This document discusses the inspection of falsework and forms for concrete structures. Falsework and forms are temporary structures used to support fresh concrete until it gains strength. The inspector is responsible for checking that falsework and forms are built correctly according to the project plans, including dimensions, grades, and alignment. Common issues include loose forms that may leak concrete, poorly supported forms that can bulge, and misaligned forms that result in incorrect dimensions. Proper bracing and tight form joints are important to achieve the desired finished structure.
Formwork is used to pour concrete into molds to form structures. It can be made from steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Good formwork is easy to remove, economical, leak-proof, rigid, durable, and provides smooth concrete surfaces. Formwork design considers categories like conventional, modern panel systems, and prefabricated modular systems. Steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum are common materials. Proper bracing and erection sequences are needed to construct columns, beams, walls, stairs, and avoid failures during pouring.
Temporary formwork is used in construction to support fresh concrete until it cures. There are different types of formwork materials including timber, steel, aluminum, fiberglass, and plywood. Factors like strength, rigidity, cost, and number of reuses vary between each type. Formwork design involves sheets, studs, ties, and other components configured for walls, beams, slabs, columns, and decks based on the structural element. Slipforming is a specialized technique where formwork is continuously lifted as concrete is placed, allowing vertical structures like chimneys to be built without side forms. This method was used to rapidly construct tall building cores and highway pavement.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
This document discusses formwork, which is used as a mold for pouring concrete. It begins by introducing formwork and its importance, comprising 20-25% of total construction costs. Requirements for formwork include strength, rigidity, tight joints, and removability. Common materials are timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum. Timber is most common but can warp or shrink. Stripping is the process of removing formwork. Indian standards specify shape retention and tolerances. The document then describes various types of formwork in more detail, including their characteristics and uses.
This document provides information on formwork design and construction. It discusses different types of formwork used for structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases and walls. Details are given on materials used, assembly, propping, bracing and stripping times. Guidelines are outlined for designing formwork to be strong, rigid, water tight and easily removable without damaging the concrete. The document emphasizes the importance of cleaning and treating forms prior to concrete placement.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and accounts for 20-40% of the total concrete cost.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
Formwork is used to pour concrete into molds to form structures. It can be made from steel, wood, aluminum, or prefabricated forms. Good formwork is easy to remove, economical, leak-proof, rigid, durable, and provides smooth concrete surfaces. Formwork design considers categories like conventional, modern panel systems, and prefabricated modular systems. Steel, plywood, plastic, and aluminum are common materials. Proper bracing and erection sequences are needed to construct columns, beams, walls, stairs, and avoid failures during pouring.
Temporary formwork is used in construction to support fresh concrete until it cures. There are different types of formwork materials including timber, steel, aluminum, fiberglass, and plywood. Factors like strength, rigidity, cost, and number of reuses vary between each type. Formwork design involves sheets, studs, ties, and other components configured for walls, beams, slabs, columns, and decks based on the structural element. Slipforming is a specialized technique where formwork is continuously lifted as concrete is placed, allowing vertical structures like chimneys to be built without side forms. This method was used to rapidly construct tall building cores and highway pavement.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
This document discusses formwork, which is used as a mold for pouring concrete. It begins by introducing formwork and its importance, comprising 20-25% of total construction costs. Requirements for formwork include strength, rigidity, tight joints, and removability. Common materials are timber, plywood, steel, and aluminum. Timber is most common but can warp or shrink. Stripping is the process of removing formwork. Indian standards specify shape retention and tolerances. The document then describes various types of formwork in more detail, including their characteristics and uses.
This document provides information on formwork design and construction. It discusses different types of formwork used for structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircases and walls. Details are given on materials used, assembly, propping, bracing and stripping times. Guidelines are outlined for designing formwork to be strong, rigid, water tight and easily removable without damaging the concrete. The document emphasizes the importance of cleaning and treating forms prior to concrete placement.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and accounts for 20-40% of the total concrete cost.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
1) Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is made of timber, plywood or steel sheets.
