The document discusses identifying the factors of whole numbers. It provides the example of finding the factors of 12, which are 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, and 1. These numbers can be used to arrange 12 desks evenly into rows. It then defines that the factors of a whole number are the numbers that can be multiplied together to get that original number. Finally, it lists some important facts about factors: 1 is a factor of every whole number and 0 is not a factor of any number.