Fat soluble vitamins
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This document provides information on the daily requirements, sources, effects of deficiency, and treatment for vitamins A, D, E, and K. It states the recommended daily amounts of vitamins A, D, E, and K, lists common food sources, describes symptoms of deficiency, and outlines tests and treatments for hypervitaminosis.
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This document discusses diseases associated with fat-soluble vitamins. It covers night blindness and xerophthalmia associated with vitamin A deficiency, which can damage the eyes. Rickets, caused by vitamin D deficiency, results in weak and soft bones. Osteoporosis is discussed as being linked to vitamin D levels as well. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The document also covers vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns.
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Fat soluble vitamins
This document provides information on vitamin A including its history, definition, classification, daily requirements, causes and effects of deficiency, investigations, management, and hypervitaminosis. Key points include:
- Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin required in small amounts for growth, vision, and cellular communication. Deficiency can cause night blindness and dry skin.
- Daily requirements range from 750μg for adults to 300-400μg for infants. Primary causes of deficiency include prolonged dietary deficiency and chronic diarrhea.
- Investigations for deficiency include serum retinol level and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes oral doses of 200,000 IU depending on age. Toxicity from excess intake includes
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Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
Recommended
Water and minerals ch 8 and 10 11
The human body is composed of 50-70% water, which serves several important functions. Water acts as a solvent for chemical reactions in the body, aids in temperature regulation, and is a component of bodily fluids like blood plasma, urine, and saliva. The adequate intake (AI) of water is 15 cups per day for men and 11 cups per day for women. Minerals are also essential nutrients, with major minerals like calcium, sodium, and potassium needed in larger amounts and trace minerals such as iron and zinc required in smaller amounts. Minerals are involved in many processes in the body including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood pressure regulation, and oxygen transport.
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Disease states associated with fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses diseases associated with fat-soluble vitamins. It covers night blindness and xerophthalmia associated with vitamin A deficiency, which can damage the eyes. Rickets, caused by vitamin D deficiency, results in weak and soft bones. Osteoporosis is discussed as being linked to vitamin D levels as well. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The document also covers vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns.
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Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency which can lead to bleeding gums, joint pain, and fatigue. It was historically common among sailors on long voyages with limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables. Modern cases are rare where diets include foods like oranges, broccoli and potatoes that are rich in vitamin C. Scurvy symptoms result from a lack of vitamin C needed to produce collagen and support immune function. Treatment involves vitamin C supplementation which can relieve symptoms within 24 hours and result in full recovery within 3 months if the deficiency is addressed.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document provides information on vitamin A including its history, definition, classification, daily requirements, causes and effects of deficiency, investigations, management, and hypervitaminosis. Key points include:
- Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin required in small amounts for growth, vision, and cellular communication. Deficiency can cause night blindness and dry skin.
- Daily requirements range from 750μg for adults to 300-400μg for infants. Primary causes of deficiency include prolonged dietary deficiency and chronic diarrhea.
- Investigations for deficiency include serum retinol level and ophthalmoscopy. Management includes oral doses of 200,000 IU depending on age. Toxicity from excess intake includes
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Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
Vitamins
The document discusses vitamins, which are organic nutrients required in small quantities for biochemical functions and proper metabolism. It categorizes vitamins into two types - fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K that can be stored in the body, and water-soluble vitamins like the B vitamins and C that are not stored and must be replenished daily. It provides details on the physiological importance, deficiency symptoms, potential excess effects, and dietary sources of each vitamin.
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fat soluble vitamins
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
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VITAMINS.pptx
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
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This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
Vitamins Reqirement And Deficiencies
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy, rickets, and beriberi. While vitamins are essential for health, excessive intake of certain vitamins can also be toxic. Maintaining a balanced diet is important to meet vitamin needs without risk of deficiency or toxicity.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
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Vitamins are nutrients that our body does not produce and must be obtained through our diet or supplements. They are divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. The document outlines the major vitamins - A, B complex, C, D, E, and K - describing their functions, sources, dosages, deficiencies, and in some cases side effects. The presentation provides a comprehensive overview of vitamins and their importance for health.
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Slide set that accompanied a public lecture on Nutrients and Bone Health held in London September 2011. The lecture focused on the importance of diet and lifestyle in maintaining healthy bone and preventing osteoporosis. Aspects of diagnosis are reviewed and the use of bone markers to indicate bone turnover are discussed in relation to monitoring the response to treatment.
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The document discusses nutrition and its effects on health, sports performance, and digestion. It notes that good nutrition provides energy, helps maintain a healthy weight, boosts the immune system, and prevents diseases. It also discusses the major nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for exercise while proteins aid in growth, development, and cell repair.
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The document discusses various nutritional disorders including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), and specific vitamin deficiencies. It describes the classifications, etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments of marasmus, kwashiorkor, obesity, hypovitaminosis A, rickets, and osteomalacia. Key signs and laboratory findings for each condition are provided along with recommended daily allowances and prevention strategies.