2) Shuttering is a temporary platform constructed using wooden or steel materials that supports the formwork during concrete pouring.
3) Scaffolding provides access to work areas and supports formwork and shuttering using materials like bamboo, wood or steel pipes.
This document provides information about slab formwork, including the types of materials used and the steps for placing formwork. It discusses common materials like timber, steel, plywood, aluminum, and plastic. Timber is described as light weight and economical but other materials like steel and plywood provide better finishes and reusability. The document outlines 11 steps for placing slab formwork, from setting the level marks to applying a shutter oil to prevent concrete sticking. It emphasizes safety, rigidity, and leak-proof joints in the formwork design.
The document provides information about formwork systems used in building and construction. It discusses different types of formwork materials like sawn timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, glass fiber reinforced plastic, rubber and plastic. It explains formwork components for walls, columns, slabs and beams. It also covers formwork inspection, erection, concreting procedures and factors affecting removal of formwork. Falsework is described as the temporary structure used to support formwork until the permanent structure can support itself.
Expansion and construction joints are necessary in concrete construction to prevent cracking due to concrete movement. Expansion joints allow concrete to expand and contract with temperature changes, and are incorporated in foundations, walls, roofs, and paving. They are carefully designed and located to mitigate stresses. Construction joints are used when concrete placement is stopped, such as due to equipment issues, and are incorporated into the planned joint layout. They require proper consolidation and curing. Both expansion and construction joints are used in slabs, columns, and masonry walls.
Formwork is used to shape and support concrete until it gains strength. It can be made from various materials like timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, and plastics. Timber was traditionally most common but other materials are increasingly used. Different types of formwork exist for walls, slabs, columns, etc. Proper formwork construction involves propping, shuttering, providing chambers, cleaning, and surface treatment. Formwork must be removed carefully in the proper sequence once the concrete has gained enough strength. The type of material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and need for reuse.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
Formwork is used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It must be strong yet allow concrete to be placed accurately to shape. Common materials include timber, plywood, steel, aluminum and plastics. Proper formwork design considers strength, containment, leakage prevention, finish quality, and economics. Specialized formwork like climbing, sliding, and tunnel forms improve efficiency for structures like walls, columns, and buildings. Proper formwork selection and construction is essential for quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness in concrete projects.
The document provides information about formwork, which is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. It defines formwork and discusses its qualities, types, details for different structural elements, installation and removal times. It also addresses the costs associated with formwork and advantages of steel formwork over wood. Scaffolding, shoring and underpinning methods - which are also temporary structures - are briefly defined.
Formwork is used as a temporary mold for pouring concrete that will harden into the desired structural shape. There are various types of formwork classified by material (timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, plastic, magnesium) or purpose (slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork). Proper formwork design is important to withstand loads, retain shape, prevent leakage, and allow removal without damage to concrete. The order and method of removing formwork is also important for safety.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
This document provides information on formwork, scaffolding, and shoring used for construction projects. It defines each term and discusses the types, materials, and uses. For formwork, it describes the qualities, types including steel and wood, and details for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. It also addresses removal times, maintenance, costs, and advantages of steel formwork. For scaffolding, it outlines types such as single, double, ladder, cantilever, suspended, and steel/tubular along with their components. Finally, it defines shoring and describes methods for horizontal, vertical, and inclined shoring as well as underpinning techniques.
Formwork is temporary mould used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is usually made of wood like plywood and timber. Proper formwork is strong, rigid, leak-proof and allows concrete to be easily placed and compacted. It must be inspected before each pour to ensure it will not deflect or collapse under the weight of wet concrete. Release agents are applied to formwork surfaces to ensure concrete does not stick when forms are removed.
