the provision of recharging infrastructure.
Easy access and availability to this infrastructure can influence the convenience and confidence
associated with using the EVs (Lane et al., 2015). The majority of travel in Orkney is short
journeys hence an ideal county to promote and encourage the use of EVs and FCVs due to their
shorter range than comparable petrol/diesel vehicles at present. Existing electric charge points in
Orkney are located at; Kirkwall: East Kirk Car Park, St Rognvald’s House, and Great Western
8. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
8
Road Car Park; St Margaret’s Hope: Braeburn Court Care Home; Dounby: Dounby Primary
School Car Park; and Stormness: Old Academy Business Car Park.
In the future, it is envisaged that a number of charge points will be installed specifically for the
use of commercial vehicles and the remaining units will be placed in accessible locations for
public use. The Council as the Planning Authority will support the inclusion of charge points and
other associated infrastructure for larger developments such as hospitals, schools, leisure facilities
and new housing developments where practicable (Engineering, 2012).
Figure 3: Likely split of charging points in Orkney (Engineering, 2012)
Overnight recharging at home should be seen as the most convenient and cost effective method to
charge an electric vehicle. Future provision of public charge points may, depend on the potential
to realise sufficient revenue from this infrastructure. Due to limitations and constraints on using
charging points or limit of the duration of parking and recharging in some locations, it is
therefore, envisaged that the majority of recharging will be completed at homes and to a lesser
extent workplace areas. The commercial element should be charge points which are especially for
commercial business use either by the local authority or private businesses, as shown in Figure 3.
Slow and Fast charge points are more suitable for workplace locations where the EVs can be left
to charge for a prolonged period of time. EVs for commercial use may require Non-rapid charge
points, in which vehicles are only used at specific times. Rapid charge points provide around 80%
charge in 30 minutes while fast charge points take 3-4 hours to fully charge a battery (see more
details in Figure 4). Rapid charge points are more expensive than fast or slow charge points,
however, it is recommended for key locations of Stromness and Kirkwall in the first instance such
as harbour areas, Kirkwall Airport, key tourist sites, recreational and/or shopping areas. The
numbers of rapid charge points that can be extended will be subjected to external funding and
suitable infrastructure.
Figure 4: Charge Point Types (Engineering, 2012)
9. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
9
3.3 Infrastructure requirements
Orkney comprises a total area of 990 sq.km. Terrain on the islands is mainly low lying with some
hilly areas and cliffs around the coastal regions. Map of Orkney and their relation to mainland
Scotland is present in Figure 4.6. There are two charging networks that operate across the
Islands: Charge Your Car (CYC) which also includes Charge Place Scotland (CPS), and Zero
Net. Details such as charge point locations, charging network, charger type, and number of
available connectors are summarised elsewhere (Lane et al., 2015)
Nevertheless, to expand infrastructure for future increasing use of EVs, factors such as the types
of chargers to be installed, and their advantages and disadvantages need to be considered. For
example, Fast chargers can meet a balance between the lower cost of slow chargers and the
convenience of rapid chargers but they still require a minimum of 3 hours to fully charge and thus
ill require longer parking stay. An additional charging plug and socket configuration of rapid
charging make it more complicated than fast charging. Where Type 1 and Type 2 configurations
cover both slow and fast charging, either CHAdeMO or the CCS configuration are required for
rapid DC charging. Nonetheless, rapid charging still offers a significant advantage in terms of
shorter charging times and is much more suitable for top-up charging to extend journeys,
3.4 Fuel cell vehicle system
Although EVs are more technological mature, FCVs are expected to be one of the most promising
technologies for road-transport sectors. To establish the future infrastructure of FCVs filling
station system (see example of wind to hydrogen facility in Figure 5), some key components have
to be studied further as the safety and operational issues are still considerably important.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider FCV system components as presented below:
• Fuel Cell Stack: the multicell stack uses hydrogen and oxygen to generate electrical
energy. The number of cells can be varied to provide the desired output;
• Hydrogen gas storage: the hydrogen storage canisters serve as a vehicle gas tank and are
being fuelled using the hydrogen produced by the hydrogen filling station. The water
absorber is needed to prevent the fuel cell from being flooded with distilled water;
• Fan: the fan help improve the flow of oxygen into the fuel cell stack assisting to regulate
or boost its performance;
• Hydrogen Filling Station: the H2 station comprises a number of double-membrane
electrolysers that utilise electricity from wind energy to decompose water into oxygen
and hydrogen. The hydrogen generated is stored inside the hydrogen canisters and will be
used as a fuel for FCVs;
• Energy Management Centre: this central control unit will allow the system navigation.
