The document outlines the WHO's approach to strengthening health systems through six building blocks: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products/vaccines/technologies, financing, and leadership/governance. For each building block, the document identifies priorities and actions needed to achieve objectives such as making services accessible and equitable, developing a well-performing health workforce, establishing national health information systems, ensuring access to essential medical products, developing sustainable financing mechanisms, and strengthening health sector policies and regulatory frameworks. The document provides a framework to guide WHO's work with countries in assessing health system needs and gaps.

1. WHO BUILDING
BLOCKS

2. Primary aim/purpose
• Clarify and strengthen WHO’s role in the
health system
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3. Purpose:
ALLOW A DEFINITION OF
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES
IDENTIFY WHO’S
PRIORITIES
IDENTIFYING THE GAPS
IN WHO SUPPORT

7. Health systems
basic

8. What is a
health
system?
A health system consist of all
organizations, people and actions
whose primary intent is to promote,
restore or maintain health
Expanded definition World Health
report 2000

9. Guiding value and
principles
Alma Ata Declaration
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10. Health system goals
Improving health and health
equity, in ways that are
responsive,
Financially fair, Make the best or most efficient
,
Use of available resources Intermediate goal: route from
inputs to health outcomes is
through achieving greater
access to ad coverage for
effective health interventions,
without compromising efforts
to ensure provider quality and
safety

12. Desirable
attributes
Multiple,
dynamic
relationships
Health
system
strengthening
Access and
coverage
Is progress
being made?

14. Access and
coverage 3
dimension
Countries try to broaden the range of benefits to
which the citizens entitled to
Extend access to these health goods and service
to wider population groups – universal access
Try to provide citizens with social protection
against untoward financial and social
consequences of taking up health care
“universal coverage”

16. Primary
Health care
Alma Ata Declaration
Underpinning values- universal access, equity
participation and intersectoral action
Primary of first contact level
Effectively backed up by secondary level facilities
that concentrate more on complex care;
integrated

17. Challenges to the health system

18. Health system challenges
Managing multiple
objectives and competing
demands
A significant increase in
funding for health
“scaling-up” is not just
about increasing
spending
Health system agenda is
not static

19. WHO’s response to Health System Challenges
A single frame work with six clearly defined blocks
Health system and programmes: getting results
A more effective role for WHO at country level
The role of WHO in the international health systems agenda

20. Priorities by
Building
Block
Service delivery: packages, delivery models, infrastructure;
management, safety & quality; demand for care
Health workforce : national workforce policies and investment
plans; advocacy; norms; standards and data
Information : facility and population based information &
surveillance systems; global standards, tools
Medical products, vaccines & technologies : norms, standards,
policies; reliable procurement; equitable access ;quality
Financing: national health financing policies; tools and data on
health expenditures; costing
Leadership and governance: health sector policies;
harmonization and alignment; oversight and regularization

21. 1. SERVICE
DELIVERY
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22. 1. SERVICE DELIVERY
•Good health service deliver effective, safe and good quality personal
and none personal (population based services) care those that need
it, when needed with minimum waste
•Services – prevention, treatment or rehabilitation- delivered at home,
community, workplace or in health facilities

23. Service delivery
•Demand for service
•User’s perspective, raising public
knowledge, reducing barriers to care
•Package integrated services
•Based on picture of population
health needs; barriers to the
equitable expansion of access to
services, available resources
•Organization of the provider
network

24. Service delivery
•Organization of the provider
network
•Ensure close to client care
•Contingent on the need for
economies of scale
•Promote individual continuity of
care where needed
•Avoid unnecessary duplication and
fragmentation of services
•Management
•Infrastructure and logistics

25. Service delivery
•Management:
•Maximize service coverage
•Quality and safety
•Minimize waste
•Autonomy vs policy and
programmed consistency and
accountability
•Infrastructure and logistics