Reinforced Concrete Structure and Detailing ModuleBahzad5
The document discusses different types of concrete slabs used in construction. It describes 16 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core slabs, hardy slabs, waffle slabs, dome slabs, pitch roof slabs, slabs with arches, and post-tensioned slabs. For each type, it provides details on how they are constructed and where each type is best applied. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some of the slab types.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
1. The document discusses various formwork techniques for concrete elements like foundations, columns, walls, beams, slabs, and staircases.
2. Formwork for column footings includes using panels with cleats and bracing corners to stakes. Sloped side footings use vertical boxes braced to hold sloping forms.
3. Column formwork consists of end and side panels with yokes. Wall formwork uses sheeting supported by studs and walers with spacers and ties.
The document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures including construction joints, expansion joints, contraction joints, and seismic joints. It provides definitions and discusses the purpose, formation, location, and detailing of each joint type. Construction joints allow concrete to be placed continuously and provide limits for placements. Expansion joints allow for movement in the structure. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Seismic joints separate portions of buildings to improve performance during earthquakes.
The document discusses steel formwork used for constructing concrete structures. Steel formwork consists of panels made from steel plates reinforced with steel angles. It has advantages over wooden formwork like strength, durability, and producing a smooth concrete surface. The time required to remove formwork depends on factors like cement type and weather conditions. Steel formwork requires maintenance like leveling plates but can be reused numerous times on projects.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It must safely support the weight of wet concrete and other loads until the concrete sets. Formwork design considers quality, safety, and minimizing costs through reuse. Forms are designed according to intended structural elements like walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, and more.
1) Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is made of timber, plywood or steel sheets.
2) Shuttering is a temporary platform constructed using wooden or steel materials that supports the formwork during concrete pouring.
3) Scaffolding provides access to work areas and supports formwork and shuttering using materials like bamboo, wood or steel pipes.
This document provides information about slab formwork, including the types of materials used and the steps for placing formwork. It discusses common materials like timber, steel, plywood, aluminum, and plastic. Timber is described as light weight and economical but other materials like steel and plywood provide better finishes and reusability. The document outlines 11 steps for placing slab formwork, from setting the level marks to applying a shutter oil to prevent concrete sticking. It emphasizes safety, rigidity, and leak-proof joints in the formwork design.
The document provides information about formwork systems used in building and construction. It discusses different types of formwork materials like sawn timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, glass fiber reinforced plastic, rubber and plastic. It explains formwork components for walls, columns, slabs and beams. It also covers formwork inspection, erection, concreting procedures and factors affecting removal of formwork. Falsework is described as the temporary structure used to support formwork until the permanent structure can support itself.
Expansion and construction joints are necessary in concrete construction to prevent cracking due to concrete movement. Expansion joints allow concrete to expand and contract with temperature changes, and are incorporated in foundations, walls, roofs, and paving. They are carefully designed and located to mitigate stresses. Construction joints are used when concrete placement is stopped, such as due to equipment issues, and are incorporated into the planned joint layout. They require proper consolidation and curing. Both expansion and construction joints are used in slabs, columns, and masonry walls.
Formwork is used to shape and support concrete until it gains strength. It can be made from various materials like timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, and plastics. Timber was traditionally most common but other materials are increasingly used. Different types of formwork exist for walls, slabs, columns, etc. Proper formwork construction involves propping, shuttering, providing chambers, cleaning, and surface treatment. Formwork must be removed carefully in the proper sequence once the concrete has gained enough strength. The type of material used depends on factors like cost, availability, and need for reuse.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
Formwork is used to support wet concrete until it cures and can support itself. It must be strong yet allow concrete to be placed accurately to shape. Common materials include timber, plywood, steel, aluminum and plastics. Proper formwork design considers strength, containment, leakage prevention, finish quality, and economics. Specialized formwork like climbing, sliding, and tunnel forms improve efficiency for structures like walls, columns, and buildings. Proper formwork selection and construction is essential for quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness in concrete projects.