The navigation could help regulating the vehicle velocity, the electrolyser, as well as data
measurement and acquisition in the initial stages of the infrastructure development.
10. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
10
Figure 5: Wind-to-hydrogen facility at NREL (Gasteiger & Markovic, 2003)
6. CONCLUSION
This work has resulted in the detailed design and the development of 27 wind turbine project for
the expectation to generated electricity of 549.2 GWh annually. The SOWE project has selected
the use of the Enercon E44 - 900 kW and Norex N80 - 2.5 MW wind turbines. A grid connection
application will be expected to be accepted by Scottish and Southern Energy, and it is intended
that the turbines will operate under the innovative Registered Power Zone scheme. There are 11
kV and 33 kV electricity transmission lines in the area, and the turbines are to be connected to the
local distribution system via a switchgear. The average wind speed at the proposed locations is
9.3 m/s. Based on manufacturer’s predictions, 27 wind turbines located on 8 sites proposed will
have a capacity factor around 45% and will produce 549.2 GWh of renewable capacity per annum
equivalent to the Orkney electricity requirement for both electricity and road transport sectors.
Approximately, the production of 268.5 thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide per annum (Carbon
Trust) can be deducted from the production of electricity from renewable resources. The total
number of both EVs (75% of energy required) and FCVs (25% of energy required) combined that
are predicted in this work for Orkney Island road users are 14,897 units which can be divided as
for EVs of 9,674 and 5,223 units, respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank to Colin Bullen, a lecturer at Heriot-watt University Orkney campus, UK, for his
encouragement and suggestions. This report would not have been possible without continuous
moral and technical support from the Ministry of Energy, Thailand, and financial support from
the Chevening, UK.
REFERENCES
[1] An-Najah National University. (2018). Adv and Challenges of wind energy.pdf.
[2] Aquatera Ltd. (2014). Orkney-wide energy audit 2014: Executive Summary. Orkney Renewable
Energy
[3] Forum, (December). Retrieved from http://www.oref.co.uk/resources/orkney-energy-audit/
11. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
11
[4] Assessment, V. I. (2010). Berriedale Wind Energy Project, (December).
[5] Blamire, J. (2015). Energy Storage - The Basics.
[6] DEDE (Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency). (2018). Horizontal axis
wind turbine technology for water pumping in Thailand. Retrieved March 3, 2018, from
http://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/content/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine-technology-water-pumping-
thailand
[7] Department for Business, E. & I. S. (2016). Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) 2016: Chapter
5, (2016), 115–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-927-3 Engineering, E. (2012). Electric
Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, 1–44.
[8] Gasteiger, H., & Markovic, N. M. (2003). Fuel Cells and Wind, 40–51.
[9] Landscape Assessment for Potential Strategic Wind Energy Development in Orkney. (n.d.).
[10] Lane, B., Tyne, N., & Johnstone, I. (2015). feasibility study orkney ’ s electric fu ture Adam
Suleiman, (July).
[11] Office of Energy efficiency & Renewable Energy. (2018). Application of wind energy : 1-
Mechanical application : mainly ( water pumping ) Multi-blade windmill used for water pumping
shown below : 2-
[12] Electricity generation :Wind turbine types : 1- Vertical axis wind turbine ( i . e . Darius wind turbine ).
[13] ORKNEY.COM.(n.d.).Energy of Orkney Retrieved http://www.orkney.com/invest/sectors/energy
[14] Orkney Islands Council. (2009). A Sustainable Energy Strategy for Orkney, (December).
[15] Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd. (n.d.). Hammars Hill Wind Energy Project Technical Description
and Environmental Studies.
[16] Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd. (2017). Hammars Hill Energy. Retrieved March 3, 2018, from
http://www.orkneywind.co.uk/hammars-hill-energy.html Science Dictionary. (2017). What is
ANNUAL LOAD FACTOR? definition of ANNUAL LOAD
[17] FACTOR(Science Dictionary).Retrieved March 8, 2017, from http://thesciencedictionary.org/annual-
load-factor/ Series, P. (n.d.). Spp.