26. Service delivery •Infrastructure and logistics
•Includes buildings, plant and
equipment; utilities; waste
management and transport and
communication
•Investment decisions, transport or
technologies for recurrent cost,
staffing levels, skills needs and
maintenance of systems
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27. Service delivery Priorities
INTEGRATED
SERVICE DELIVERY
PACKAGE
SERVICE DELIVERY
MODELS
LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
PATIENT SAFETY AD
QUALITY OF CARE
INFRASTRUCTURE
AND LOGISTICS
INFLUENCING
DEMAND FOR CARE

28. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
2. HEALTH
WORKFORCE

29. DEFINITIONS
HEALTH WORKERS
•People engaged in actions
whose primary intent is to
protect and improve health
HEALTH WORKFORCE
•Health service providers and
health management and support
workers

30. Well performing health force
Available Competent
Responsive productive

31. Action to
achieve well
performing
health
workforce

32. Action
address the
following:
How countries plan and, if needed, scale up their workforce
How countries design training programmes so that they can
facilitate integration across service delivery and disease control
programmes
How countries finance scaling-up of education programmes and
of numbers of health workers in a realistic and sustainable
manner and in a different contexts
Ow countries organize their health workers for effective service
delivery, at different levels of the system ( primary, secondary,
tertiary), and monitor and improve their performance
How countries retain an effective workforce, within dynamic
local and international labor markets

33. Health
workforce
priorities
International
norms, standards
and databases
Realistic strategies
Crisis countries Costing
Training Evidence
Advocacy
Working with
international health
professional groups

34. 3. INFORMATION

35. Key components of the information building
blocks
•Body of work to support development of health information and
surveillance system
•Development of standardized tools and instrument
•Collation of international health statistics

36. 3 Domains of Health Information
•Health determinants
•Health system performance
•Health status

37. How to achieve domain?
•Generate population and facility based data
•Have the capacity to detect, investigate, communicate and contain
events that threaten public health security
•Have the capacity to synthesize information and promote the
availability and application of this knowledge

38. Priorities of information block:
•National information systems
•Reporting
•Stronger national surveillance and response capacity
•Tracking performance
•Standards, methods and tools
•Synthesis and analysis of country, regional and global data

40. 4. MEDICAL PRODUCTS, VACCINES AND
TECHNOLOGIES

41. OBJECTIVES:
•Ensure equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines and
technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness
•And their scientifically sound and cost effective use

42. Needs to achieve objective
• National policies, standards, guidelines and regulations that support policy
• Information on prices, international trade agreements and capacity to set
and negotiate prices
• Reliable manufacturing practices and quality assessment of priority
products
• Procurement ,supply, storage and distribution systems that minimize
leakage and other waste
• Support for rational use of medicines, commodities and equipment,
through guidelines, strategies to assurance adherence, reduce resistance,
maximize patient safety and training

43. Priorities for Medical Products, Vaccines and
Technologies
•Establish norms, standards and policy options
•Procurement
•Access and use
•Quality and safety
•New products

44. 5. SUSTAINABLE FINANCING AND SOCIAL
PROTECTION

45. Good health financing system
•Raises adequate funds for health, in ways that ensure people can use
needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or
impoverishment associated with having to pay for them

46. Interrelated functions
•Collection of revenues
•Pooling of prepaid revenues that allow risks to be shared
•purchasing

47. Principles to guide country’s approach to
financing:
•Raising additional fund where health needs are high, revenues are
insufficient, and where accountability mechanisms can ensure
transparent and effective use of resources
•Reducing reliance on out of pocket payments where they are high, by
moving towards pre-payment systems involving pooling of fianncia
risk across population groups
•Taking additional steps, where needed, to improve social protection
by ensuring the poor and other vulnerable groups have access to
needed services, and that paying for care does not result in
catastrophe

48. Principles to guide country’s approach to
financing:
•Improving the efficiency of resource use by focusing on the
appropriate mix of activities and interventions
•Promoting transparency and accountability in health financing
systems
•Improving generation of information on the health financing system
and its policy use

49. Priorities of sustainable financing and social
protection
•Health financing option
•Improve or develop pre –payment, risk pooling
•Ensure adequate funding from domestic sources
•Used funds
•Promote international dialogue
•Increase availabilityof key inforamiton