The document provides information about formwork, which is a temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. It defines formwork and discusses its qualities, types, details for different structural elements, installation and removal times. It also addresses the costs associated with formwork and advantages of steel formwork over wood. Scaffolding, shoring and underpinning methods - which are also temporary structures - are briefly defined.
Formwork is used as a temporary mold for pouring concrete that will harden into the desired structural shape. There are various types of formwork classified by material (timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, plastic, magnesium) or purpose (slab formwork, beam formwork, column formwork). Proper formwork design is important to withstand loads, retain shape, prevent leakage, and allow removal without damage to concrete. The order and method of removing formwork is also important for safety.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
This document provides information on formwork, scaffolding, and shoring used for construction projects. It defines each term and discusses the types, materials, and uses. For formwork, it describes the qualities, types including steel and wood, and details for foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, and stairs. It also addresses removal times, maintenance, costs, and advantages of steel formwork. For scaffolding, it outlines types such as single, double, ladder, cantilever, suspended, and steel/tubular along with their components. Finally, it defines shoring and describes methods for horizontal, vertical, and inclined shoring as well as underpinning techniques.
Formwork is temporary mould used to contain and shape wet concrete until it hardens. It is usually made of wood like plywood and timber. Proper formwork is strong, rigid, leak-proof and allows concrete to be easily placed and compacted. It must be inspected before each pour to ensure it will not deflect or collapse under the weight of wet concrete. Release agents are applied to formwork surfaces to ensure concrete does not stick when forms are removed.
Reinforced Concrete Structure and Detailing ModuleBahzad5
The document discusses different types of concrete slabs used in construction. It describes 16 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core slabs, hardy slabs, waffle slabs, dome slabs, pitch roof slabs, slabs with arches, and post-tensioned slabs. For each type, it provides details on how they are constructed and where each type is best applied. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some of the slab types.
This document defines formwork and its requirements, categories, types of materials used, and construction process. Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and loads. There are traditional, engineered, and modern modular types. Common materials are timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures.
1. The document discusses various formwork techniques for concrete elements like foundations, columns, walls, beams, slabs, and staircases.
2. Formwork for column footings includes using panels with cleats and bracing corners to stakes. Sloped side footings use vertical boxes braced to hold sloping forms.
3. Column formwork consists of end and side panels with yokes. Wall formwork uses sheeting supported by studs and walers with spacers and ties.
The document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures including construction joints, expansion joints, contraction joints, and seismic joints. It provides definitions and discusses the purpose, formation, location, and detailing of each joint type. Construction joints allow concrete to be placed continuously and provide limits for placements. Expansion joints allow for movement in the structure. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Seismic joints separate portions of buildings to improve performance during earthquakes.
The document discusses steel formwork used for constructing concrete structures. Steel formwork consists of panels made from steel plates reinforced with steel angles. It has advantages over wooden formwork like strength, durability, and producing a smooth concrete surface. The time required to remove formwork depends on factors like cement type and weather conditions. Steel formwork requires maintenance like leveling plates but can be reused numerous times on projects.
Formwork Presentation for Construction TechnologyI'mMiss Lily
1. Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured and can support itself. Common materials used include wood, steel, aluminum, plastic and plywood.
2. A good formwork must be water tight, strong, and reusable while also considering factors like quality, safety, and economy. It must be able to withstand loads, retain its shape, and be removed without damaging the concrete.
3. Different types of formworks are used for columns, beams, slabs, and other structural elements. Column formwork typically consists of side and end planks joined by yokes and bolts. Beam formworks use thick timber or plywood and are supported by props.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
1. 5-1
CHAPTER FIVE
Falsework and Forms
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5-2
FALSEWORK AND FORMS 5-2
Falsework 5-3
Braces and Ties 5-5
Forms 5-8
Checking Forms for Workmanship 5-14
INSPECTING FORMS FOR DIMENSIONS, GRADES AND ALIGNMENT 5-18
REMOVAL OF FALSEWORK AND FORMS 5-24
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 5-26
2. 5-2
5
FALSEWORK AND FORMS
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will cover the use of falsework and forms. Since the concrete work is similar for both
box culverts and bridges, we will make distinctions only where methods or requirements conflict.