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The document discusses various nutritional disorders including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), and specific vitamin deficiencies. It describes the classifications, etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and treatments of marasmus, kwashiorkor, obesity, hypovitaminosis A, rickets, and osteomalacia. Key signs and laboratory findings for each condition are provided along with recommended daily allowances and prevention strategies.
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The document provides an overview of key nutrients that are important for bone health, including calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and fluoride. It discusses the roles and functions of these nutrients in bone growth, maintenance, and repair. Deficiency and toxicity risks are addressed for each nutrient. Dietary sources and intake recommendations are also reviewed.
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This document summarizes key minerals and their functions in the human body. It discusses how minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc are absorbed and transported in the body. It also outlines the dietary needs and food sources of important minerals, and consequences of both mineral deficiencies and toxicities.
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VITAMINS.pptx
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
Vitamins Summary .pdf
- The document summarizes key vitamins, their sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. It describes Vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12. Vitamin A supports vision, skin health, and gene expression. Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus for bone and teeth formation. Vitamin K is a cofactor for blood clotting. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production and metabolism.
BUSHRA.pptx
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides information on the classification and sources of each vitamin, their functions in the body, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiency and toxicity. The document aims to educate about the roles and importance of fat soluble vitamins for health.
Calcium metabolism, rickets and osteomalacia
Calcium metabolism and homeostasis is regulated by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Rickets is a disease of growing bones caused by vitamin D deficiency or impaired mineralization. It presents as bone deformities, soft bones, and delayed growth. Osteomalacia occurs after growth is complete and causes bone pain and fractures. Both are treated with vitamin D and calcium supplements to correct the mineralization defect.
Impact of nutrition on human health
This document discusses the impact of nutrition on human health. It begins by defining nutrition and nutrients, explaining that nutrition is how the body uses food for growth, repair, and maintenance, and nutrients are substances that provide nourishment. It then discusses macronutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. For each, it provides food sources and functions in the body, and describes deficiency diseases. The document emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet for immunity and preventing infection. It concludes by discussing antioxidants and their food sources, as well as promoting a healthy lifestyle and body.
Electrolytes
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium. For each electrolyte, it covers normal levels, causes of imbalances, signs and symptoms, diagnostic findings, and treatment approaches. Key points include the roles of electrolytes in nerve impulse transmission, acid-base balance, and other bodily functions. Major imbalances discussed are hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia.
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Cluster Mapping of Medical Tourism in Turkey and Regional Clustering for Heal...Istanbul Beykent University (İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi)
As the world population is aging, Health tourism has become vitally important and will be increased day by day. Because
of the availability of quality health services and more favorable prices as well as to shorten the waiting list for medical
services regionally and internationally. There are some aspects of managing and doing marketing activities in order for
medical tourism to be feasible, in a region called as clustering in a region with main stakeholders groups includes Health
providers, Tourism cluster, etc. There are some related and affecting factors to be considered for the feasibility of medical
tourism within this study such as competitiveness, clustering, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. One of the growth phenomenon
is Health tourism in the city of Izmir and Turkey. The model of five competitive forces of Porter and The Diamond model
that is an economical model that shows the four main factors that affect the competitiveness of a nation and its industries
in this study. The short literature of medical tourism and regional clustering have been mentioned.Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
2nd-generation Antihistaminic Part I.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Mechanical injuries(ICS) due to sharp force.ppt
Injuries, definition , classification and mechanical injuries due to sharp force injury including defense, self inflicted and fabricated injuries.
Brain specific drug delivery.pptx -Mpharm
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Fat soluble vitamins
- 1. VITAMINS DAILY REQUIREMENT SOURCES EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY HYPER VITAMINOSIS INVESTIGATION MANAGEMENT A RETINOL 750µg/day Carrot Papaya Fish Broccoli Night Blindness Xerosis Bitot spot Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Arthralgia Hair loss Hepatomegaly Serum retinol level Ophthalmoscopy INFANTS 1,00,000 IU orally CHILDREN & ADULT 2,00,000 IU orally D CALCIFEROL 200 IU/day Sun light Butter milk Cereals Rickets Osteomalacia Fatigue Joint pain Mood swing Nausea Vomiting Drowsiness Constipation Serum calcium levels Serum phosphate level Serum alkaline level X ray of wrist/ knee joint 60,000IU once in 4-6 weeks 500-1000mg of calciumto correct rickets/ osteomalacia E ANTI STERILITY VITAMIN 10mg/day Olives Almond Apricot Pine nuts Plant oils Spinach Sterility Muscle weakness Ptosis Dysarthria Dehydration Haemolytic anemia Visual scotoma Muscle weakness Fatigue Nausea Diarrhoea Blood routine Serum electrolytes Serum tocopherol : cholesterol ratio 15-20mg/day orally K CO- AGULATION VITAMIN 80mg/day Avocado Green apple Cabbage Beans Spinach Easy bruising of skin Nose bleed Gum bleed Haematuria Heavy menstrual flow Nausea Diarrhoea Dizziness Cramps Fatigue Head ache Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Platelet count 10mg IM for 3-5 days