50. 6.LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE

51. •”Stewardship”
•Role of the government in health and its relation to other actors
whose activities impact health

52. Key functions
•Policy guidance
•Intelligence and oversight
•Collaboration and coalition building
•Regulation
•System design
•Accountability

53. Priorities of Leadership and governance
•Develop health sector policies and frameworks
•Regulatory frameworks
•Accountability
•Generate and interpret intelligence and research policy options
•Build coalitions
•Work with external partners

56. SELECTED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS AND POSSIBLE DISEASE-SPECIFIC AND HEALTH SYSTEM RESPONSES
CONSTRAINT POSSIBLE DISEASE-SPECIFIC RESPONSE POSSIBLE HEALTH SYSTEM RESPONSE
Financial access difficult e.g
inability to pay, informal fees
Payment exemptions for an
individual, for a specific disease
Pooling pre paid funds (from households,
external agencies, companies) in ways that
allow risks to be shared, and decrease
individual payments when sick
Physical access difficult e.g
distance to facility
Out reach for specific diseases,
engage private providers
Revising plans for the location, construction
or upgrading of health facilities
Knowledge and skills low
(public and private providers)
Workshops and other
continuing education for
specific diseases
Revised pre-service training curricula,
systems for licensing, accreditation,
supervision
Staff poorly motivated Staff get financial incentives to
deliver specific services
Clear job descriptions, performance and
salary review; fair, transparent promotion
procedures
Weak leadership and
management
Workshops to develop skills in
managing staff, budgets etc
(e.g in public and NGO
facilities)
Additional actions such as giving managers
more control over resources; more
accountability for results
Ineffective intersectoral action
and partneship
Disease-specific cross sectoral
committees usually national
Building local government systems with
cross-sector representation, and explicit

62. Health Reform Initiatives
1979
“Adoption of
Primary Health
Care”
1982
EO 851
“Reorganization
of DOH”
1988
“The Generics
Act”
1991
RA 7160
“Local Government
Code”
1995
“National Health
Insurance Act”
1999
Health Sector
Reform Agenda
2005
FOURmula One
(F1) for Health
2008
RA 9502
“Access to Cheaper and
Quality Medicines Act”
2010
AO 2010-0036
“Kalusugan
Pangkalahatan”
Major areas of reform
1. Health service delivery
2. Health regulation
3. Health financing
Health reforms targeted to address
issues such as:
Poor accessibility
Inequity
Inefficiency
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Reform Initiatives|
Figure 4. Major Health Reforms in the Philippines
Promoted participatory
management of the
local health care
system
Prescriptions are
written using the
generic name of the
drug
Integrated
public health
and hospital
services
Transfer of responsibility
of health service
provision to the local
government units
Aims to provide all
citizens a mechanism
for financial protection
with priority given to
the poor
Major organizational
restructuring of DOH to
improve the way health
care is delivered,
regulated, and financed
Adoption of operational
framework to
undertake reforms with
speed, precision, and
effective coordination
Promote and ensure
access to affordable
quality drugs and
medicines for all
Universal health
coverage and access to
quality health care for all
Filipinos
1
2 3

63. Leadership and Governance
Department of Health
Mandated to provide national policy direction
and develop national plans, technical
standards and guidelines of health
Provides technical assistance, capacity
building, and advisory services for disease
prevention and control
Supplies medicines and vaccines
Devolution of Health Services
Under the Local Government Code (1991), LGUs were granted
autonomy and responsibility for their own health services
National health programs are coordinated by the DOH through
the LGUs (eg. TB, family planning)
DOH Regional Office
City Health Office
(Chartered cities)
Provincial Health Office
City
Hospitals
Health
Centers
Barangay
Health
Stations
Inter-local
Health Zones
Provincial
Hospitals
District Hospitals
City Health Office
(Component cities)
Municipal Health
Office
City
Hospitals
Health
Centers
Barangay Health
Stations
Barangay Health
Stations
Challenges after the devolution
Due to the devolved setup of the health
system, health reforms must not only be
implemented at the national level, these
must also be promoted at the local
government levels.
Difficulties in coordination between the
DOH and local governments often lead to
poor policy implementation, and poorly
functioning referral systems.
Health is not a priority in most LGUs
Lack of facilities and skilled health workers
at the primary care level
Lack of health referral system
mechanisms among the LGUs themselves
Under provincial govt.
Under city govt.
Under municipal govt.
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Leadership and Governance| March
2017
Figure 4. Seal of the
Department of
Health
Figure 5. Organizational structure of the Philippine Health Sector after Devolution
1
2
3
4
Health system in ARMM
Different health system from the other
regions in the country; not devolved
Lack of funding, insurgencies, and relative
distance of some areas from the regional
center (ie. Sulu, Basilan, and Tawi-tawi)
appears to pose challenges and difficulties 5