As an Inspector, you are responsible for inspecting all concrete construction operations from building
falsework to finishing concrete surfaces. In this phase of structures inspection, you will depend heavily
upon the contract plans, so do not hesitate to check them if you are in doubt about sizes, dimensions,
etc.
FALSEWORK AND FORMS
Falsework and forms are erected together as temporary structures to hold and support fresh concrete,
stabilize girders, and provide temporary support until the entire structure is self-supporting. Once cast in
place concrete has gained enough strength to become self-supporting, some of the falsework and forms
can usually be removed.
The Contractor is responsible for the design and construction of all falsework and forms. However, the
Project Administrator may request that the Contractor submit the plans for constructing falsework and
forms for review and when public safety is an issue, approval. Keep in mind that the Project
Administrator’s approval of the Contractor's falsework plans does not relieve the Contractor of the
responsibility for properly designing, constructing and maintaining the falsework and forms.
As an Inspector, your responsibility includes the inspection of falsework so that the finished structure will
meet all the requirements of the plan dimensions.
3. 5-3
FALSEWORK
Falsework is any temporary structure used to support the forms for concrete. Falsework supports the
forms until the concrete can support itself. It is essential that falsework be strong enough to support the
weight of three things: the forms, the fresh concrete and any construction equipment and workers.
Falsework also must be capable of maintaining the correct elevations. To do this, suitable jacks, wedges
or other approved devices must be used as part of the falsework. These devices also will permit the
falsework to be lowered gradually. In the illustration below, one type of falsework, temporary piers, is
supporting the forms between the permanent piers.
The temporary piers can be metal or wood frameworks set on mudsills -- pieces of timber that rest on
wide, rigid foundations (solid rock or piles). Concrete pedestals placed on the ground may be used as
mudsills.
More recently, slip forms -- metal forms that
roll along the slab -- have been used. Slip
forms allow the same forms to be reused by
loosening tension and rolling the forms to the
next section of the box culvert.
5. 5-5
BRACES AND TIES
Braces and ties are smaller types of falsework and are used to hold forms in place. Look at the wood
braces, walers and metal ties in the wall below:
In order to hold the forms in proper positions, all bracing should be rigid and must be firmly secured to
the forms.
6. 5-6
Falsework Piles
The mudsills under falsework must be properly supported or they will settle, causing the falsework to
collapse. Sometimes temporary piles are used as the base for falsework. You should make a visual check
while these temporary piles are being driven, to be sure that they encounter resistance.
When falsework piles are no longer needed, they must be removed. They should be completely pulled out
or, if they remain, should be cut off below the ground level.
Collars
Collars -- another type of falsework -- are metal
bands that fit around finished columns. They are
used to support the forms needed to construct
caps. The friction between the concrete and the
bands holds them in place. If a collar does not fit
the column, there is a chance that it could slip.
7. 5-7
QUIZ
Concrete is held in position by until it is strong enough to be self-supporting.
When necessary, concrete forms are supported by temporary structures called .
Falsework usually is set on pieces of timber or concrete called .
What purpose do wood braces and metal ties serve?
What prevents collars from slipping?
To hold forms firmly in place, bracing should be .
Name three things which falsework must be strong enough to support:
Who is responsible for the design and construction of falsework?
Falsework must be adjustable to the correct . To do this, or
other suitable devices may be used.
Now go on to FORMS.
8. 5-8
FORMS
Forms hold the plastic concrete in place until it gains enough strength to hold up itself. The forms must be strong
enough to support the pressure and the weight of the fresh concrete and any construction loads such as finishing
equipment and workers. In addition, the forms should be able to withstand the effects of vibration caused by vibrators
that are used for consolidation.
