Fannie Lou Hamer
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Fannie Lou Hamer was a civil rights activist who fought for racial equality and justice. She was born in Mississippi in 1917 and worked as a sharecropper until she was 45 years old. In 1962, she began attending voter registration workshops and helped register black voters, facing retaliation from white landowners. In 1964, she was severely beaten in jail after being arrested for attempting to register to vote. Despite threats and violence, Hamer continued her activism and helped form the Freedom Democratic Party to challenge the all-white Democratic delegation from Mississippi. She testified about her beating at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Later, she worked to establish Freedom Farms cooperative to help families in need.
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Women played a crucial but overlooked role in the Civil Rights Movement. Historians have tended to focus on prominent male leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. while neglecting the contributions of women. However, women formed the backbone of the movement, organizing key protests and providing leadership. Figures like Rosa Parks, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, Diane Nash, and Pauli Murray all made significant contributions, though they often faced resistance from patriarchal and gender-conservative elements within the movement. New interpretations are bringing greater attention to the vital role played by women in shaping the Civil Rights Movement.
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The document summarizes the political turmoil in the United States during the 1850s as the country grappled with the issue of slavery and states' rights. It outlines the breakdown of the two-party system as the Whig party collapsed and new parties like the Know-Nothings and Republicans emerged. Sectional divisions intensified following events like the Dred Scott decision and John Brown's raid, which deepened the rift between the North and South on the issue of slavery. By the late 1850s, the country was becoming increasingly polarized and headed towards civil war.
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The document profiles the accomplishments of 14 leaders who fought for civil rights and social justice:
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Civil rights movement presentation
The document provides a summary of key events and developments in the American civil rights movement from the 1950s through the 1990s. Some of the major events discussed include:
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The civil rights movement from 1954 1968
This document provides an overview of the key events and figures of the Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968. It discusses the legalization of segregation with Plessy v Ferguson in 1896 and the rise of Jim Crow laws. Important court cases like Brown v Board of Education which ruled segregation unconstitutional, organizations like the NAACP and SCLC, and key figures like MLK Jr., Rosa Parks, and Medgar Evers who fought against racial discrimination through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience. Major events covered include the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Sit-Ins, March on Washington, and passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1964 which outlawed discrimination.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Fannie Lou Hamer
- 1. Fannie Lou Hamer Grass Roots Social Justice Civil Rights Organizer
- 2. Introduction • The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is often viewed as synonymous with the modern struggle for black freedom in America. But as he would readily admit if he were alive today, the movement would not have achieved the gains it did had it not been for the “foot soldiers” of the movement, such as Fannie Lou Hamer. King was an ordained minister of the gospel, but Hamer was a missionary of the gospel of reconciliation of the races as an outgrowth of her faith in Christ. The Vocation of Fannie Lou Hamer, Civil Rights Activist Beverly E. Mitchell
- 3. Sharecropping • Planters profited from this arrangement • Removed opportunities for sharecroppers to do business of the plantation • Received supplies from the planter • Turned over their crops to him • Trusted that they would receive a share of the profits Greene. P. 16-17
- 4. Early Life • Youngest of 20 children • Granddaughter of slaves • Worked the plantation from the age of 6 • Basically no way out of the situation
- 5. Education and Training • Fannie Lou only attended school through the sixth grade • Strong religious upbringing • Longed to have what others had
- 6. Local Climate • Wealthy southerners believed black freedom would end white control of society • Did not want to give up their entitlement • They made rules to suit the occasion • Whatever those rules might be
- 7. Freedom Summer • Hamer’s entry into politics • 1962 • Robert Moses • Political awareness • Voter registration • Johnson p. 158
- 8. Actions Have Repercussions • *. . how the landowner was raising hell because I had gone and tried to register. I had to think about why he didn't want me to register. I had cooked for this man. I had cared for his children. I had baked his cakes and sent them to him while he was in the army. Then he came to the house and told me if I didn't go back and withdraw my registration I had to leave the plantation. I was forced to leave the plantation that night. Johnson p. 158
- 9. Further Repercussions • Home of a friend was shot up • Moved from place to place • Virtually went into hiding
- 10. Arrested and Beaten • June 9, 1964 • Returning from voter registration training on a Trailways Bus • Stopped at a bus terminal to purchase food • Attacked by police and taken to jail and beaten
- 12. Beaten • Savage beatings • Overheard plots of murder • Feelings of powerlessness • Faith and resolve
- 13. Formation of Freedom Democratic Party • A full fledged civil rights worker • Involved in the formation of the Freedom Democratic Party • Challenged the state democratic party whenever possible • Challenged the legitimacy of the segregationists to represent both Blacks and Whites
- 14. Hamer testifies before the Democratic National Convention in 1964
- 15. Further Activism • Freedom Farms • Developed under the auspices of the National Council of Negro Women • Housing for low income families • “no income” families • Mrs. Hamer negotiated to buy the land • Helping people to develop organizational skills
- 16. Theological Reflection • Theological analysis of social justice • Latin American theologian Jose Comblin • Qualities that speak to the heart of a person Mitchell, p. 188, 189, 190