64. Health Service Delivery
The Philippines has
a fragmented
health system
Health Facilities
Secondary
and Tertiary
Services
includes
outpatient,
inpatient, and
hospital care,
laboratory and
special
procedures,
acute and
emergency
care, dental
care, and
mental care.
Primary Care
Services
includes
immunization,
health and nutrition
education, family
planning services,
treatment for minor
illnesses and
accidents,
outpatient, dental,
and laboratory
services
Rehabilitative
Services
includes acute
inpatient
rehabilitation, long
term care and
programs for the
elderly and disabled,
and palliative care
Levels of care and
services provided
Level of
Government
Health Services
Access and Quality
Of Health Services
1. Preventive
2. Promotive
3. Curative
Hospitals
• General hospitals
• Level 1 hospitals
• Level 2 hospitals
• Level 3 hospitals
• DOH-retained
hospitals
• Specialty hospitals
Other health facilities
• Primary Care Facility
• Custodial Care Facility
• Diagnostic / Therapeutic facility
Specialized outpatient facility
Perception
towards
Government
Health
Services
• Perceived as low quality
• Poor diagnosis resulting to repeated visits
• Health human resources are not available and
sometimes lacking in medical and people
skills
• Long waiting time
• Inconvenient facility schedule
• Run down or worn out facilities
WHO recommended
20 beds per
10,000 population
Philippines
10.7 beds per
10,000 population
Facility Government Private
Rural Health
Units
2588 N/A
Hospitals 591 990
Birthing
homes
629 798
Infirmary 207 273
“Quality”
“Affordable”
Why people go to private
facilities
Why people go to public facilities
Despite the huge number, health
facilities are mostly concentrated in
cities and urban centers
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Service Delivery |
March 2017
Figure 6. Philippine
General Hospital Table 1. Health Facilities in the Philippines
(2014)
1 2
3
4
6
5
d
7
• National Government
• Local Government Units
• Private Sector

65. Health Workforce
Density
• Essential for efficient
management and operation of
the public health system
• Enormous but unevenly
distributed in the country (most
are in Metro Manila and urban
centers)
Distribution
Migration
• Philippines is a major source of health professionals
in the world
• Fluency in English and skills and training received
• Compassion and patience in caring
• Leading exporters of nurses to the world
• Second major exporter of physicians but migrates as
nurses
• Socio-economic and political situations do not
contribute to retaining of licensed and skilled
professional in the country
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Workforce | March 2017
e
1
f
Health Provider WHO Philippines
Doctors
2.3
1.11
Nurses 4.43
Midwives 1.7
Dentists - 0.54
Figure 7. Distribution of Provider Affiliation in the Philippines According to Region (2014)
Table 2. Density of Health Providers in the Philippines per
1000 population (2004)) 3
Human Resource for Health
Deployment programs of DOH
• Medical Pool Placement and Utilization Program (MP-PUP)
• Doctors to the Barrios (DTTB)
• Registered Nurses for Health Enhancement and Local Service (RN HEALS)
• Rural Health Midwives Program
• Rural Health Team Placement Program (RHTPP)
4
2