It is especially important that you inspect the condition of the forms and how they are put together. If the job is not
done correctly, the finished surfaces of the structure will be unsatisfactory. Especially for vertical walls, form surfaces
must be strong enough to prevent deflection be the plastic concrete. Forms joints must also be tight enough to
prevent concrete mortar from leaking between through the joint during placement.
Two types of release oil are used for forms -- paraffin-base oil for wooden forms, and petroleum-base oil for steel
forms.
Material Requirements for Forms
Forms can be made of wood or metal. Whichever type of form is used, you should make sure it is constructed and
shaped according to the lines and grades specified in the plans.
On the next page, study the requirements that are not usually listed in plans, but which are essential for proper
forming.
10. 5-10
Wood Forms
Wood is a commonly used form material. Generally, form faces are made of plywood that is braced by wooden studs.
Wood forms for all exposed concrete surfaces should be made of lumber that is dressed and free of defects. When
constructed, the forms should provide mortar-tight joints that produce smooth and even concrete surfaces.
Be sure to check the condition of the wood that is used as forming material. Lumber that is too dry will warp due to
rain or the moisture in concrete. Lumber that is too green will shrink, causing joints to open in the surface.
Plywood forms, or forms face-lined with plywood can be used:
● if they are strong enough to resist bending.
● if they are of uniform thickness.
● if they will be mortar-tight when set in position.
One more point: forms for high walls must be built so that dirt and debris can be removed immediately prior to
concrete placement. To accomplish this, the lower forms should be left loose for easy removal and replacement or a
cleanout opening should be cut into one of the forms to allow cleaning to take place.
11. 5-11
Metal Forms
In addition to wood forms, metal forms may be used. However, precautions must be taken to ensure that the following
requirements are met before metal forms are used.
● The metal should be thick enough to hold its shape.
● All bolts and rivet heads must be countersunk to prevent them from marring the finished
surface.
● Clamps, pins or other connecting devices should be designed to hold the forms rigidly together and to
allow removal without damage to the concrete.
If you notice any metal forms that do not have smooth surfaces, are bent, or otherwise damaged and do not line up
properly, have the Contractor remove them. Also you must be sure that the forms are free of corrosion, grease or
other matter which would discolor the concrete.
Typical wooden and steel forms are pictured on the following page.
12. 5-12
Timber Framing for a Pier Cap
Note the chamfer strip along the left edge
Steel Formwork for a Large Column
Note the form liners which produce architectural features on the
finished product
13. 5-13
QUIZ
In addition to supporting the pressure and the weight of fresh concrete and construction loads, forms should also be
able to withstand the effects of .
How can the Contractor prevent wood forms from buckling during concrete placement?
What is the most important point about form joints that you must ensure?
The exposed corners of forms should be with, , according to the plans.
What must be done to bolts and rivet heads used in metal forms?
List two reasons why clean form oil must be used to lubricate the inside of forms.
What will happen if lumber that is too green is used as forming material?
Why are right-angled corners beveled?
A wall 30 feet high, 12 feet long and 12 inches thick is being formed. How can you ensure that the bottom area
between the forms will be cleaned?
When should the Contractor oil the forms for the wall described in the previous question?
14. 5-14
CHECKING FORMS FOR WORKMANSHIP
The way the forms are built will determine to a large degree what the finished product will look like. If the Contractor
does not fully comply with the plan requirements, the result may be a weak and badly constructed structural element.
To ensure compliance with the plans, you should be sure the forms are built to the correct dimensions and elevations.
Typical faulty work that would cause the wrong dimensions and elevations includes the following:
● Loose forms will
cause movement of
the forms after
concrete placement
allowing leaks like
the one shown here.
15. 5-15
● Poorly supported forms will cause bulges in the finished surface if the forms come apart from lack of
support. Examples of properly supported forms and poorly supported forms are shown below:
● You should be sure that supporting studs cover both forms, as in the example on the left -- not just one
form, as in the example on the right.