66. Health Financing
National Health Accounts Per capita expenditure
on health
4.2% increase at constant 2006 prices.
National Health
Insurance
Program
• Movement towards a single-payer
premium-based financing or
insurance system
Track the activities of the health sector through its
health expenditure and guide future decisions and actions
Out-of-pock
et spending
• Burden of financing health care is
still heaviest on individual families
National and Local
Government
• Government health budgets
are insurance funds
Sources
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Financing | March 2017
of Health
Financing
Figure 8. 2010-2020 Health Care Financing Strategy (HCFS) goals
indicators
PHP 585.3B Total Health
Expenditure
(2014)
PHP 5,859
(2014)
PHP 5,400
(2013)
8.5%
Figure 9. Per capita Expenditure on Health (2014)
1 2
3
g
h

67. Health Information
Health Information
System
Issues with Health Information in
the Philippines
Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Project (PIDSR)
• Early detection, reporting, investigation, assessment, and prompt response to emerging diseases,
epidemics, and other public health threats
closely reflects the larger health system
Information gaps
• National and local health
information systems are poorly
integrated and weakly managed
Redundancies and duplication
• Information systems are fragmented
and lacks interoperability among
systems
• Vertical disease surveillance
systems
Lack of Information
Standards
• Private sector forms a large bulk of
actual transactions with family
physicians and general
practitioners
• Lacking or absent from DOH
information system
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Information | March
2017
Major Health Information Systems in the Philippines
Philippine Health Information System
• integrated electronic system for storing and sharing vital health indicators.
Real time Monitoring of Vital Maternal and
Child Health Indicators through the Community
Health Information Tracking System (rCHITS)
• A free and open source software electronic health record system for local
government health centers in the Philippines Surveillance in Post Extreme
Emergencies and Disasters (SPEED)
• mobile- and Internet-based disease surveillance system for
disasters by the DOH HEMS and WHO
• Conceptualized to provide real time health information
reporting after a disaster
Philippine Health
Information
Exchange
a platform for secure electronic access and efficient exchange of health data
and/or information among health facilities, health care providers, health
information organizations, and government agencies in accordance with set
national standards in the interest of public health.
Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)
• Official information system of the Department of Health
• Enables the collection and translation of information from local to national level
• Information to policy formulation and decision making
Data Privacy
Act (2012)
An act protecting
individual personal
information in
information and
communications systems
in the government and
the private sector
i
k
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 11. Integrated Clinic
Information System
Figure 10. Field Health
Service Information
System
Integrated Clinic Information System (iClinicSys)
• Supports the functions of a clinic, i.e. barangay health station, rural health unit, or other
health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients by storing
electronic record of health related data or information on an individual
• In-line with the PHIE and is interoperable with Philhealth Health Information System,
HOMIS (for hospitals), and DSWD (4Ps and WOMB)
RxBox
• a telemedicine device capable of
capturing medical signals through
built-in medical sensors, storing
data in an electronic medical
record, and transmitting health
information via internet to a
clinical specialist in the Philippine
General Hospital for expert
advice
j

68. Health Information
Health Information
System
Issues with Health Information in
the Philippines
Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Project (PIDSR)
• Early detection, reporting, investigation, assessment, and prompt response to emerging diseases,
epidemics, and other public health threats
closely reflects the larger health system
Information gaps
• National and local health
information systems are poorly
integrated and weakly managed
Redundancies and duplication
• Information systems are fragmented
and lacks interoperability among
systems
• Vertical disease surveillance
systems
Lack of Information
Standards
• Private sector forms a large bulk of
actual transactions with family
physicians and general
practitioners
• Lacking or absent from DOH
information system
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Information | March
2017
Major Health Information Systems in the Philippines
Philippine Health Information System
• integrated electronic system for storing and sharing vital health indicators.
Real
time
Monit
oring
of
Vital
Mater
nal
and
Child
Health
Indicat
ors
throug
h the
Comm
unity
Health
Inform
Surveil
lance
in Post
Extre
me
Emerg
encies
and
Disast
ers
(SPEE
D)
• mobile- and Internet-based
disease surveillance system for
disasters by the DOH HEMS and
WHO
• Conceptualized to provide real
time health information
reporting after a disaster
Philippine Health
Information
Exchange
a platform for secure electronic access and efficient exchange of health data
and/or information among health facilities, health care providers, health
information organizations, and government agencies in accordance with set
national standards in the interest of public health.
Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)
• Official information system of the Department of Health
• Enables the collection and translation of information from local to national level
• Information to policy formulation and decision making
Data Privacy
Act (2012)
An act protecting
individual personal
information in
information and
communications systems
in the government and
the private sector
i
k
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 11. Integrated Clinic
Information System
Figure 10. Field Health
Service Information
System
Integrated Clinic Information System (iClinicSys)
• Supports the functions of a clinic, i.e. barangay health station, rural health unit, or other
health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients by storing
electronic record of health related data or information on an individual
• In-line with the PHIE and is interoperable with Philhealth Health Information System,
HOMIS (for hospitals), and DSWD (4Ps and WOMB)
RxBox
• a telemedicine device capable of
capturing medical signals through
built-in medical sensors, storing
data in an electronic medical
record, and transmitting health
information via internet to a
clinical specialist in the Philippine
General Hospital for expert
advice
j

69. Medicines and Technology
Pharmaceuticals
Philippine Pharmaceutical Market – segmented market
• Asymmetric information
• Income disparities
• Inadequacy of the regulatory system
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Health Information | March
2017
Major Constraints in
Accessing Essential Drugs
1. Limited availability
2. Irrational use
3. High Cost
4. Local government are left to budget for medicines
5. Massive campaign by bigger manufacturing firms of their products
6. Better incentives given to prescribers and dispensers of particular
products
7. Prolonged patent rights
8. Lack of education on generics and patent issues
9. Shortcoming of information and education on pharmaceutical
issues
High price of medicine
Medical
Devices
Filipinos are one of the highest consumers of pharmaceuticals in
Southeast Asia (P750-800 annually on medicine and drugs per person)
General radiography (basic X-ray):
Most basic equipment available across
the country
Local Government are left to budget for
medical instruments, devices and
equipment.
Supply-driven distribution scheme
• Drugstores: 80.1%
• Hospitals: 9.7% (Gov’t: 2.3%)
• Others: 10.2%
Strong market orientation
• Expensive branded medicine dominate the pharmaceutical
market
• 10,000 drugs are off-patent but only 500 drugs are being
manufactured
Poor compliance to Generics Law
• Inadequacy to ascertain quality of medicine affects access to
medicine and patient health outcomes
• Claims better quality in comparison to more affordable and
what are perceived to be “inferior” products
Generally lax regulation with strong
pharmaceutical or nutritiutical
company lobbying influence.
• Aggravated by the high promotion and gift-giving scheme done
by drug companies to health professionals
Inaccessible by the poor
Figure 12. Medicines
1
2
3
4
l
Rx Box
reduces the overall cost of
healthcare by enabling health
workers to diagnose, monitor
and treat patients within the
rural health facility
5
m
Figure 13. Devices in the Rx Box

70. The Philippine Health Agenda
(DOH Administrative Order
2016-0038)
Three key
health system
guarantees
• Population- and
individual-level
interventions for all life
stages that promote health
and wellness, prevent and
treat the triple burden of
disease, delay
complications, facilitate
rehabilitation, and provide
palliation;
• Access to health
interventions through
functional Service Delivery
Networks (SDNs), and
• Financial risk protection
when accessing these
interventions through
Universal Health Insurance.
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes Inc. (AIHO) | The Philippine Health System in a glance | Direction of the Philippine Health System|
March 2017
Directions of the Philippine Health Sector
The Philippine
Development Plan
2017-2022
NEDA AmBisyon Natin
2040
Sustainable Development Goals 2030
Expanded the
scope of the
Universal Health
Care (UHC)
directions,
particularly
through a
whole-of-gover
nment
approach.
“All for Health
Towards Health
For All” rally point
for its vision of a
Healthy
Philippines by
2022.
• a collective long-term plan which envisions a better life for
Filipinos and the country in the next 25 years.
• first of the four key medium term plans to translate the vision
and aspirations for the Filipinos and the country
• a compilation of 17 development goals
that targets to end poverty, fight
inequality and injustice, and confront
issues involving climate change and its
effects
1
2
3
4
n
o
p
q
r
r