● If forms are poorly aligned and not corrected before concrete is poured, the following results may
occur:
─ Decreased concrete cover over reinforcement will cause reinforcement to corrode and
concrete to spall with time.
─ Added dead weight in areas where the forms are too far apart will allow a wall or slab to be poured
thicker than designed. Added weight may cause overstress in the reinforcing steel or foundation.
─ Poorly aligned forms will lead ultimately to a sloppy-looking job.
16. 5-16
As an Inspector, you must be sure that any misaligned forms are realigned before concrete is placed. In most cases,
this will involve minor adjustments of 2-inch or less.
● Frequent reuse of forming material should be avoided because it will cause:
─ rough finished surfaces.
─ difficulty in form removal.
─ possible form failure.
─ discoloration of the concrete, particularly if new and old forms are intermixed.
● If you discover any splintered or worn wooden forms or any bent metal forms, the Contractor must
repair or replace them immediately.
● The improper use of form oil will cause the following problems:
─ The excessive use of form oil will discolor the concrete and possibly coat the steel --
resulting in a weak bond between steel and concrete.
─ Not enough form oil will increase the difficulty of form removal and will allow the wood
forms to absorb water from the concrete.
If you see any of the problems described in this section, contact the Contractor immediately and ask that the situation
be corrected. Any problems encountered should be discussed with your Project Administrator. You must be sure to
learn from previous errors in order to prevent future errors. If any of the above problems arise during the first pour,
be sure that you watch closely for the causes during forming for the next pours.
17. 5-17
QUIZ
Loose forms cause form movement and gaps between the forms, which allow the concrete to .
Properly braced forms -- with joints fully supported -- are necessary to eliminate
in the finished surface.
Decreased concrete cover over reinforcement will cause reinforcement to and
concrete to .
After forms are removed, you discover blocks of discoloration. What is the probable cause?
If too little form oil is used, what problem will occur?
18. 5-18
INSPECTING FORMS FOR DIMENSIONS, GRADES AND ALIGNMENT
Measurements should be taken often during forming to ensure that the Contractor builds forms that comply with
the plans and specifications. Once the forms are completed and in place, you will have to measure all lengths,
widths and heights and compare them with plan dimensions. These measurements are very important. There is
no room for error since dimensional errors may result in the removal of concrete structures. By referring to the
contract plans and by using a 6-foot rule or a tape measure, you should be able to take accurate measurements.
Inspecting the forms will require that you check the quality of workmanship in aligning the forms. A string line
and a plumb bob will be useful to you for checking smooth lines -- vertical and horizontal. Also, since many parts
of a structure must have pleasing appearances, you can "eyeball" many of the edges, such as the edges of
parapets and curbs, and the exposed edges and corners or chamfers of rails, caps and columns.
Before concrete is placed, you must be sure that the grades and alignments are checked thoroughly by the
Contractor's survey crew. You will be able to check some grades when you check dimensions by measuring up
from known elevations of previously placed sections, but the survey crew still must check all the critical points
on the forms for grades and alignment.
19. 5-19
Here is the end view of a box culvert. The Contractor has jacks in place and forms set to place the top of the
barrel. You are to inspect falsework and forms before work begins. Follow the checklist on the next page. What
would you be looking for? Check what you would inspect.
1. Will the forms hold the weight and pressure of the wet concrete?
2. Will vibrators affect the position of the forms?
3. Will the materials used for forms be rigid and unbending enough?
4. Are the joints "mortar-tight?"
5. Are exposed corners of joints beveled or chamfered ?
20. 5-20
6. Are the supports properly spaced to avoid sagging of the forms?
7. Should elevation or grade be checked?
8. Should you compare dimensions of the forms -- length, width and depth -- to the plans?
9. Do temperature and weather conditions enter in?
10. Is the Contractor prepared to place the entire slab?
Look at the discussion below.
If you checked all ten, you understand your responsibility. Faulty judgment, here, could result in real problems.
Replacing any slab would be costly and time consuming.
Remember -- when in doubt:
● LOOK AT THE PLANS
● REVIEW THE SPECIFICATIONS
● ASK QUESTIONS
● MEASURE AGAIN
● TALK TO THE CONTRACTOR
21. 5-21
As we mentioned, when the forms are in place, the dimensions -- length, width and depth -- of that part of the
structure should be checked to see that they agree with the plan requirements. But another consideration needs
to be made for forms that are not totally supported, such as pier caps: what will happen to the forms when
concrete is poured? Obviously, the forms will settle. To check against this, tattletales can be used.
Before concrete is placed, tattletales are suspended from the cap. Tattletales will indicate how much
settlement, if any, takes place.
You should check and record the initial tattletale point. Then, as the concrete is placed, you must check the
tattletales for any settlement.
22. 5-22
Here is an example of how a tattletale records settlement:
If the tattletales show settlement, one of the following may be responsible:
● The forms or collars may be slipping.
● The forms may be settling into place.
● The support under the forms may not be sufficient.
In most cases, it is not advisable to change elevations. However, you should inform the Contractor of the settlement
so that corrective action may be taken to prevent further settlement of the present forms and so that consideration is
given to the settlement in future instances.
We will discuss tattletales again when we talk about bridge deck construction.
23. 5-23
QUIZ
Who is responsible for setting the forms?
What can you use to check vertical and horizontal lines of structures?
What is the purpose of attaching tattletales to cap forms?
In the diagram below, how much settlement has taken place?
In the case above, what action should you take?
24. 5-24
REMOVAL OF FALSEWORK AND FORMS
Falsework and forms may be removed when the concrete that they are supporting has cured for a minimum period of
time or has a minimum required strength. Refer to Section 400-14 of the Standard Specifications for these times and
strengths. Regardless of whether or not these requirements are met, forms and their supports must not be removed
without the approval of the Project Administrator.
When you are inspecting form removal, you should:
● be sure that any honeycombed areas (areas that have air pockets due to insufficient
consolidation) are patched properly.
● be sure that no excessive jarring, prying or banging takes place when removing the forms. This can
cause hairline cracks or spalling.
● be sure that any holes left by the removal of projecting wire ties or other metal devices are filled
with cement mortar (sand, cement and water). This cement mortar should be mixed in the same
proportions as that which was used for the concrete contained by the forms.
● be sure that forms that will be reused are handled properly -- that shape, strength, rigidity,
water-tightness and surface smoothness are maintained.
25. 5-25
QUIZ
As an Inspector, you must ensure four main points during form and falsework removal. Name them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
26. 5-26
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Page 5-7
● Forms
● Falsework
● Mudsills
● To hold forms in the proper position
● The friction between the concrete and collar bands
● Rigid
● Forms
● Fresh concrete, Construction equipment, workers
● Contractor
● Elevation, jacks, wedges
Page 5-13
● Vibration
● By supporting the forms with rigid bracing
● They must be mortar-tight
● Beveled, chamfer strips
● They must be counter sunk to prevent them from
marring the finished surfaces
● To prevent the concrete from sticking to the forms
and to prevent discoloration of the concrete
● It will shrink, causing joints to open in the forms
● So that the corner is not weak and will not chip
● Leave bottom forms loose or make cleanout
● Before the forms are set in place
Page 5-17
● Leak
● Bulges
● Corrode, spall
● Excessive form oil
● Difficult form removal
Page 5-23
● Contractor
● String line and plumb bob
● To check for settlement
● ¼ inch
● Inform the Contractor so that he can take
corrective action
Page 5-25
1. Be sure honeycombed areas are patched properly
2. Be sure no jarring, prying or banging occurs that
could cause hairline cracking or spalling
3. Be sure small holes are filled with mortar
4. Be sure that forms to be reused are not damaged